AP Biology Unit 2 Review: Cell Structure and Function
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script delves into cell biology, contrasting light and electron microscopy for cell study. It explains cell structure and function, emphasizing the plasma membrane's role. The video explores membrane transport, including diffusion and active transport mechanisms. It also covers organelles, highlighting the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. Special attention is given to the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondria and chloroplasts. The script aims to simplify complex biological concepts for better understanding.
Takeaways
- π¬ Microscopes are essential tools for studying cell structures and functions, with light microscopes magnifying up to a thousand times and electron microscopes offering even greater magnification.
- π The plasma membrane is crucial for protecting the cell and regulating what enters and exits it, composed of phospholipid bilayers that self-organize to keep hydrophilic heads facing water and hydrophobic tails away from water.
- πͺ Transport proteins in the cell membrane facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane, including channels that allow specific molecules to pass and carrier proteins that transport molecules through the membrane.
- π§ The fluidity of the cell membrane is influenced by factors like temperature, the presence of unsaturated fatty acids which introduce kinks preventing tight packing, and cholesterol which can modulate membrane fluidity.
- π Diffusion is a passive process where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, and it plays a key role in the movement of molecules across cell membranes.
- π Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against their concentration gradient, typically involving carrier proteins that facilitate the movement of substances into the cell.
- π± Plant cells differ from animal cells in several ways, including the presence of chloroplasts for photosynthesis, a cell wall for structural support, and plasmodesmata for communication between cells.
- π The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, suggesting they were once free-living organisms that were engulfed by a host cell and eventually became integral parts of the cell's functioning.
- 𧬠The nucleus serves as the control center of the cell, containing the genetic material (DNA) and regulating cellular activities through the process of transcription and translation.
- βοΈ Organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria each have specialized functions in the cell, including protein synthesis, packaging and secretion, and energy production, respectively.
Q & A
What are the two types of microscopes mentioned in the script and how do they differ?
-The two types of microscopes mentioned are light microscopes and electron microscopes. Light microscopes use light to magnify specimens up to a thousand times and are used to observe live organisms. Electron microscopes offer much higher magnification, up to 10^6 times, and can see the surface and internal structures of specimens, but they require the specimen to be dead and coated in a heavy metal.
What is the function of the plasma membrane in a cell?
-The plasma membrane functions as a protective barrier for the cell, controlling what enters and exits the cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol, which helps regulate its fluidity and selective permeability.
How do integral proteins, transmembrane proteins, and peripheral proteins differ in their association with the plasma membrane?
-Integral proteins are located within the phospholipid bilayer, transmembrane proteins span across the entire membrane, and peripheral proteins are attached to the exterior surface of the membrane but are not embedded within it.
What role do unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol play in the fluidity of the plasma membrane?
-Unsaturated fatty acids introduce kinks in the fatty acid chains, which prevent them from packing closely together, thus increasing the membrane's fluidity. Cholesterol helps to regulate fluidity by preventing the fatty acids from packing too closely at low temperatures and from spreading too far apart at high temperatures.
What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
-Simple diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the assistance of any proteins. Facilitated diffusion also involves the passive movement down a concentration gradient but requires the assistance of transport proteins, such as channels or carriers, to move larger or charged molecules across the membrane.
What is the significance of the endosymbiotic theory in relation to mitochondria and chloroplasts?
-The endosymbiotic theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by a larger cell. Over time, these bacteria became essential organelles within the cell, retaining their own DNA and carrying out vital functions such as energy production in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts.
How does the structure of the nucleus relate to its function within the cell?
-The nucleus serves as the control center of the cell, containing the genetic material that directs cellular functions. Its structure includes the nuclear envelope with nuclear pores for communication, the nucleolus for ribosome production, and the chromatin where DNA is stored.
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
-The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for transport to other parts of the cell or for secretion outside the cell.
Why are lysosomes considered 'digestive' organelles?
-Lysosomes contain enzymes that can break down a wide variety of substances, including cellular debris and foreign particles. They function as the cell's digestive system, breaking down and recycling materials within the cell.
