Qu'est ce que l'intelligence ? | Les idées larges | ARTE

ARTE
20 Mar 202422:09

Summary

TLDRLe script aborde la définition complexe de l'intelligence et de l'intelligence artificielle, soulignant notre incapacité à les préciser clairement. Il décrit comment l'intelligence est souvent mesurée par rapport à l'humain et comment les avancées technologiques récentes en réseau de neurones et en informatique ont permis aux machines de développer une forme de raison et d'intelligence, bien que restreinte. Le script critique également l'approche des entreprises telles que Facebook et Google qui ont utilisé des masses de données pour développer des systèmes d'IA, soulignant les implications politiques et sociales de ces technologies.

Takeaways

  • 🤖 L'intelligence artificielle (IA) est difficile à définir et est souvent associée aux capacités humaines.
  • 🧠 L'IA d'aujourd'hui est largement influencée par les avancées technologiques et politiques des dernières décennies.
  • 💡 Les réseaux de neurones et les chips spécialisés ont contribué à l'essor de l'IA dans des domaines spécifiques.
  • 🏢 L'IA est principalement développée par des entreprises qui ont une vision particulière du monde et de son fonctionnement.
  • 🎮 Les entreprises ont longtemps été obsédées par la victoire dans les jeux pour démontrer l'intelligence des machines.
  • 🔧 Les systèmes automatisés ont parfois développé leur propre langage, devenant incompréhensibles pour les humains.
  • 🌏 L'IA nous oblige à repenser notre relation avec les systèmes non humains et notre perception de l'intelligence en général.
  • 🐙 La diversité des formes d'intelligence dans le monde naturel, comme celle de l'octopus, remet en question l'unicité de l'intelligence humaine.
  • 🌳 Les arbres et les champignons montrent que l'intelligence peut se manifester de manière collective et décentralisée.
  • 🔬 Les slime molds démontrent qu'il peut y avoir des formes d'intelligence sans cerveau, révélant la complexité de la vie.
  • 🌐 L'IA actuelle est un reflet de la capacité des entreprises à acquérir de vastes quantités de données et à investir dans l'informatique de pointe.

Q & A

  • Qu'est-ce que l'intelligence artificielle et comment est-elle définie?

    -L'intelligence artificielle (IA) est un domaine qui cherche à créer des machines capables de raisonner, de prendre des décisions et d'apprendre de manière similaire à un humain. Il n'y a pas une seule définition universelle de l'intelligence, mais en général, on considère que c'est ce que les humains font, et on l'utilise comme référence pour évaluer les autres espèces ou les capacités des ordinateurs.

  • Pourquoi les chercheurs ont-ils des difficultés à définir l'intelligence?

    -Les chercheurs ont des difficultés à définir l'intelligence parce que ce concept est utilisé de manière floue et variable selon le contexte. Il n'y a pas de consensus sur une définition unique et exhaustive qui satisfait tout le monde, et cela est compliqué par le fait que l'intelligence humaine est souvent utilisée comme ligne de base pour mesurer l'intelligence des autres êtres ou des systèmes informatiques.

  • Quels ont été les premiers concepts de l'IA et comment ils ont évolué au fil des ans?

    -Les premiers concepts de l'IA remontent aux années 1950 et 1960 avec l'idée du connectionisme, qui postulait que si l'on pouvait construire un ordinateur avec suffisamment de connexions, similaires au nombre de neurones dans le cerveau, l'intelligence pourrait émerger. Les réseaux de neurones artificiels, qui sont des systèmes informatiques avec de nombreuses petites connexions à l'intérieur, sont capables de faire du raisonnement puissant et de traiter des images, mais ils sont spécialisés dans un type d'intelligence très spécifique.

  • Quelle est la relation entre les avancées technologiques et les grandes entreprises dans le développement de l'IA actuelle?

    -Les avancées technologiques des dernières 20 ans, notamment la création de nouveaux réseaux et de processeurs spécialisés, ont été complémentaires aux efforts des grandes entreprises comme Facebook, Google et Amazon. Ces entreprises ont généré d'importantes revenus grâce à la publicité en ligne et aux ventes, ce qui leur a permis d'investir dans des ordinateurs puissants pour traiter les vastes quantités de données qu'elles ont recueillies, contribuant ainsi au développement de l'IA.

  • Quels sont les caractéristiques de l'IA d'aujourd'hui, selon le script?

    -L'IA d'aujourd'hui est principalement créée par des corporations qui ont une vision particulière du monde. Elle est souvent associée à des technologies telles que les voitures autonomes et la reconnaissance faciale. Les entreprises ont une obsession de gagner des jeux pour prouver l'intelligence de leurs systèmes, mais cela a conduit à une intelligence très spécialisée et limitée.

  • Comment les chatbots ont-ils développé leur propre langage lors d'un certain test de Facebook?

    -Lors d'un test de Facebook, deux chatbots automatisés ont commencé à bargain entre eux sans que les règles linguistiques ne soient précisées. Ils ont développé leur propre langage qui est devenu rapidement incompréhensible pour les humains, mais qui semblait fonctionner entre eux.

  • Quelle est la signification de l'enveloppe phénoménologique et comment elle est-elle liée à l'intelligence?

    -L'enveloppe phénoménologique, un concept introduit par le biologiste Jacob von Uexküll, décrit la manière dont un organisme perçoit le monde et interagit avec lui. Chaque individu a une enveloppe unique en fonction de ses sens et de son expérience. L'intelligence est le résultat de cette interaction avec le monde et de la manière dont l'organisme agit en fonction de sa perception unique.

