BIO 1 4 : Tipe Ekosistem

Summary

This educational video script introduces various types of ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic. It explains the concept of ecosystems developed by Roy in 1930, highlighting the interaction between living organisms and their physical environment. The script covers different biomes like tropical rainforests, temperate forests, tundra, and deserts, describing their unique abiotic and biotic characteristics. It also delves into aquatic ecosystems, discussing the distinctions between freshwater and saltwater habitats, and the diverse life forms within them, such as plankton, nekton, benthos, and periphyton.

Takeaways

• 🌿 The term 'ecosystem' was developed by Roy H. Whittaker in 1930 to classify the relationships between living communities and their physical environment.
• 🌳 Ecosystems consist of two components: biotic (living organisms like plants, animals, and fungi) and abiotic (non-living elements such as temperature, water, and sunlight).
• 🌍 Ecosystems are categorized into terrestrial (land-based) and aquatic (water-based) ecosystems.
• 🏞️ Terrestrial ecosystems cover about 30% of Earth's surface and include biomes like tropical rainforests, boreal forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra.
• 🌦️ Tropical rainforests are characterized by high rainfall (200-400 cm annually), year-round sunlight, and temperatures between 20-31°C.
• 🍂 Temperate deciduous forests experience four seasons with moderate rainfall (75-100 cm annually) and can have very cold winters and hot summers.
• 🌲 Boreal forests, also known as taiga, have low rainfall (35-40 cm annually) and a large temperature difference between winter and summer.
• 🌾 Grasslands, or savannas, have hot temperatures year-round with seasonal rainfall (90-150 cm annually) and long periods of drought.
• 🏜️ Deserts have very low rainfall (less than 25 cm annually), extreme temperature fluctuations, and sandy, dry soil.
• 🌊 Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and saltwater ecosystems based on salinity levels.
• 🐠 Aquatic ecosystems also include different groups of organisms: plankton, nekton, newuston, benthos, and periphyton, each with distinct characteristics and roles.

Q & A

What is the term 'ecosystem' developed by Roy to classify?

The term 'ecosystem' was developed by Roy to classify the relationship between living communities and the physical environment around them.

What are the two main components of an ecosystem?

An ecosystem consists of two main components: biotic components, which include living organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi, and abiotic components, which include non-living elements like temperature, water, and sunlight.

What are the two types of ecosystems mentioned in the script?

The two types of ecosystems mentioned are terrestrial ecosystems, which are land-based, and aquatic ecosystems, which are water-based.

What is the difference between a tropical rainforest and a deciduous forest in terms of climate?

Tropical rainforests have high rainfall (200-400 cm per year), constant sunlight, and temperatures between 20-31 degrees Celsius. Deciduous forests experience four seasons with rainfall of 75-100 cm per year and temperatures that can be very cold in winter and hot in summer, reaching up to 30 degrees Celsius.

What are the characteristics of a boreal forest or taiga?

Boreal forests or taiga are found in subarctic regions with low rainfall (35-40 cm per year) and a large difference between winter and summer temperatures. They are characterized by homogenous vegetation, primarily consisting of a single species of tree like pine, spruce, or fir.

What are the abiotic characteristics of a savanna?

Savannas have hot temperatures year-round, seasonal rainfall between 90-150 cm per year, and a very long dry season. They are characterized by grasslands with scattered trees.

What are the main types of plants and animals found in a tundra ecosystem?

Tundra ecosystems have low precipitation (25-50 cm per year, sometimes up to 100 cm), irregular rainfall, and a variety of plant life including dwarf shrubs and grasses. Animal communities include bison, birds, snakes, and large herbivores.

What are the distinguishing features of a desert ecosystem?

Desert ecosystems have very low rainfall (below 25 cm per year), high evaporation rates, extreme temperature changes, and sandy, dry soil. They include plants like cacti and succulents and animals such as mice, snakes, and camels.

How are aquatic ecosystems categorized based on salinity?

Aquatic ecosystems are categorized into freshwater ecosystems, which have low salinity, and marine ecosystems, which have high salinity.

What are the different groups of organisms found in aquatic ecosystems based on their mobility and habitat?

Aquatic ecosystems include plankton (which are further divided into phytoplankton and zooplankton), nekton (mobile organisms like fish and shrimp), neustons (organisms that float on the water surface), benthos (organisms living on the bottom), and periphyton (organisms that attach to other organisms).

What is the significance of learning about different types of ecosystems?