What is the main difference between animal cells and plant cells as depicted in the script?
-The main differences include the presence of a cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplasts in plant cells, which are absent in animal cells. Additionally, plant cells have plasmodesmata for communication between cells, while animal cells have centrioles which are not present in plant cells.
Outlines
π¬ Introduction to Microscopy and Cell Structure
The speaker begins by expressing enthusiasm for the topic and quickly dives into the importance of microscopy for understanding cell structure and function. They explain the basics of light microscopy, emphasizing its ability to magnify cellular structures up to a thousand times. The concept of magnification and resolution is introduced, with a focus on how these factors contribute to the clarity of microscopic images. The speaker contrasts light microscopy with electron microscopy, highlighting the superior magnification power of electron microscopes and their capacity to reveal both surface and internal cellular structures. However, they also note the downside of electron microscopy, which is the requirement to kill the organism under study to prepare samples. The speaker concludes this section by encouraging the use of light microscopy for observing live cells.
𧬠Exploring the Cell Membrane and Its Components
The speaker provides an in-depth look at the cell membrane, starting with its structure composed of phospholipid bilayers. They explain the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of phospholipids and how these properties dictate the formation of the membrane. The role of proteins within the membrane is discussed, distinguishing between integral, transmembrane, and peripheral proteins based on their location and function. The impact of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol on membrane fluidity is also explored, with the speaker using analogies to help explain these concepts. The paragraph concludes with an overview of how substances move across the plasma membrane, touching on passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
π Diving Deeper into Membrane Transport and Osmosis
This section delves into the specifics of how substances are transported across the cell membrane. The speaker explains the concepts of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport, providing examples of each process. They introduce the terms 'hypertonic' and 'hypotonic' to describe solutions relative to the cell's internal environment and explain how osmosis, the movement of water across a membrane, is influenced by these conditions. The speaker also discusses the role of transport proteins, such as channels and carriers, in allowing specific molecules to pass through the membrane, with a special mention of aquaporins, which facilitate the movement of water molecules.
πΏ Comparing Animal and Plant Cells: Organelles and Functions
The speaker compares animal and plant cells, highlighting the common organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, and their functions. They discuss the unique organelles found in plant cells, such as chloroplasts and large central vacuoles, and their roles in photosynthesis and storage, respectively. The speaker also touches on the endosymbiotic theory, which posits that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent organisms that became incorporated into larger cells. They briefly mention other organelles like the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and centrioles, emphasizing their specific functions and the differences between animal and plant cells. The paragraph ends with a note on the importance of understanding these concepts for subjects like AP Biology.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Microscope
π‘Cell Structure
π‘Phospholipid Bilayer
π‘Proteins
π‘Cholesterol
π‘Diffusion
π‘Active Transport
π‘Endosymbiotic Theory
π‘Osmosis
π‘Organelles
Highlights
Importance of microscopy for studying cell structure and function.
Explanation of how a light microscope works and its magnification capabilities.
Difference between light microscope and electron microscope for cell observation.
Functionality of scanning electron microscopes in studying cell surfaces.
Capability of transmission electron microscopes to observe internal cell structures.
Advantages and limitations of using electron microscopes over light microscopes.
Introduction to cell fractionation as a technique for studying cells.
Basic structure of a cell including the plasma membrane, cytosol, and organelles.
Role of the phospholipid bilayer in forming the plasma membrane.
Types of proteins found in the plasma membrane: integral, transmembrane, and peripheral.
Impact of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol on membrane fluidity.
Passive transport mechanisms including diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Importance of transport proteins like channels and carriers in moving molecules across membranes.
Concept of concentration gradients and their role in passive transport.
Differences between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions and their effects on cells.
Process of osmosis and its significance in water movement across cell membranes.
Active transport mechanisms and their requirement for energy.
Description of the nucleus as the control center of the cell and its components.
Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria.
Explanation of the endosymbiotic theory relating to the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Comparison between animal and plant cells highlighting the presence of chloroplasts in plant cells.
Overview of the significance of the surface area to volume ratio in cell biology.
