A financial overview of the European and global healthcare systems – Prof. Monika Steffen EUHEALTH

Summary

Ce script vidéo explore les dépenses de santé par rapport au PIB et au revenu par habitant dans différents pays européens, révélant des différences marquées entre les systèmes de santé. Il met en lumière l'impact de la médecine sur l'espérance de vie et comment celle-ci est influencée par les facteurs de vie, la nutrition et les conditions socio-économiques. La méditerranée, avec son régime alimentaire riche en poisson et en huile d'olive, est un exemple de bonnes pratiques. L'écart de dépenses de santé entre les pays riches et pauvres souligne les défis de l'égalité en matière de santé.

Takeaways

• 📊 Les dépenses de santé par rapport au PIB et par habitant sont des indicateurs clés pour comprendre le type de système de santé d'un pays.
• 🌐 Les pays du nord-ouest de l'Europe, tels que la Norvège, l'Allemagne et les Pays-Bas, dépensent plus d'argent en pourcentage du PIB et par habitant sur les soins de santé.
• 💶 Les dépenses en euros PPA (Puissance d'achat parité) permettent de comparer les dépenses entre les pays en tenant compte de la valeur réelle de la monnaie.
• 📉 Alors que les dépenses par habitant en pourcentage du PIB sont élevées dans certains pays, les dépenses réelles par habitant peuvent être faibles, indiquant un système de santé coûteux par rapport à la richesse économique.
• 🌡 La prévision de vie n'est pas directement liée aux dépenses de santé; d'autres facteurs tels que les conditions de vie, l'alimentation et les conditions de travail jouent un rôle plus important.
• 🍽 Les pays méditerranéens, comme l'Italie et l'Espagne, ont une longue prévision de vie malgré des dépenses de santé relativement faibles, ce qui est attribuable à leur régime alimentaire sain.
• 📉 Les pays de l'Europe de l'Est, tels que la Pologne et la Slovénie, ont des dépenses de santé plus faibles et des prévisions de vie plus courtes, reflétant des défis économiques et de santé persistants.
• 🔍 Les différences entre les dépenses de santé par habitant et le PIB révèlent des inégalités au sein de l'Union européenne, avec les pays du nord-ouest étant les plus grands dépenseurs.
• 🌍 Les pays avec une couverture santé universelle tendent à dépenser plus, car ils ont développé ce système qui devient ensuite une habitude culturelle.
• 👥 La différence de prévision de vie entre les hommes et les femmes dans l'Union européenne est de cinq ans en moyenne, avec les femmes vivant généralement plus longtemps.

Q & A

Quels sont les principaux indicateurs utilisés pour évaluer les dépenses de santé dans les pays de l'OCDE?

Les principaux indicateurs sont les dépenses de santé en pourcentage du PIB, les dépenses par habitant (par capita) et les dépenses en euros PPA (Purchasing Power Parity).

Quelle est la signification des dépenses de santé en pourcentage du PIB?

Cela indique la part du PIB que chaque pays alloue aux dépenses de santé, reflétant ainsi la priorité accordée à la santé par rapport à d'autres secteurs de l'économie.

Pourquoi les dépenses par habitant sont-elles importantes dans l'évaluation des systèmes de santé?

Les dépenses par habitant montrent l'investissement moyen fait par un pays pour chaque individu en matière de soins de santé, ce qui peut être un indicateur de la qualité et de l'accessibilité des services de santé.

Quel est le rôle du PPA (Purchasing Power Parity) dans la comparaison des dépenses de santé entre les pays?

Le PPA permet de comparer les dépenses de santé entre les pays en tenant compte de la puissance d'achat locale, ce qui élimine les différences dues aux variations des taux de change et des niveaux de prix.

Quels sont les pays nordiques et occidentaux qui dépensent le plus en pourcentage du PIB pour la santé?

Les pays comme la Norvège, l'Allemagne, les Pays-Bas, l'Autriche, la Suède et le Danemark sont parmi ceux qui dépensent le plus en pourcentage du PIB pour la santé.