Learning about different types of ecosystems helps us to better understand the variety of environments on our planet and the interactions between living organisms and their physical surroundings.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Types of Ecosystems

This paragraph introduces the concept of ecosystems, which are interactions between living organisms and their physical environment. It explains that ecosystems consist of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Biotic components include plants, animals, and fungi, while abiotic components include temperature, water, and sunlight. The paragraph further divides ecosystems into terrestrial (land-based) and aquatic (water-based) types. It discusses various terrestrial biomes such as tropical rainforests, temperate forests, tundra, and deserts, each characterized by specific climatic conditions and dominant vegetation. For example, tropical rainforests are found near the equator with high rainfall, constant sunlight, and tall vegetation, while temperate forests experience four seasons with varying rainfall and temperature.

05:02

🌍 Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems

The second paragraph continues the discussion on ecosystems by focusing on savannas, steppes, and deserts. Savannas are characterized by warm temperatures year-round and seasonal rainfall, with examples of eucalyptus and baobab trees. Steppes have low and irregular rainfall and can be found in regions with temperate to tropical climates, featuring grasses and short vegetation. Deserts have extremely low rainfall, high evaporation rates, and extreme temperature fluctuations, with examples including the Gobi and Sahara deserts. The paragraph also transitions to aquatic ecosystems, explaining that they are divided into freshwater and saltwater ecosystems based on salinity levels. It introduces the concept of different biological communities within aquatic ecosystems, such as plankton, nekton, benthos, and periphyton, each with distinct characteristics and roles within the ecosystem.

Keywords

💡Ecosystem

An ecosystem refers to a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. In the video, ecosystems are the central theme, with a focus on understanding the different types and their characteristics. The script explains that ecosystems consist of biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components, such as plants, animals, bacteria, temperature, water, humidity, and sunlight.

💡Biome

A biome is a large community of plants and animals that occupy a certain region. The video script describes various types of biomes, such as tropical rainforests, temperate forests, and tundra, each characterized by their dominant vegetation and influenced by climate, geography, and elevation. Biomes are a key concept in understanding how ecosystems are classified and function on a large scale.

💡Tropical Rainforest

A tropical rainforest is a dense, warm, and wet forest ecosystem with high biodiversity. The script mentions the Amazon Rainforest as an example of a tropical rainforest biome, characterized by high annual rainfall (200 to 400 cm), year-round sunlight, and temperatures between 20 to 31 degrees Celsius. The rainforest's vegetation can reach up to 55 meters in height, forming a canopy that creates a unique microclimate for the forest floor.

💡Deciduous Forest

A deciduous forest is a type of forest where trees shed their leaves annually. The video script describes the deciduous forest as experiencing four seasons: hot, semi-dry, cold, and fall. It mentions regions in Eastern America, Western Europe, and Eastern Asia. The forest's abiotic features include moderate annual rainfall (75 to 100 cm) and significant temperature variations, with cold air that can reach freezing and hot temperatures during summer.

💡Taiga

The taiga, also known as the boreal forest, is characterized by its location in subarctic regions with low annual rainfall (35 to 40 cm) and a large difference between winter and summer temperatures. The script mentions that the taiga includes regions like Northern America, Alaska, Scandinavia, and Russia. The vegetation is homogeneous, dominated by coniferous trees like pine, spruce, and larch, and the animal community includes black bears, beavers, and wolves.

💡Savanna

A savanna is a mixed woodland-grassland ecosystem with warm temperatures year-round and seasonal rainfall (90 to 150 cm per year). The video script describes the savanna as experiencing a long dry season. It covers regions like Kenya in Africa, Northern Australia, and Southeast Asia. The savanna's vegetation includes grasses and scattered trees, and its animal community includes lions, zebras, giraffes, and elephants.

💡Steppe

A steppe is a grassland ecosystem with a semi-arid climate. The script mentions that steppes receive rainfall between 25 to 50 cm per year, and sometimes up to 100 cm, with irregular rainfall patterns. Steppes can be found from tropical regions to areas with a moderate climate, such as South America, Australia, Hungary, Southern Russia, and Southeast Asia. The vegetation consists of grasses, and the animal community includes bison, birds, snakes, and rodents.

💡Desert

A desert is characterized by its extremely low rainfall (below 25 cm per year), high evaporation rates, and extreme temperature fluctuations. The script describes deserts as having sandy, very dry soil. Examples mentioned include the Gobi Desert in Asia and the Sahara Desert in Africa. Desert vegetation includes cacti and succulents, and the animal community includes rodents, snakes, lizards, and camels.

💡Aquatic Ecosystem

An aquatic ecosystem is one that exists in a body of water, either freshwater or saltwater. The video script divides aquatic ecosystems into freshwater and marine ecosystems based on salinity levels. Aquatic ecosystems are crucial for understanding the diverse life forms that thrive in water environments and the unique challenges they face.

💡Plankton

Plankton are small organisms that drift in oceans, seas, and freshwater bodies. The script mentions two types of plankton: phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic organisms, and zooplankton, which are small animals. Plankton forms the base of the aquatic food chain and plays a vital role in aquatic ecosystems by providing food for larger organisms and contributing to oxygen production.