Transcripts
I'm a DAB on video and forever dude and
then I want to send that ap by the 30th
ap kind of small brain now come on par
we're gonna I'm car and today we are
getting back into the bio whip unit 2 of
80 by not considered cell structure and
function is pretty relevant to both
ether Bo and ap bomb because both of
them tested a lot so why don't we just
jump into the cool stuff so because I'm
a campout fan everybody uses a capsule
biology into the biology Bible we're
gonna start exactly where Campbell
biology starts on this topic white
microscopy so basically in order to know
how a cell structures and functions you
gotta have a light microscope right so
basically you got your beautiful
microscope from what the heck fellas
like to know cute but anyway the point
is you know how to know what the parts
of the microscope are what you do not
know is that these are used to study
cells and basically the way it works is
that you shine a light up from here and
go through the sample which is right
here and goes in here it goes in here it
gets refracted around in here it goes
over here and you look at the light over
here
very cool stuff and basically these
light microscopes and magnify things a
thousand times now everybody knows what
magnification is the other measurement
you have to keep track up score a
microscope is resolution right the
technical definition is how far are two
Doc's have to be for you to be tell them
apart but that's not really important
you just gotta know that it's how clear
the image on the microscope is alright
so literally does all you have to know
about white microscope right you can
just take a cell and you fella you want
put it on the light microscope it shines
light up through it it goes to your eyes
and you can see you magnify didn't know
the reason why I'm talking about this is
because in a bottle and you said oh it's
pretty important to know the difference
between light microscope and electron
microscope because light microscopes
have some advantages and electron
microscopes have other advantages so
basically there are two types of
electron microscopes we'll talk about
them first you got the scanning electron
microscope and basically what the
microscope do is you have like a probe
right here you got a sample here and
basically what the probe does it ascends
an electron it bounces off and you have
a scanner that tell where the electrons
bounced off now the thing about scanning
microscopes is because it's going
through the whole sample right into the
bouncing off electrons you could only
tell the service of a sample right
because when the electrons bounce off
they're not going into the sample
they're just hitting off the surface so
the only thing that you can see is a
service the way I like to remember it is
scanning
I'd like to make sense right to scan so
over the things but it also stands for
surface so the one thing you gotta know
about scanning microscope
they're good for telling you detailed
about really tiny surfaces and then
there is tunneling basically what these
do is instead of bouncing the electrons
over it it shoots the electron right
through the sample go through it and
then it checks for how it looks on the
other side and that makes sense right
because tunneling means that it's going
through so basically these are good
because it no longer just looking at the
surface right it goes through and you
can see all the internal mechanisms of
anything you want
now electron microscope seemed really
good right why would we want to use a
light microscope electron microscopy we
do a thousand times more magnification
like 10 to the 6 magnification nonsense
and these got only 1000 X so lame so the
benefits of electron microscopes are
pretty clear right like you can first
off you have to often together see the
surface and really good detail a
thousand times more and you can also
look at the internal working however
four electron microscopes a bad thing is
that you gotta kill the organism this is
so sad we're gonna kill organisms why
today the reason you had to do that
though is because in order to bounce
electrons off of it you have to actually
put it in a heavy metal and that killed
them right so if you want to see live
organisms you have to use a light
microscope no I've seen this kind of
problem so many times on AP bio and use
the boat basically want to ask you is it
like if you have a lime cell and you
just want to see it outside
what type of microscope you dislike
right so you've gotta use a light
microscope so it doesn't know the
difference okay the book goes into a lot
more detail on this mountain I'm not
gonna go into that one detail cuz it's
really boring really useless who care
okay before again the interesting stuff
we first got to talk about one more
technique for studying cells and that's
called cell fractionation and ap bio is
not gonna ask you that much details
about cell fractionation right you
basically the time to know what it does
so obviously you take a cell you
fractionated so basically exactly how it
works then you take a blender perfect
normal kitchen a blender you put in
yourselves you blend it all up and you
throw that into a centrifuge okay and
this centrifuge spins around alright and
basically by spinning this around you