Pourquoi les dépenses de santé par habitant en France sont-elles plus faibles comparativement à d'autres pays européens?

Cela peut être dû à la structure du système de santé qui, bien que coûteux en termes de PIB, ne se traduit pas nécessairement par des dépenses plus élevées pour chaque individu.

Quelle est la corrélation entre les dépenses de santé et l'espérance de vie en Europe?

L'espérance de vie ne dépend que partiellement des dépenses de santé. D'autres facteurs tels que les conditions de vie, l'alimentation, et les conditions de travail jouent également un rôle significatif.

Quels sont les pays méditerranéens qui ont une espérance de vie élevée malgré des dépenses de santé relativement faibles?

L'Italie, l'Espagne, le Portugal et la Grèce ont une espérance de vie élevée, ce qui est attribué à leur régime alimentaire méditerranéen riche en poisson et en huile d'olive.

Quelle est la différence d'espérance de vie entre les hommes et les femmes dans l'Union européenne?

Dans l'Union européenne, les femmes ont en moyenne une espérance de vie de cinq ans et quelques mois de plus que les hommes.

Quels sont les défis auxquels les anciens pays communistes font face en termes de dépenses de santé et d'espérance de vie?

Les anciens pays communistes luttent souvent contre la corruption, la pollution et des infrastructures médicales insuffisantes, ce qui affecte leur dépense en santé et leur espérance de vie.

Outlines

00:00

💹 Les dépenses de santé et leur lien avec les types de systèmes de santé

Le paragraphe 1 introduit les dépenses de santé comme un moyen d'examiner les différents types de systèmes de santé. Il utilise des statistiques de dépenses de santé par PIB et par habitant pour illustrer comment les dépenses publiques et privées révèlent le type de système de santé d'un pays. L'OECD est cité comme source de données fiables. Les dépenses par habitant sont expliquées comme étant le montant total des dépenses divisé par le nombre d'habitants, offrant une image de la dépense moyenne par personne dans un pays. L'importance de la parité de pouvoir d'achat (PPP) est également abordée pour permettre des comparaisons internationales justes.

05:00

🌍 Disparités géographiques dans les dépenses de santé

Le paragraphe 2 met en évidence les différences géographiques dans les dépenses de santé, montrant que les pays du nord-ouest de l'Europe sont grands dépenseurs, tandis que les dépenses diminuent vers le sud et l'est. L'analyse des dépenses par rapport au PIB révèle des écarts significatifs, notamment en France où les dépenses par habitant sont faibles par rapport à celles du PIB. Cette section souligne également les défis économiques que posent les systèmes de santé onéreux pour les économies moins prospères.

10:02

📊 La dépense de santé et l'espérance de vie en Europe

Le paragraphe 3 explore la relation entre la dépense de santé et l'espérance de vie, révélant qu'il n'y a pas nécessairement de lien direct. Les pays du nord-ouest de l'Europe, comme l'Allemagne et les Pays-Bas, dépensent beaucoup mais n'ont pas nécessairement les plus hautes espérances de vie. D'autres pays comme l'Italie et l'Espagne, qui dépensent moins, ont des espérances de vie élevées. Cette section souligne que l'espérance de vie est plus influencée par les conditions de vie, l'alimentation et d'autres facteurs environnementaux que par les dépenses de santé.

15:04

🍽️ L'impact de l'alimentation et des conditions de vie sur l'espérance de vie

Le paragraphe 4 se concentre sur l'importance de la nutrition et des conditions de vie dans la détermination de l'espérance de vie. Il est souligné que les pays méditerranéens, avec des régimes alimentaires riche en poisson et en huile d'olive, ont des espérances de vie élevées. En revanche, les pays du nord de l'Europe, qui consomment plus de viande de porc, ont des espérances de vie moins élevées. Cette section met en évidence le rôle des facteurs culturels et environnementaux dans la santé et la longévité.

