Animals: Tour of 9 Phyla
Summary
TLDREl guion ofrece una visión general de los 9 filos principales de los animales, destacando características como la simetría, la cephalización y la presencia de un coelom. Aborda invertebrados como esponjas, cnidarios y anélos, y vertebrados como peces y mamíferos. Cada filo se describe con detalles sobre su morfología y tipo de simetría, destacando la diversidad y complejidad del reino animal.
Takeaways
- 🐛 La biología abarca más que solo los animales, incluyendo celulas, división celular, procesos celulares, genética, mutaciones, evolución y ecología.
- 🔬 En la escuela secundaria y universitaria, los temas sobre animales son menos comunes que otros aspectos de la biología, aunque hay una gran variedad de cursos especializados disponibles.
- 🐒 La fascinación por los animales generalmente comienza en la infancia y persiste a lo largo de la vida.
- 🌐 Los animales son multicelulares y están hechos de células eucariotas, con células especializadas que realizan funciones específicas y, en la mayoría de los casos, tejidos especializados.
- 🍽 Los animales son heterótrofos, lo que significa que no producen su propio alimento, sino que lo consumen.
- 🚶 La mayoría de los animales son móviles en algún punto de su ciclo vital.
- 🔍 Para clasificar a los animales, se pueden considerar características como la simetría, la cefalización y la presencia de un cuerpo ciego o coelomo.
- 🐙 Los protóstomos y los deuteróstomos son categorías de desarrollo animal, basadas en cómo se desarrollan las vías embrionarias y la formación de la boca y el ano.
- 🌊 Los animales pueden clasificarse en 9 filos principales según sus características, desde esponjas hasta antanos y deuterostomos.
- 🦋 La mayoría de las especies animales son invertebradas, lo que significa que no tienen una columna vertebral o espina.
- 🐠 Los vertebrados, incluidos los peces, anfibios, reptiles, aves y mamíferos, pertenecen al filo Cordado y tienen una notocordia durante su desarrollo embrionario.
Q & A
¿Qué sorpresa tuvo el narrador antes de estudiar biología en la escuela secundaria?
-El narrador se sorprendió al darse cuenta de que la biología abarcaba mucho más que solo los animales y que no se abordaban hasta cerca del final del año.
¿Cuál es una de las diferencias clave entre los animales y los hongos?
-Los animales son heterótrofos y consumen materia orgánica en alguna forma, mientras que los hongos son también heterótrofos pero digieren y absorben su comida externamente.
¿Qué significan los términos 'protostomes' y 'deuterostomes' en el contexto de la biología animal?
-Los 'protostomes' generalmente tienen su primer orificio embrionario, el blastoporo, que se desarrolla en la boca, y luego se forma un segundo orificio para el ano. Los 'deuterostomes', en cambio, tienen el segundo orificio embrionario que se convierte en la boca y el primer orificio, el blastoporo, se convierte en el ano.
¿Qué es un animal triploblástico?
-Un animal triploblástico tiene 3 capas germinales: ectodermo, endodermo y mesodermo. Estas capas eventualmente se desarrollan en diferentes estructuras del animal.
¿Qué es un coelom y qué papel desempeña en los animales?
-Un coelom es una cavidad corporal derivada del mesodermo que suele estar llena de fluido y actuar como un espacio designado para los órganos del animal, proporcionando amortiguación, absorción y espacio para el desarrollo de los órganos.
¿Qué características generales tienen los animales del filo Porifera?
-Los animales del filo Porifera son acuáticos, generalmente se encuentran en aguas saladas, son sedados, tienen un cuerpo poroso y realizan la digestión intracelular. No tienen un tubo digestivo, órganos o tejido verdadero.
¿Cómo se diferencian los cnidarios de los poríferos en términos de simetría y digestión?
-La mayoría de los cnidarios tienen simetría radial y pueden tener digestión intracelular con ciertas células especializadas, pero también pueden tener digestión extracelular en una cavidad gastrovascular.
¿Qué características definen a los platíhelmintos?
-Los platíhelmintos son animales con simetría bilateral y cephalización, pero no tienen coelom. Algunos son parásitos, como los piojos y las lombrices.