know like how if you jiggle like a sand
tray it separates out the particle is
this exactly in concept it spins it
around so that it separates the particle
based on some so it definitely has a
very end you take out the test tube and
you got like your nuclei you got your
mitochondria you got a bunch of
different layers very cool stuff
essentially the point is you can
basically use just a blender and a
centrifuge to separate a fell into a
different part which is really useful
right like if you wanted to study
mitochondria you just frakkin ate it you
take
we're right here alright and you got
mitochondria epic alright it's finally
time to get into fun stuff we're gonna
talk about cells oh my god what the heck
cell that's crazy
to the basic structure of a cell if you
have a circle and this circle is the
plot in the membrane and then inside of
it you got your cytosol and then inside
of the cytosol you got all your
different parts of the cell you got a
nucleus you got your mitochondria like I
said we'll talk about it later
the first thing you want to talk about
is apply the membrane because that is
the most important organelle of the cell
arguably right you're plotting the
membrane and literally the same with
your skin right Lily protects your cell
right and let's think in and out of your
cell it's really important so let's talk
about that first
so how the heck did this boy structured
basically you got a bunch of these like
phospholipid right I talked about these
guys phospholipids in my unit one video
but the basic idea that you have to know
is that the head is hydrophilic so it
likes water okay
hydrophilic loves water then these guys
are hydrophobic hates water
so essentially no matter where the heck
you put these phospholipids they always
want it so that the head is touching the
water and the tails if not hugging walk
so let's try to make a membrane so to
make a membrane you know that a cell is
like water right the cytosol is like the
jelly ish thing some nasty yucky jelly
you know what I'm saying and then the
outside of a cell used to be cell door
immersed in water right so there's water
over here and there's also water on this
side so what's gonna make a layer right
so we either put a bunch of you guys
next to each other okay so let's say
this extends all the way to the other
time okay so this is fine right like all
the guys who like water or with the
water they're all happy cool stuff but
does it not okay okay we can't let these
tails touch the water they don't like
the water it's like putting a cat in the
shower it's not okay it's morally
incorrect so what we got to do is we got
to figure out how to make these tails
not touch the water and the way we can
do that if we put another molecule right
here and another one right here
and another one right there and we
extend that all the ways to the other
side and her aid we got the head that
likes the water touching the water and
we got the tail to heat the water
successfully protect it from the water
ever so this right here in this whole
thing the double layer is remembered and
because made out of phospholipid into
two layers what do you think is called
that's right phospholipid bilayers all
right very hot stuff now this membrane
is not just a bunch of follow with it
okay we also got someone that stuff in
it so basically one thing that could be
in
or membrane our protein so you got a
protein does just hanging out over here
that's called an integral protein color
inside the plasma membrane then there
are also proteins that span the entire
plasma membrane they go out one way and
they come out the other side like this
these are called transmembrane proteins
oh my god I could not guess if it goes
across the membrane it's a transmembrane
protein holy moly and then there's some
protein that does hang out like all the
way outside itself but they're connected
to the membrane and those are called
peripheral Road and though they're
called / and those are called peripheral
proteins right because they're not
inside the membrane they're on the
periphery of it so three types you gotta
know our integral which are like inside
of the membrane transmembrane across the
membrane and peripheral outside but
connected all righty what else could be
in the bottle lipid bilayer why thank
you yes it is unsaturated fatty acid the
basic PV on these straight fatty acids
those are saturated right they don't
have any kinks in them there's no double
bond and then there are saturated but
what happened to be change this guy to
have a kink in it now this is an
unsaturated fatty acid and basically
this kink over here prevents these guys
are coming too close to each other right
like if you have two of you guys right
next to each other well then one of them
get a kink
so now they can only be so far apart so
basically by adding these kinks or
unsaturated fatty acid you're making the
membrane less stable right call you're
pushing them apart so essentially your
membrane is going to be more fluid the
way I like to think about it and like
the more compact your membrane is the
more sturdy it is right but then as you
push it apart with these unsaturated
fatty acid to become more and more
liquidy because they're less and less
connected now the last thing you got to