20:07

👥 Disparités de genre dans l'espérance de vie et les dépenses de santé

Le paragraphe 5 aborde les différences de genre dans l'espérance de vie, notant que partout dans les pays développés, les femmes vivent en moyenne plus longtemps que les hommes. Il suggère que cela pourrait être un indicateur des problèmes de genre dans d'autres pays, comme l'Inde. La section se termine par une carte des dépenses de santé par habitant dans les différents pays de l'UE, montrant les inégalités et les impacts de l'histoire et des systèmes de santé universels.

Keywords

💡Dépenses de santé

Les dépenses de santé désignent les montants dépensés par un pays pour son système de santé, y compris les soins médicaux, les médicaments et les services de santé. Dans le script, les dépenses de santé sont analysées en pourcentage du PIB et par habitant, révélant des différences significatives entre les pays. Par exemple, la Norvège dépense près de 12% de son PIB dans les soins de santé, mettant en évidence le poids de l'investissement dans la santé par rapport à la richesse économique globale du pays.

💡PIB par habitant

Le PIB par habitant est une mesure économique qui indique la richesse moyenne d'un pays, calculée en divisant le Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) d'un pays par son nombre d'habitants. Dans le script, ce concept est utilisé pour comparer les dépenses de santé par pays, montrant comment une partie du PIB est consacrée aux soins de santé pour chaque individu.

💡Parité de pouvoir d'achat (PPP)

La parité de pouvoir d'achat (PPP) est une mesure utilisée pour comparer les niveaux de prix et les revenus entre les pays. Elle permet d'ajuster les montants en monnaie locale pour refléter la capacité d'achat réelle. Dans le contexte du script, les dépenses de santé sont exprimées en euros PPP, permettant une comparaison équitable des dépenses entre les pays, en tenant compte des différences de pouvoir d'achat.

💡Système de santé

Un système de santé est l'ensemble des institutions, des politiques et des programmes organisés pour fournir des soins de santé à la population. Le script discute des différents types de systèmes de santé et de leur impact sur les dépenses et la qualité des soins, soulignant que les systèmes de santé universels, où les services sont offerts à tous les citoyens, peuvent entraîner des dépenses plus élevées.

💡Espérance de vie

L'espérance de vie est une statistique qui indique la durée moyenne attendue de vie d'un individu. Dans le script, l'espérance de vie est utilisée pour évaluer le bien-être et la qualité des soins de santé dans les différents pays européens. Elle montre que l'espérance de vie n'est pas nécessairement corrélée aux dépenses de santé, mettant en évidence d'autres facteurs tels que les conditions de vie, l'alimentation et les habitudes de vie.

💡Décès liés aux soins de santé

Les décès liés aux soins de santé font référence au nombre de personnes qui meurent en raison de problèmes de santé qui pourraient être évités ou traités par un système de santé efficace. Le script mentionne que les dépenses de santé peuvent influencer ces statistiques, car un système de santé bien financé peut sauver des vies en prévenant les décès maternels et en traitant efficacement les urgences médicales.

💡Conditions de vie

Les conditions de vie comprennent un large éventail de facteurs qui influencent la qualité de vie des individus, tels que l'environnement, l'éducation, l'emploi et les services sociaux. Dans le script, il est souligné que les conditions de vie, y compris l'alimentation et les habitudes de vie, ont un impact significatif sur l'espérance de vie, indépendamment des dépenses de santé.

💡Méditerranée

Le script mentionne la Méditerranée comme une région où les pays ont tendance à avoir une espérance de vie plus longue, en partie à cause de leur régime alimentaire riche en poisson et en huiles d'olive, qui est considéré comme sain. Cela illustre comment les facteurs géographiques et culturels peuvent influencer les statistiques de santé.

💡Ex-républiques communistes

Les ex-républiques communistes font référence aux pays d'Europe de l'Est qui étaient jadis gouvernés par un régime communiste. Le script indique que ces pays ont souvent des dépenses de santé plus faibles et une espérance de vie plus courte, reflétant les défis économiques et sociaux qu'ils ont rencontrés après la chute du communisme.