¿Qué importancia ecológica tienen los nematodos?
-Los nematodos tienen un impacto ecológico enorme; pueden infestar cultivos, ser parásitos de humanos y mascotas, y también pueden ser beneficiosos para la ecología del suelo.
¿Cuál es la principal diferencia entre los moluscos y los anéelidos en términos de estructura?
-Los moluscos generalmente tienen una concha secretada por una estructura llamada manta y un pie muscular, mientras que los anéelidos son segmentados y a menudo tienen anillos externos y estructuras llamadas setas.
¿Qué características comparten los artrópodos y los anéelidos?
-Los artrópodos y los anéelidos son animales con simetría bilateral, cephalización y coelom. Además, ambos son protóstomos y pueden ser acuáticos o terrestres.
Outlines
🐛 Introducción a la Biología y Características de los Animales
El vídeo comienza explicando la sorpresa del narrador al descubrir que la biología abarcaba mucho más que solo los animales, aunque su fascinación por estos nunca disminuyó. Se menciona que en la escuela secundaria y la universidad, los temas relacionados con los animales no se abordan hasta más tarde. Se destaca la importancia de conocer conceptos como células, división celular, procesos celulares, genética, mutaciones y evolución para entender mejor a los animales. Se introduce la definición de animal como seres multicelulares de células eucariotas, heterótrofos y generalmente móviles. Se exploran características como la simetría radial y bilateral, la cefalización y la diferenciación entre protóstomos y deuteróstomos. También se definen términos como triploblásicos, diproblasticos y la presencia de un coelom.
🌊 Phylum Porifera y Phylum Cnidaria
Se describe el phylum Porifera, caracterizado por ser acuático, con una morfología porosa y sin movilidad, sin un sistema digestivo o órganos definidos. A continuación, se habla del phylum Cnidaria, que incluye medusas, anémonas de mar y hidras, también acuáticos y que poseen una cavidad gastrovascular y una morfología radial. Se menciona la presencia de formas polpas y medusas y su capacidad para la digestión intra y extracellular.
🐛 Phylum Platyhelminthes, Phylum Nematoda y Phylum Mollusca
El vídeo describe el phylum Platyhelminthes, conocido por los platihelmintos, que son generalmente parásitos y tienen una simetría bilateral y cefalización. Seguidamente, se aborda el phylum Nematoda, con ejemplos como el hongo de las uñas y el parásito delgado, destacando su impacto ecológico y su ausencia de un coelom real. Finalmente, se habla del phylum Mollusca, que incluye desde pequeños moluscos hasta el calamar gigante, y que poseen una shell, una radula y un pie muscular, además de ser protóstomos con un coelom.
🐛 Phylum Annelida, Phylum Arthropoda y Phylum Echinodermata
Se describe el phylum Annelida, con seres como los gusanos de tierra y las sanguijuelas, caracterizados por ser segmentados y tener un coelom. Luego, se habla del phylum Arthropoda, que incluye insectos, arañas y crustáceos, con apéndices articulados y exoesqueleto, siendo protóstomos con un coelom. Finalmente, se menciona el phylum Echinodermata, con ejemplares como las estrellas de mar y los erizos de mar, que son acuáticos y tienen una simetría radial en la mayoría de los adultos, sin cefalización pero con un coelom, y son deuteróstomos.
🐟 Phylum Chordata
El último párrafo aborda el phylum Chordata, que incluye animales vertebrados como peces, anfibios, reptiles, aves y mamíferos, así como algunos invertebrados como el lancet. Se definen por tener un notocordio durante el desarrollo embrionario, que en vertebrados se reemplaza por una columna vertebral. También se mencionan otras características como un cordón neural dorsal, bolsas faríngeas, cola postanal y glándula tiroides. Los cordados son segmentados, con simetría bilateral, cefalización y un coelom, y son deuteróstomos.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Biología
💡Eukariotas
💡Heterotrofos
💡Simetría radial
💡Simetría bilateral
💡Cefalización
💡Triploblásicos
💡Protostomios y Deuterostomios
💡Coelomo
💡Filo
💡Invertebrados
Highlights
Biology in high school often focuses more on cells than animals.