know about your membrane is that you can
also put cholesterol in so basically
just like slamming a little cholesterol
right here the way I like to think of
calash well it'll be like a really
sticky stress ball okay so essentially
when the bottle lipids get close
together
it pushes them apart right cuz it's
elastic it just try to push them apart
but then when the fossil wouldn't get
too far apart from it it tried to pull
them back in because it's sticky so it's
like pulling them back in so that
basically means that like let's say
we're at a cold temperature right these
phospholipids are getting close closer
together and more structured because
it's colder right then cholesterol I'm
going to push them out because like on
the last expressible I'm just gonna push
them out and that's why it keeps the
bilayer fluid even at low temperature
however when
you got high temperatures and the fossil
doesn't start at spread out it'll pull
them back in because it's stuck to them
so basically to summarize unsaturated
fatty acid they make the membrane more
fluid right because they have the kinks
and the kinks spread things out and then
you got cholesterol at low temperatures
it pushes them apart from each other so
it keeps it more food but a high
temperature that pull the bottle goes
back in so it keeps the membrane fluid
but at higher temperatures it pulls the
fluid back together so it keeps it
solvent even at higher temperatures okay
builder basically the two things that
affect the fluidity of a polymer
membrane and these are pretty important
so you gotta know B okay let us talk
about how things get through the plasma
membrane now so making meat you got your
membrane and things could pass through
it right but only small and hydrophobic
molecules can go through easily and the
reason for that is small right when
you're small you can easily pass through
the membrane but when you're hydrophobic
like the inside of your plasma membrane
and hydrophobic right so if you want to
pass it as a membrane you've got to be
hydrophobic so that the tails don't like
kick you out of the memory so it's
actually a good thing to know is that
small hydrophobic molecules are easier
to pass to the member but we know that
cell the other thing right they need
soup really neat glucose they need high
fructose corn syrup you know what I'm
saying
but basically the point is not all these
molecules that the need are small right
we look at the massive molecule like how
are you gonna get that three remember it
basically there's something called
transport protein okay and basically
what they do is they let specific
molecule bit and then maybe to type to
the channel which is pretty obvious that
just lets the molecule path to the
channel and then there's the carrier
that like grab a thing over here and
then they flip around and they put it
out over here and here it we got it in
herself now these are the two types
right but the specific one that's
important for channel are aquaporin and
basically what those are are just
channel proteins that let water through
and they're pretty obvious right aqua
porins
water pours very cool stuff now to
understand how things actually get
pushed through the membrane right we're
gonna think about
depute so basically if you have like one
molecule here and like a ton of molecule
right here all the same thing more of
the molecules from the inside are going
to go to the outside because it is more
of them right so if a certain percentage
of them go to the other side more of
them are going to come from this side of
that side then there are from this side
of that fun so essentially if you have
like a ton a ton of time
these guys the net movement of these
particles and basically gonna be from
high concentration to low concentration
so the only thing y'all know about
diffusion is that high concentration low
concentrate it's like a milk you go from
a high hill roll down below here so this
particle was a pass through the membrane
that way so this is called aphelion
right and diffusion is called passive
transport become a cell doesn't have to
do anything to get it through but let's
say that we have like a really big
molecule and it can't just pass it a
member and it goes like well blammo get
bounced off toasted you go you hit it
yourself into a wall get roasted
basically then the cell have to put in
their own protein right
like let's say there's like a ton of
really big molecule on this side and
they all want to get out but they can't
it doesn't like the too big so basically
the cell have to put in a protein with a
channel let these guys to pass through
and now they're still diffusing right
it's still like higher concentration to
lower concentration but now they're
getting help from the stuff so that's
called facilitated diffusion okay very
epic and that's also passive transport
because once it's all puts in this
channel protein it doesn't have to do
anything stuff the molecules themselves
already want to go through the membrane
so it still has a transport and
basically the definition of passive
transport is when molecules move from
there
- the Train and a lower concentration
and that's what's called your
concentration gradient this one
basically does a bawd where you could
throw around to sound cool hey look at