💡Genre et espérance de vie

Le script souligne que, en général, les femmes vivent plus longtemps que les hommes, et cela est vrai dans la plupart des pays développés. Cependant, il pose la question de savoir si cette tendance se maintient dans d'autres contextes, comme en Inde, où les inégalités de genre peuvent influencer les statistiques sur l'espérance de vie.

Highlights

Health expenditure statistics can reveal the type of healthcare system in place.

OECD provides comprehensive health statistics, including public and private health spending as a percentage of GDP and per capita.

Norway spends nearly 12 percent of its GDP on healthcare.

Per capita spending means the total healthcare expenditure divided by the country's population.

Figures are in euros PPP (Purchasing Power Parity), which adjusts for differences in purchasing power between countries.

Northern and northwestern European countries tend to spend more on healthcare.

Southern and eastern European countries generally spend less on healthcare.

Per capita spending does not always follow the same trend as GDP spending.

France has a significant difference between its high GDP spending and lower per capita spending.

High GDP spending compared to per capita spending indicates a healthcare system that is expensive relative to the country's economy.

Life expectancy does not necessarily correlate with health expenditure.

Mediterranean countries like Italy, Spain, and Greece have high life expectancy despite lower healthcare spending.

Life expectancy is influenced more by living conditions, diet, and social factors than healthcare spending alone.

There is a 10-year difference in life expectancy within the European Union between the countries with the highest and lowest.

Gender differences in life expectancy show that women generally live longer than men.

Cultural factors, such as diet and lifestyle, play a significant role in life expectancy statistics.

Healthcare spending per capita varies widely across Europe, with northern and western countries spending more.

The legacy of communism and the transition to liberal economies is reflected in the health expenditure and life expectancy of eastern European countries.