In college, biology majors have limited exposure to animal studies unless they choose specific courses.
Graduate school offers more specialized courses, such as zoology.
People are generally fascinated by animals from a young age.
Studying various aspects of biology provides a deeper understanding of animals.
Animals are generally multicellular and made of eukaryotic cells.
Animals are heterotrophs, meaning they consume food rather than produce it.
Most animals are motile at some point in their life cycle.
Animals can exhibit radial or bilateral symmetry.
Cephalization refers to the concentration of nervous system tissue in a head region.
Triploblastic animals have three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Protostomes and deuterostomes are distinguished by the development of their embryonic openings.
A true coelom is a body cavity derived from the mesoderm that houses organs.
Phylum Porifera (sponges) are sessile and lack symmetry, cephalization, and a coelom.
Phylum Cnidaria includes jellies and corals and can have both radial and bilateral symmetry.
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) have bilateral symmetry and cephalization but no coelom.
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) have bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and a pseudocoelom.
Phylum Mollusca (mollusks) have a shell, a radula, and a muscular foot, and are protostomes.
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) have bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and a coelom.
Phylum Arthropoda includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans, and they are protostomes.
Phylum Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins) lack cephalization but have a coelom and are deuterostomes.
Phylum Chordata includes vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, and some invertebrates.
Approximately 97% of all animal species are invertebrates.
The video provides an overview of 9 major animal phyla and their characteristics.
Transcripts
The summer before I was going to take biology in high school, I thought most of biology
would be about animals. Or, at least, a pretty big portion of it.
Imagine my surprise when biology turned out to be a lot more than animals, and we actually
didn’t get to animals until close to the end of the year.
I’ve found that to be pretty typical. In fact, even continuing into college when
I majored in biology, I really didn’t have much exposure to learning about animals
specifically – although to be fair, there are just so
many courses to select from after you finish general bio courses and I’m naturally drawn
to cells so those always took over my scheduling. Grad school: yes, I had a class on animals.
It was a zoology course. And it was AMAZING.
I find that most people start out pretty fascinated with animals from a young age
and that really never goes away.
I’m grateful for all the content I’ve learned in biology: cells, cell division,
cell processes, genetics, mutations, evolution,
ecology – all of that – because it gives me a greater understanding of animals.
Which is the focus of this video. So, what is an animal?
Seems simple enough - you might think of this or this but you might not think about this
animal here: an ant. Or this sponge.
But they’re both animals. Generally, animals have
some shared characteristics: they’re multicellular and made of eukaryotic
cells. They have specialized cells that do
certain functions and most animals – but not all - have them arranged in specialized tissues.
Animals are heterotrophs which means they don’t make their own food like autotrophs;
instead, they must consume it.
And unlike fungi – which are also heterotrophs by the way- animals generally ingest organic
matter in some form whereas fungi externally digest and absorb their food.
Most animals are motile – meaning they can move- at least at some point during their
life cycle. So how do these animals fit in?
We’ll explore some major characteristics of 9 different animal phyla.
If we’re going to do that, let’s talk about some vocab that will involve animal
characteristics. Symmetry – when talking about animal structure.
If the symmetry is like slices of a pie – or to say it fancier, if you can have more than
two planes dividing similar portions – well that’s radial symmetry.
Some animals have that; it can be useful if you’re sessile- meaning you don’t move-
because you can respond to your environment from many directions.
Or bilateral symmetry - that means if there was a line going down the middle, the right
and the left halves would be very similar. Humans, for example,
are animals with bilateral symmetry. Some advantages with this: well, moving forward
is easier than it is for an animal that has radial symmetry.
Ok, focusing on animals with bilateral symmetry - cephalization –it means the nervous system
tissue is concentrated in a head region.
Some advantages here because the mouth and then a lot of the sensing organs can be all
there together in the head region, which is useful.