Mike on the tree ingredient I'm so cool
but the actual concept is pretty useless
I mean it's just saying you go from high
to look pretty useless
you've probably heard electrochemical
gradient to write the chemical just
means concentration gradient and an
electro is like let's say if you've
gotten how a plus charge right once it
is like a really strong plus charge
already in the cell then even though the
you guys might be more concentrated on
the outside they won't want to come in
because it's so much less charge already
in there is that even though there's
less of this particular molecule inside
they were getting repulsed by the
electric pore so that's all I got to
know about electrochemical gradient that
is basically your concentration gradient
compared to the actual charge of the
molecule now one thing that a lot of
people get confused about is hypertonic
vs. like hypotonic right so let's say
the cell is here and your outside is
here then hypertonic basically means
hyper means more so it's more than the
cell so if you're selling has like two
of you guys two particles here then the
outside has like way more of the
particle right and let's say that the
membrane did not let the particle pass
in and out but the way the Dafina works
that it wants to equal concentrations so
if the particle themselves can move how
do we equalize the concentration that's
right
we decrease the amount of water that's
up so if you have more particles on the
outside and they can't move into the
cell then the water is going to go to
the particles if the particles can't go
to the water the water goes to the party
so in a hypertonic solution the water
leaves itself and that's why you get
yourself Stribling off in a hypertonic
solution so let's say we had a hypotonic
solution you got two over here you got
like a ton over here then basically the
same concept these guys can't go out to
meet the water until the water from the
outside comes into the cells and hooray
you got blown itself hooray that's so
fun I love blowing itself and basically
this is water diffusing right it's going
from lower concentration to higher
concentration and going from a higher
concentration of water relative to the
particles to lower concentration of
water relative to the particles so when
I have to do with water if called
osmosis that's just the movement of
water diffusion is the more general
thing of Moses is specifically for water
okay last thing for plowing the membrane
we got your membrane and let's say that
we have like a couple of you got here
and a ton of you guys here but if the
cell wants to bring even more into the
cell so naturally these guys are gonna
try to get out right but we want to
bring things in and that's super hard
because they don't want to come in
so essentially what the cell does is
they put in a carrier protein and it
snatches it in and forces it through the
membrane and puts it out over here but
because it's hard it takes energy to do
it so you need some ATP as well
and since the cell is putting in energy
to move it from outside to inside it's
called active transport ok very epic
we're done with plasma membrane stuff
let's move on to the actual organelles
and I'm gonna go through it pretty
quickly because the actual organelle
they're not that complicated and you
probably have like got this ingrained in
your head like 600 million times and
it's not going to be tested that much on
the test so I want to talk about it real
briefly I wanted to focus more on the
more complicated thing that actually
require like conceptual knowledge and
like for example hypertonicity is really
hard to understand so that's why I
talked about that more all right so we
got a beautiful animal cell you got your
nucleus in the center right and
basically the nucleus in the brain of
the cell right you can only see it
doesn't Center on the cell oh my god
it's like a control center and that's
exactly what it does so basically the
nucleus has all the genetic codes that
tells the cell how to function and then
you go to your nuclear pores which let
you communicate between the outside of
the cell and nucleus then you got a
nucleolus which is not actually an
organelle okay it's just like a quantum
DNA's that create ribosome and then
nuclear famine is that the inside of the
new
and then the nuclear envelope is like a
double membrane so there is a by later
but there's only one of it for the
nucleus you got two bilayers it's pretty
cool and basically this is protect the
nucleus
okay and then you got your rough
endoplasmic reticulum all the little box
you could see are just ribosome
basically it's just responsible for
creating a membrane and like doing
metabolism so it like detoxify of toxins
and that kind of thing and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum basically does the
exact same thing the exact difference
between smooth and rough endoplasmic
reticulum is pretty irrelevant so don't
worry about it too much okay we already
talked about cell membranes cilia are
basically just like oars right like if
you have a rowboat you got your or right
there
it made it leave a push liquid so I
could pull it forward or just push the
liquid around so you go your ribosome
they create protein you got your license