Transcripts

so to start this lesson about the health

care system types in order to make it

sort of somehow empirical and touchable

for you we will start with statistics

with health expenditure statistics

and we will see what statistics can tell

us

and it's quite surprising that will tell

us the type of healthcare system already

now here you have the figures from the

oacd

they have very good health statistics

you can look at it in internet this

comes from from their database

so here we have head spending

public and private together

where

per gdp per percentage of gdp and per

capita so it's a little bit difficult to

read because everything is in this

little statistic

and we will see lots of interesting

things

so you have here

these these

green

uh

sticks they will tell you how much there

is um in percentage the percentages here

of gdp spent in each country for

instance in norway they spend nearly

12 percent of their gdp in health care

and where you have to do oh no sorry

sorry the little point is the is the gdp

part and

the the

the sticks are the share of per capita

spending i hope you understand what it

means per capita spending it means when

you take the whole public and private

expenditure in a country for health care

in one year and you divide it by the

number of inhabitants by the number of

heads

in the country taking all the babies and

all the old ladies then you have a

figure which is suspending

an average

per capita in that country for one year

and you will see figures are surprising

so here we have what can we see on this

statistic

there's another thing i have to explain

to you before because you may not know

it

the figures are euros ppp

i don't know whether you know what it

means it's the same thing than dollars

ppp it means

a

parity purchasing power so this is not a

money you can buy in a bank it's not a

real money it is just taking either in

dollars or in euros or in yen or

whatever

uh

different

amounts of of of expenditure for for

transport or for healthcare

and then you adapt this amount

to the purchasing power in the country

so how much money do people have in the

country

how much do they earn how much do they

spend to live there is

international criteria to calculate this

and then you can compare

you know when i have figures let's say

healthcare is one dollar in some

strange country a year you would say

well it's very little but if for one

dollar you can buy nearly a house in

that country then you see it's quite a

lot of money so this is what it means

ppp purchasing

uh parity no parity purchasing power and

here we have it in euros because europe

formerly we calculated in dollars now we

do it also in europe in euros so here

you have these figures let's see norway

for instance

it has

uh

nearly five or five thousand four

thousand five hundred

uh ppp euros

for each person is spent in health care

and

it means in terms of gdp where the point

here is 4 000. so we can see they spend

more money per head

than for instance

france

they are

the share of gdp is very high but the

spending per head is very low i come

back to this problem in a minute because

it has a certain signification

so here we have the spendings and let's

say first what we see is the northern

countries

north western countries norway germany

netherland austria sweden denmark all

those who are in the west and in the

north they spend quite a lot of money

and as we go further down

but there are some isolated northern

cases like iceland or finland

uh but basically as we go to the south

italy spain portugal and to the east

estonia poland slovakia it gets less and

less

that's the first thing we see so not on

europe the western continental european

countries are big spenders for health

care

and it's followed by a mix of southern

countries and eastern countries you know

you have a mix of you know malta and

ireland and

spain and then you have slovenia they

are sort of in the middle

and as you go further on you have more

or less the former communist countries

it means the economy has not yet quite

recovered and they cannot afford to

spend on health as much as we do in the

west

or in the north

norway by the way is not a member of the

european union but it is very often in

the statistics because it is a member of

what we call the european economic area

so it's sort of privileged partner so we

take them in in the statistics

so the second thing we see is

per capita spending is not following

quite the same curb then the gdp here

you have the gdp

high high high and then it drops to the

ruler

this is the gdp line and this is per

capita

and per capita is what people are

interested in it's what you spend on

health care for each person

and if you have a family of four you

will have to multiply this money by four

for that family and if there's only one

earner in the family it means somewhere

else there are three people who pay for

that family

you understand the logic this is the

price you have to pay when you want

really universal universal health care

as i said you pay according to your

means into the system and what you get

out is according to your needs so if you

have three children and you are a single

mother you will have probably more needs

than a couple

without children so

this is the logic of the system

um

yeah i wanted to show you to explain

an economic problem look at france

and look at germany so germany has

practically the same amount of spending

for per capita then it has percentage of

gdp i mean it's sort of

equalizing huh and in france you have

quite a big difference we have also

difference in sweden but it's smaller

than the french one

and in belgium

and then comes france

luxembourg don't look at luxembourg they

spend a lot of money per capita but it's

a small part of the gdp because they are

fiscal paradise they have lots of banks

and

with a lot of money which is not

from their

citizen so that is a

special special example you have the

same in ireland it's the same type of

profile so

now why does france have this problem

that it's has a low

sorry

a low per capita spending here right

corresponds to what is said here

government and compulsory insurance and

you with the lighter green you add any

private insurance this part

sorry this part here would be the

private one

and then um

the share of gdp is is quite higher

if i was in the classroom i would ask

you to write down on a little paper the

answer what this

signifies what is the meaning of

a case when you have high gdp spending

compared to other countries

and

a much lower

per capita spending compared to these

same other countries what do you think

it means

well as i'm not in a classroom i will

have to give you the answer it means

that the gdp per capita is very low in

that country

that's what it means so it means in

other terms the healthcare system which

this country has it's very expensive

compared to the means economic means

this country has

and if we go along the line

we will see that it's

sorry

a sort of general rule as we go to the

poorer countries we have here

a share of gdp much higher

than the per capita spending this is

what i tried to show you with this

little

um

[Music]