And---this is not an animal development video so it’s hard to talk about these words without
going into the fascinating study of animal development but we’ll do our best: animals
that are considered triploblastic, which we’ll get to in just a minute – are often categorized
as protostomes or deuterostomes. There are multiple characteristics in development
that each of these have – see our further reading- we’re just focusing on one characteristic
that is often discussed but please know that exceptions exist.
Protostomes generally have their first embryonic opening - called a blastopore – that develops
into the mouth. Then a second embryonic opening forms the anus.
BUT if the second embryonic opening instead becomes the mouth ---and the 1st opening,
that blastopore, becomes the anus ---generally this is for deuterostomes.
So, using this general definition, if the 1st opening blastopore develops into a mouth:
protostome.
If the 1st opening blastopore develops into the anus – deuterostome.
I’m really into alphabetical mnemonics so “m” (mouth) and “p” (protostome) are
close together. And “a” and “d” are close together.
So we mentioned that protostomes and deuterostomes are triploblastic animals and said that we'd
get to that - what does triploblastic mean? Triploblastic animals have 3 germs layers.
Germ layers are layers that eventually develop into different structures of the animal.
There’s an outside germ layer called the ectoderm, an inner germ layer called the endoderm,
and a mesoderm – the middle germ layer. Some animals don't have that mesoderm layer
and are considered diploblastic – they’re neither protostomes nor deuterostomes.
Many but not all triploblastic animals can have something called a coelom.
A true coelom is a body cavity derived from the mesoderm that tends to be filled with
fluid and acts as a designated space for the animal’s organs – it can provide shock
absorption, cushioning, and space for organ development.
We can classify animals depending on whether or not they have a true coelom, and for each
phylum, we’ll mention whether the animals in it have a coelom or not.
So now finishing some important vocab that’s used in classifying animals, let’s get started
into a tour of 9 major animal phyla – please remember our tour is general and exceptions
can and do exist.
Phylum Porifera: the sponges. They’re aquatic; most are saltwater and adults
are generally sessile which means they don’t move.
They have a porous body – they’re sponges after all - and oxygen and food in the water
passes through these pores. They have special cells that
do intracellular digestion – that means, digestion inside
the cells. They don’t have a gut so no gut
opening; they don’t have organs or true tissue. Most sponges do not have symmetry although some
exceptions can have radial symmetry. No cephalization and no coelom.
Phlyum Cnidaria: that includes jellies, sea anemones, and hydras!
They’re aquatic and can be saltwater or freshwater.
They do have one gut opening acting as both the mouth and anus, and they can have intracellular
digestion with certain specialized cells but they can also have extracellular digestion
---that is, outside of their cells in a gastrovascular cavity.
Cnidarians can generally have two forms: a polyp and a medusa.
They can have specialized cells with fascinating organelles that can be used
in stinging their prey.
Most cnidarians have radial symmetry. They have a no cephalization and no coelom.
Phylum Platyhelminthes. I like to think “plat”
rhymes with “flat” – these are the flatworms. Many are aquatic – freshwater or saltwater;
some are terrestrial; planarians and tapeworms are in this phylum.
There are quite a few that are parasitic in this phylum.
Most in this phylum have one gut opening. This phylum has bilateral symmetry and they
do have cephalization. But no coelom.
It is now where we can add the descriptor of whether the
phylum are protostomes or deuterostomes – animals in this phylum are protostomes.
Phylum Nematoda: another worm- but specifically the phylum has
nematodes- hookworms and pinworms are examples of nematodes.
Ask a person what a nematode is and they’ll likely be puzzled.
But these animals have HUGE ecological impacts: nematodes can infest crops, they can be parasites
of humans, of your pets – actually they can be parasites of nearly all animals.
Not all nematodes are parasites – they can actually be very beneficial to soil ecology
and they’re popular for study in labs. Most nematodes are very small – they can
be microscopic – and they can live in aquatic environments (both saltwater and freshwater)
as well as terrestrial environments. Symmetry is bilateral, they do have
cephalization, and while they have something called a pseudocoelom,
they don’t have a true coelom. They’re protostomes.
And unlike most in the previous phylum, phylum Nematoda have both a mouth and an anus so
they have two gut openings. And fyi, the remaining phyla we will
cover after this generally will as well. Phylum Mollusca!