tones that does break things down it's
like your stomach except for your cell
in digesting thank you very sentry oh
you guys are kind of confusing basically
they don't play your role in cell
division is not that important so don't
worry about it too much until we get too
seldom in and then it's actually
important such as though my veins mean
you have two centrioles the peroxisome
is such a cool organelle bus and not
really that important for ap bio
basically other got ton of roles for
example in detoxify the alcohol which is
pretty cool but it also does like a ton
of other stuff but another relevant okay
then you got your Golgi apparatus which
is basically for packaging stuff so like
the rough endoplasmic reticulum might
send something to the Golgi apparatus
like a protein or something and then the
Golgi apparatus will send it somewhere
else
what's in line you have secretory
vesicles apical the apparatus right it's
happened is up the vesicles sends them
to where they gotta go time filing we
already talked about mitochondria now
this guy is interesting and yes that's
right it is a powerhouse of the cell not
be sure you know I totally came up with
a definition right on the spot all by
myself did not even okay no whatever
we're good we're good
the powerhouse of the cell and basically
is responsible for generating all the
ATP that Acela me already made a video
on respiration so if you guys want to
walk that you guys can do that but in
the next unit we'll talk more about
exactly how the mitochondria work the
other important thing to know about
mitochondria is a structure right you
basically got your two membranes just
like the nucleus it has two bilayers
right and the inner membrane is actually
like super folding so there's your outer
membrane then your inner membrane and
then the inside of the inner membrane is
called the matrix right it's such a cool
name for a bunch of squiggles
not gonna lie and then these folds are
called Christic that's kind of important
if you want to do it use a bow but for
it's not that important to know the
exact thing okay the other thing you got
to know about mitochondria is the
endosymbiotic theory so basically the
mitochondria are super super cool
because basically they're not into any
other organelle
they have their own DNA they are
basically autonomous they could divide
by themselves and why not give that well
basically they used to be bacteria so
essentially there's a start eerie about
floating around making this on food what
a cool kids and then this other big boy
would like I don't want to make food for
myself get in here so this guy goes in
engulf this guy and right now this guy
starts making food for the bigger guy
and now we got our first mitochondria so
basically what you have to know is that
mitochondria used to be and archaea to
be specific and basically one of the
first you kyrios decided to engulf it
and now it acts as a mitochondria
creating food for it okay epic now let
us talk about the plant cell so you can
see that a lot of the stuff in this
thing you even have mitochondria
one thing I like for some reason did not
know is that plants also need energy so
they also have mitochondria but you
could tell that the new thing is a
chloroplast and basically that's just
for carrying out photosynthesis it has a
bunch of pigments and stuff to capture
light all that good stuff and it's
similar to the mitochondria cuz it's
also an endosymbiotic so essentially
it's an endo so it's inside and a symbol
so it's another organism that was taken
over by a bigger organism which is why
I'm Clara glass also have your own DNA
very cool stuff so you can at least be
destructor from this diagram you got
your double boiler again right then you
got your staffs of stuff so the
individual like little sacs you can see
there are called thylakoids
then Granum are the staffs that you see
you right there like a bunch of these
like long stack right here and there's a
liquid that's surrounding them it's
called the stroma once again not that
important but might be good to know
anything your vacuolar to dust for
storing stuff I don't know why there's a
lysosome here because in Campo it said
that the no license on the plant cells I
was in a camp oh right because that's
basically what the EP by was tested
based on so then no wife's done their
plant so maybe they're just calling like
vacuoles license because some vacuums
and plants have digestive juices in them
okay another thing that's not present is
centrioles so the two organelles that
are not in plants but they are in
animals are centrioles and lysosomes and
then you can see that right here did the
plasmodesmata with this basically does a
way for they can pass between adjacent
time cells and that's basically it
of course they didn't cover everything
cuz
ton of stuff to cover in this unit but I
covered all the important thing that you
asked me out of note and all this stuff
is actually relevant like one thing I
didn't cover is surface area to volume
ratio become Khan you guys got that
under control come on you guys got that
but I'm always if you enjoyed the video
leave a like and subscribe for more help
me out a ton thing guys so much for
watching again and see you guys next
time
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)