little text here

low per capita spending but high in gdp

it means that you have a minimum of

heads expended so which you can probably

not lower much otherwise you have bad

care

but as your economy is not very rich and

not very productive it takes you this

little per capita money

takes you a lot of your gdp

and this is what you see here from here

onwards to distance it's really very big

here huh

so and if you look at these countries

you can see that you have a mixture of

southern european countries

and uh eastern european countries

so the southern european countries like

france who is the first to in to

initiate this sort of bad theory all

these countries france and then we have

italy

sorry

with

a southern country with a big difference

here then we have spain even bigger

and then we have portugal even bigger

and then come the eastern and greece

even bigger

and the rest are eastern countries so

what unites france portugal spain italy

and greece

but they had enormous public depth and

that is what puts the economy down

and this is what you can read in these

figures so they have a health care

system which is just too expensive for

the economy it costs them a lot of money

because they are not so productive or

they pay a lot of money to pay back

their debts

and the eastern european countries

the new member states of the european

union you know all these uh

poland slovakia hungarian latvia budget

countries romania bulgaria

they had to struggle very hard to get

out of their communist past

and i think in your reading it is

explained

some of these countries succeeded very

well in getting into a new economy a

liberal economy and they managed very

well and others succeeded

less well and even failed and the

countries you have here in the at the

end are these failures and what they

mainly failed was fighting against

corruption

so you can

this statistic tells you only about head

spending but you can reach sort of you

know the mirror of society you can read

the whole history of the last 30 years

of the economy in these countries and

political history

okay i hope this is clear for you

you know in france you can see it for

capita francis you know quite a rich

developed country but it is sort of

second with germany

for gdp spending they spent from gdp

an e

equivalent part but in capita in per

capita

france drops to the ninth position one

two three four five six seven eight nine

so from top to the ninth position that

is this economic discrepancy

between the health care system and

the general economy

so these statistics explain you a lot

about the relationship between society

economy and health care

now let's let's see what else we have

this is life expectancy in european

countries

it is figures for 2020

but they integrate the figures from 2000

these little squares here from 2000 and

then from 2010 and 2020.