💡Nekton

Nekton are active swimmers in aquatic ecosystems, such as fish and amphibians. The video script uses nekton as an example of mobile organisms that play a significant role in the movement of energy and nutrients within aquatic ecosystems. Nekton species are critical for maintaining the balance of aquatic food webs.

Highlights

Introduction to ecosystems and their types

Definition of an ecosystem by Roy in 1930

Ecosystems consist of interactions between living organisms and their environment

Components of an ecosystem: biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living)

Types of ecosystems: terrestrial and aquatic

Terrestrial ecosystems cover about 30% of Earth's surface

Bioma is a large area influenced by climate, geography, and elevation

Tropical rainforests are characterized by high rainfall and year-round sunlight

Temperate deciduous forests experience four seasons with varying rainfall and temperature

Boreal or taiga forests have low rainfall and significant temperature differences between seasons

Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees and seasonal rainfall

Steppes are characterized by low rainfall and irregular precipitation

Deserts have very low rainfall, extreme temperature changes, and sandy soil

Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and saltwater ecosystems

Aquatic ecosystems are categorized based on the type of organisms living in them

Plankton, nekton, newuston, benthos, and periphyton are key components of aquatic ecosystems

Plankton consists of phytoplankton and zooplankton

Nekton includes active swimming organisms like fish and frogs

Benthos are organisms living on the bottom of bodies of water

Periphyton are organisms that attach to other organisms

Summary of the types of ecosystems covered in the lesson

Encouragement to continue learning about ecosystems

Transcripts

[Musik]