The mollusks. Think of tiny micromullusks to the giant squid.
Snails, clams, octopuses – these are all mollusks. Many mollusks are aquatic – saltwater
or freshwater; some are terrestrial. Many – but NOT all - mollusks have a shell that
is secreted by a structure called the mantle.
Many mollusks have a radula which is kind of like a tongue-like and used to scrape or
rasp food. Mollusks have a muscular foot to help them move.
Symmetry is bilateral, they do have cephalization, and they do have a coelom.
Also, they’re protostomes. Phylum Annelida: lots of worms.
Earthworms, leeches, tubeworms! Animals in annelida can be aquatic:
freshwater or saltwater and they can be terrestrial.
Most in this phylum are segmented which means they have repeating body parts– they often
also have external rings- and most but not all have setae, little hair-like structures
that can help them move or swim or even anchor themselves.
Symmetry is bilateral, they do have cephalization, and they do have a coelom.
Also, they’re protostomes. Phylum Arthropoda: Oh here we are with the ant.
And other insects. And spiders which are not insects.
And crustaceans. All examples of arthropoda.
Arthropods can live in aquatic environments: freshwater and saltwater
and they can be terrestrial. As a bonus, many fly.
These animals have jointed appendages and a segmented bodies.
Their exoskeleton is tough and protective but it still lets them move around easily.
For some, the metamorphosis or the change they go to from larva to adult can let them
have the benefit of different resources. Symmetry is bilateral, they do have
cephalization, and a coelom. And they’re protostomes.
Phylum Echinodermata. Sea stars, sea urchins,
sea cucumbers– these are examples of echinoderms. Animals in this phylum are aquatic – and
live in specifically saltwater. Most larvae of enchinoderms have bilateral
symmetry but as adults, most have radial symmetry. Many echinoderms have the ability to regenerate
portions of their structure: for example, many sea stars can regenerate a lost arm.
Some can even reproduce asexually from that lost part.
What about cephalization? Ok so the phyla we’ve mentioned so
far that did have cephalizationp–recall that means animals in those phyla generally have a head (an
anterior region) with a brain or ganglia that function similar to a brain.
But animals in Echinodermata do not have a brain, most do not have ganglia either – echinoderms
do not have cephalization. However, they do have a coelom.
They’re deuterostomes – interesting as the other phyla that we’ve covered to this
point have only had protostomes. Ok we’re nearly there
to the last phylum on our list. But something to point out: up to this point,
all these phyla have contained animals that are invertebrates.
Meaning all the animals we’ve discussed so far do NOT have a VERTEBRAL column or spine.
It might surprise you that if you were to consider all animal species – it’s estimated
that approximately 97% of all animal species ARE invertebrates.
Funny that’s often not what we picture when we think of an “animal.”
But vertebrate animals will be in this last phylum: Chordata.
Chordata contains the vertebrate animals like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
– a reminder that humans are examples of mammals - AND Chordata even includes a few
invertebrates too like this lancelet because animals in Chordata are actually defined as
having a notochord. The notochord is a flexible rod like structure
that runs along the back – dorsal area – and for vertebrates, it’s there during embryonic
development but it often gets replaced by vertebrate although often remnants of
it can still be found. Some chordates like that
lancelet keep the notochord throughout their life. Other characteristics you’ll find in chordates
that will be present during a stage of embryonic development - or beyond - include having a
dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or pouches, postanal tail, and a thyroid gland (or endostyle
gland in some of the invertebrate chordates). Animals in this phylum can be found in aquatic
environments – saltwater or freshwater – as well as terrestrial environments –some can fly.
Like arthropoda and annelida, chordates are segmented.
Animals in chordata have bilateral symmetry, they do have cephalization, and a coelom.
And, like Echinodermata, they’re deuterostomes. Phew.
So that’s a brief overview of 9 animal phyla with some major characteristics vocab.
Are there more animal phyla that we didn’t include?
Oh yes. Are there more characteristics
of each of these phyla to learn? For sure.
And so from the sponge of Porifera to a puma in Chordata – we hope you will keep on exploring.
Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious!
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