now 2020 it is not quite sure whether

they have already let's take france

whether they integrated already

the drop of kovit you know in 2019

france had a life expectancy of of 83

years i think

and then it dropped and this is the

period drop

and now what did they tell us here

32 yeah these are figures to from 2020

so it integrates already the first year

of covet when there was a drop in life

expectancy

now if you look this into this statistic

and we look at the countries here which

are top highest life expectancy whatever

year in 2000 2010 it's about you know

figures are high here and then they drop

we find quite a different

picture than in the expenditure so the

first thing we can

deduct from this is

life expectancy does not depend on

health expenditure otherwise it would

have a very similar statistic like we

had here

uh with these countries germany in front

and netherlands and austria but this is

not what we see for life expectancy west

germany

you can't even see it germany is very

much behind just above the average

and uh where's austria

germany austria

austria very much behind for spending it

was very high

so uh

and and countries who spend very little

because they have such a lot of depth

like italy spain

and uh

cyprus maybe

well they suddenly are very much on top

for life expectancy it explains clearly

that life expectancy depends only to a

certain extent for medical expenditure

for instance to save

birth giving that mothers don't die and

that babies don't die that will push

your life expectancy high up and if you

save somebody who had a heart attack

when is 40 years old and

in a good health care system you can

save this person in a bad one he will

die that changes the statistic about

life expectancy but apart these cases

life expectancy depends on your living

conditions on what you eat on your food

on your lodging on your working

conditions transport conditions

i think in india you have a lot of train

accidents

we don't have so many in europe so

it's probably the organization

of the train infrastructure which makes

more people die in india than in in most

european countries you have all this and

the poverty

people are very poor then they tend to

die earlier

so life expectancy does not depend

on health expenditures so when the heads

people always want more money because

they have to save more lives they are

telling us somehow propaganda for their

business even if the business is public

so we can see germany is 14 oh sorry it

slips always away

germany here is number 40 when you count

for life expectancy among these

countries

but it was second for health spending

per capita and per gdp

austria

austria where's austria

austria

is number 13 for life expectancy it was

fourth for capita per capita spending

netherlands is 12th year for life

expectancy

and for capital spending in healthcare

how much is spent for each person per

year it was second no third

so

and france is ranking very nicely in top

here somewhere no

a quite good life expectancy in france

you know among the top countries it

starts to drop really from here as you

come to the eastern countries

because they have a lot of pollution

from the former industry and they're

still poor

so most of them

so um

let's take a little bit about germany

now

germany spends much more on health care

per person than france but you live

longer in france but simply because the

food it is much better in france and in

germany and recently i heard in a

cultural french german television chain

a very interesting

talk about some european commissioner

and

and a doctor and a few other people who

look after prevention and i i dropped by

accident into that into that show

and into that discussion and they

explained that the european commission

had launched had had

given

how do you say that in english an

advertisement a warning to germany to

say they should stop their sheep food

because it was causing too much risk for

health

oh i was a bit surprised when i heard it

i know how peop that people spend much

more money on food in france and

in germany

uh where young people like to spend

money on that's a cultural thing they

like to spend money on things that are

sustainable

they will have a very nice house they

will have nice furniture and a very good

car but they wouldn't spend much money

on food because that is pleasure just

for a moment and the friendship will

spend lots of money in the restaurant to

drive a bad dangerous car and live in a

very sort of modest lodging but then we

go to the restaurant with all the

children and the grandparents

so um

and if you look here at life expectancy

to the different european countries you

see norway iceland ireland malta italy

spain sweden cyprus france

even finland up to here they all have

seaside there are either islands or on

the seaside on the atlantic ocean or on

the mediterranean

sea so they eat a lot of fish

and these other countries denmark

netherlands well denmark also is on the

sea cycle

netherlands austria germany they ate a

lot of pork

that's not the best meat for your heads

so you can see that the food is really

present in this statistic

and you have all the mediterranean

countries italy spain

now why are there so good greece

despite a bad health care system and

despite an economy which is not the

richest and celeries are not the best

they they cook with olive oil not with

grease from animals or butter they cook

with olive oil and that's a very good

regime and they have because of their

climate they have fresh fresh vegetables

all year round

they can eat fresh salad and fresh

things so

there is a lot of studying on the

mediterranean food regime and it turns

out to be one of the best in the world

together with japanese and some others

so if you look at the seaside you eat a

lot of fish and you cook with olive oil

of course you must not drink so much

alcohol and if you do then drink rather

wine rather than whiskey it's not so

strong and you have a whole story about

these cultural

factors in this statistic

so this is why i wanted to show you this

statistics can be much more interesting

than what the figures just taken

so the general point we can see here is

um

there are 10 years of different life

expectancy within the european union

between the countries where you live

longest and the countries where you live

live

least

and you know you have all the former

communist countries here lined up and

that's very sad because

it's not the people's fault what

happened to them to their economy and to

their country there's a lot of pollution

still there's a lot of electricity still

made with coal

and so on

now uh i want to make a last point on

this about gender

these statistics this statistic here is

men and women mixed

but normally we do livestock

expectancy statistics separated for

women and for men because women live

much longer than

in general women live longer than men

it's probably the genetics because they

have to give birth and carry children

so

in all developed countries women live

much longer than men now the question i

would have to indian students is is this

also true for india

we know that india is a country where

there are quite a lot of gender problems

do indian women

in average live

five or six years longer than indian men

or is it the other way around that would

be a good test to know what the real

the real situation of gender problem is

in india

so

i didn't put statistics on this because

we can't go into all these details but

in the european union women live in

average

five years longer than men

five years five years and a few months

so life expectancy for men in the

european union are sorry in the richer

in the richer part in western europe so

the richer countries those who are sort

of here somewhere

men live uh 79 years

in average in women 84 in average so

this is life expectancy at birth

so it's five years of difference

and prove it of course this

decrease life expectancy in all the

countries

whatever

now here you have summed up

now this is in euros ppp euros

the per capita spending is just to show

you a nice map to show where are the

countries where you have good capital

per capita spending on health care and

those where there's much less so here

are the figures for instance in turkey

it's not member of the european union

but the candidate they spend 906 bpp

euros per year per inhabitant on health

care

and in germany it is thousand five

hundred

for ppp euros now if you look at the

colors you know here you have the

different colors the more it's dark the

more they're spent you can very well see

northern europe and

western continental europe

and ireland they are big spenders for

healthcare probably because they were

among the first countries to have a

universal healthcare system and then it

becomes a habit

and the second then this light blue here

they are sort of around there's a sort

of a ring around

you know from britain and then spain

italy and then

uh trekuslo

how do you say the czech republic and

then two two bicycle publics already for

more communist countries in finland

they are in this middle range

and then you have the poorer ones who

spend very little and they're all at the

east

well

one biotic republic and then poland and

slovakia and romania

this is bulgaria hungary

and so on so you can see the traces of

history

the breakaway from communism communism

and the

transformation into liberal systems was

all very hard for these countries and

you can say it and see it in life

expectancy in health expenditure and so

on