Hai anak-anak sekalian salam biologi

salam Lestari Jumpa lagi bersama dengan

saya Ibu Reni Mari siapkan diri kalian

untuk materi kita hari ini kali ini kita

akan belajar tentang tipe-tipe

ekosistem ketika kita membicarakan

tentang ekosistem maka itu sama halnya

kita dengan usaha kita untuk memahami

planet tempat tinggal kita istilah

tentang ekosistem dikembangkan oleh Roy

lebham tahun

1930 untuk mengklasifikasikan kbungan

antara komunitas makhluk hidup dengan

lingkungan fisik di sekitarnya W Apa

maksudnya ekosistem itu ya Ekosistem

adalah Interaksi antara makhluk hidup

dengan lingkungannya ekosistem terdiri

atas interaksi dua komponen yaitu

komponen biotik yang beranggotakan

makhluk hidup dan komponen abiotik yang

beranggotakan benda mati komponen biotik

atau makhluk hidup meliputi tumbuhan

hewan bakteri dan juga jamon komponen

abiotik di antaranya adalah suhu air

kelembaban dan cahaya matahari

ekosistem juga terdiri dari dua tipe ada

ekosistem darat atau disebut terestrial

ada ekosistem akatik atau perairan

ekosistem darat atau terestrial adalah

ekosistem yang lingkungan fisiknya

berupa daratan ekosistem darat luasnya

kurang lebih 30% dari seluruh permukaan

bumi ekosistem darat meliputi area yang

sangat luas itu disebut dengan

bioma bioma sangat dipengaruhi oleh

iklim letak geografis dan ketinggian

tempat dari permukaan laut nama bioma

itu disesuaikan dengan vegetasi atau

tumbuhan yang dominan macam bioma di

antaranya adalah hutan hujan tropis

bioma hutan boreal atau taiga bioma

pandang rumput atau Sabana bioma gurun

dan bioma tundra Bioma hutan hujan

tropis terdapat di wilayah Katulistiwa

misalnya itu di lembah Sungai Amazon

lembah Sungai kolo Amerika Selatan dan

Asia

Tenggara ciri-ciri abiotik hutan hujan

tropis adalah curah hujan sangat tinggi

antara 200 sampai 400 cm per tahun sinar

matahari sepanjang tahun dengan suhu

antara 20 sampai 31 derajat Celcius

vegetasi hutan hujan tropis paling

tinggi bisa mencapai 55 m dan membentuk

kanopi dengan adanya kanopi maka akan

memunculkan iklim mikro bagian dasar

hutan adalah semak belukar dan dan herba

ada beberapa jenis tumbuhan yang

merambat disebut dengan Liana dan yang

menempel itu disebut dengan

epifit hutan gugur terdapat di wilayah

yang mengalami empat musim yaitu musim

panas musim semi musim dingin dan musim

gugur wilayahnya meliputi Amerika bagian

timur Eropa Barat Asia Timur ciri-ciri

abiotik hutan gugur adalah curah hujan n

75 sampai 100 cm per tahun memiliki suhu

udara yang sangat dingin yaitu bisa

mencapai 30 derajat dan sangat panas

pada saat musim panas mencapai 30

derajat Celcius tumbuhan yang hidup

umumnya berdaun lebar misalnya adalah

pohon Elm beachs oak dan Maple pada saat

lusing dingin hewan yang hidup di hutan

gugur akan mengalami hibernasi dia akan

tidak bergerak tidak makan dan hanya

tidur saja komoditas hewan yang tinggal

adalah rakun harimau rusa Panda serta

tupai selanjutnya adalah taiga atau

hutan boreal ciri-ciri biotik dari taiga

adalah berada di wilayah subtropis yang

memiliki curah hujan 35 sampai 40 cm per

tahun perbedaan suhunya antara musim

dingin dan musim panas sangat besar

wilayah hutan taiga meliputi Amerika

Utara Alaska Skandinavia dan Rusia

vegetasi yang tumbuh di sana adalah

homogen atau hanya terdiri dari satu

spesies saja komunitas yang tumbuh

adalah pohon vinus cemara lungut

komunitas hewan yang tinggal adalah

beruang hitam tupai kelinci Serigala dan

links selanjutnya kita akan belajar

tentang

sabana sabana adalah Padang rumput yang

selingi oleh pohon-pohon ciri-ciri

abiotik dari Sabana adalah suhunya panas

sepanjang tahun curah hujan 90 sampai

150 cm per tahun hujannya musiman lalu

mengalami kekeringan yang sangat panjang

setiap tahunnya wilayahnya meliputi

Kenya di Afrika Australia Utara Nusa

Tenggara Timur nah pohon yang tumbuh itu

contohnya adalah eukalyptus mungkin

kalau kamu pernah dengar namanya pohon

kayu putih kalau dalam bahasa Indonesia

Lalu ada bobab ini pohon yang sangat

besar lalu ada juga rupput komunitas

hewannya adalah singa kuda zebra macan

tutul Haina dan

gajah Nah selanjutnya adalah padang

rumput atau stepa ciri-ciri biotiknya

curah hujannya 25 sampai 50 cm/ tahun

bahkan bisa mencapai 100 cm hujannya itu

turunnya tidak teratur wilayah yang

meliputi daerah tropis hingga yang

beriklim sedang seperti Amerika Selatan

Australia

honggaria Rusia Selatan dan Asia

Tenggara komunitas tumbuhannya adalah

blustern grasses untuk wilayah yang cura

hujannya tinggi atau rumput pendek

komunitas hewannya adalah Bison burung

ular kawuru citah dan hewan pengerat

selanjutnya adalah gurun gurul ini

memiliki ciri-ciri abiotik curah hujan

yang sangat rendah di bawah 25 cm per

tahun Gesang karena penguapannya sangat

tinggi perubahan suhu sangat ekstrem

tanahnya berupa pasir yang sangat kering

wilayahnya meliputi Gurun Gobi di Asia

dan Gurun Sahara di Afrika komunitas

tumbuhannya kaktus sukulen dan kurma dan

hewannya adalah tikus kadal ular

jengking serta unta kalau tadi kita

sudah belajar tentang yang terestrial

kita akan melanjutkan untuk yang

perairan ekosistem akatik ya ekosistem

akatik ini dibagi menjadi dua

berdasarkan kadar garamnya ya ada yang

disebut dengan ekosistem air tawar

artinya kadar garamnya itu Rendai lalu

dilanjutkan dengan ekosistem air laut

yang kadar garamnya tinggi sedangkan

berdasarkan jenis makluk hiup yang hidup

di dalamnya atau komponen biotik

ekosistem perairan dibagi menjadi

beberapa kelompok ada

Plankton ada nekton ada newuston ada

bentos dan perifiton Plankton terdiri

atas vitoplankton dan suplankton nekton

terdiri dari organisme yang bergerak

aktif misalnya ikan dan katak niston

merupakan organisme yang mengapung di

permukaan misalnya serangga serangga

yang di air ya teratai eceng gondok dan

ganggang

bentos adalah organisme yang berada di

dasar perairan misalnya ada udang cacing

kepiting perifiton merupakan organisme

yang melekat pada organisme lain

misalnya ganggang dan siput Ternyata

kita belajar tadi ah banyak banget ya

Jadi kita hari ini sudah belajar tentang

tipe-tipe ekosistem yang dibagi menjadi

dua yaitu ekosistem terestrial dan

akatik ekosistem terestrial dibagi

menjadi beberapa bioma dan terakhir kita

belajar tentang ekosistem akatik kiranya

semua ini bisa membantu kalian untuk

lebih memahami tentang tipe-tipe

ekosistem tetap semangat ya kiranya

video ini bisa bermanfaat buat kalian

sampai jumpa di pemelajaran selanjutnya

Tuhan Yesus

[Musik]

memberkati i