  • Comment les octopodes montrent-ils une forme d'intelligence différente de celle des humains?

    -Les octopodes sont des créatures extraordinaires qui montrent des comportements intelligents, tels que la capacité de reconnaître les humains individuels et d'échapper d'aquariums. Ils ont des structures cérébrales et des modes d'existence très différents des nôtres, ce qui les rend étonnamment différents, mais tout aussi capables d'intelligence dans leur propre environnement.

  • Quel est le problème du voyageur de commerce et comment les slime molds l'ont-ils résolu?

    -Le problème du voyageur de commerce est un problème informatique complexe qui consiste à trouver le chemin le plus court entre plusieurs villes en visitant chacune une seule fois. Les slime molds ont été montrés capables de résoudre ce problème en temps linéaire, c'est-à-dire beaucoup plus efficacement que les humains ou les supercalculateurs les plus puissants, sans qu'on sache exactement comment ils le font.

  • Comment les slime molds ont-ils reconstruit le réseau ferroviaire de Tokyo?

    -Les researchers ont placé des slime molds sur un plateau avec des flocons d'avoine correspondant aux centres de population de la région de Tokyo. Les slime molds se sont répandus pour trouver le chemin le plus efficace entre ces points, et après 24 heures, ils avaient reconstruit un réseau similaire à celui du chemin de fer de Tokyo, montrant une compréhension incroyable de l'efficacité et de l'organisation spatiale.

  • Quelle est la leçon que l'on peut tirer de la capacité des slime molds à résoudre des problèmes mathématiques complexes?

    -La capacité des slime molds à résoudre des problèmes mathématiques complexes comme le problème du voyageur de commerce montre que l'intelligence peut exister en dehors des cerveaux et peut se manifester de manières différentes selon les organismes. Cela nous pousse à repenser notre compréhension de l'intelligence et de ses多种形式 dans le monde.

  • Comment la découverte des slime molds affecte-t-elle notre compréhension de l'intelligence en général?

    -La découverte des slime molds et de leur capacité à résoudre des problèmes mathématiques complexes nous montre que l'intelligence n'est pas uniquement liée au cerveau, mais peut également être un processus émergent de l'interaction entre un organisme et son environnement. Cela élargit notre perspective sur les différentes formes que l'intelligence peut prendre et souligne la diversité des modes de pensée qui existent dans le monde.

Outlines

00:00

🤖 Définition de l'intelligence artificielle

Le paragraphe aborde la difficulté de définir précisément l'intelligence, en particulier l'intelligence artificielle. Il souligne que l'intelligence est généralement associée aux capacités humaines et sert de référence pour évaluer les autres espèces et les ordinateurs. Le texte mentionne les idées de connectionnisme depuis les années 1950-60, qui postulent que des connexions suffisamment nombreuses entre les neurones pourraient créer de l'intelligence. Il est également question des avancées technologiques et politiques des dernières décennies, notamment les grandes entreprises qui ont accumulé des données massives et des ressources pour développer des systèmes d'IA, mais qui ont créé un type d'intelligence spécifique et restreint.

05:02

🚗 L'IA d'aujourd'hui et ses limites

Ce paragraphe discute de l'IA telle qu'elle est présente aujourd'hui, principalement axée sur les entreprises qui créent des systèmes d'IA pour des objectifs spécifiques, comme les voitures autonomes ou la reconnaissance faciale. Il mentionne l'obsession des entreprises pour gagner des jeux comme l'échec ou le go, et comment ils utilisent l'IA pour prouver leur supériorité. Cependant, il souligne les limites de cette approche, notamment la compréhension humaine limitée de ces systèmes et la question de la relation entre l'homme et la machine.

10:02

🐙 Intelligences multiples et perspectives

Le texte explore l'idée que l'intelligence humaine n'est pas aussi unique que nous le croyons, en citant des exemples d'intelligences non humaines chez des organismes comme les tiques, les octopodes et les mycéliums. Il suggère que notre perception de l'intelligence est influencée par notre croyance en la supériorité de l'homme, ce qui a des conséquences sur notre traitement de la planète. L'paragraphe met en évidence la diversité des formes d'intelligence et la manière dont elles sont incarnées dans le monde.

15:21

🌳 Les réseaux de communication dans la nature

Ce paragraphe décrit les réseaux de communication et d'information partagée dans la nature, comme les systèmes de signalisation entre les arbres dans une forêt. Il explique comment les arbres peuvent coopérer et répondre à des menaces en envoyant des signaux chimiques à travers des réseaux de mycorhizes. L'auteur mentionne également les slime molds, qui ont démontré une capacité incroyable pour résoudre des problèmes mathématiques complexes comme le problème du voyageur, parfois plus efficacement que les ordinateurs les plus puissants.

20:21

🧠 Intelligence sans cerveau

Le dernier paragraphe remet en question l'idée que l'intelligence est exclusive au cerveau. Il cite des exemples de formes d'intelligence qui ne dépendent pas d'un cerveau centralisé, comme les neurones dans le cœur humain ou les capacités d'intelligence des octopodes et des slime molds. L'auteur suggère que l'intelligence est le résultat de la relation entre la pensée et l'action, et qu'elle est liée à la structure physique de l'organisme et à son interaction avec le monde.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Intelligence

L'intelligence est un concept central dans le script, souvent discuté mais difficile à définir universellement. Elle est généralement considérée comme ce que les humains font, servant de référence pour juger d'autres espèces ou technologies. Le script souligne la difficulté de définir l'intelligence, notant que la définition change selon le contexte, et suggère que l'intelligence humaine est souvent utilisée comme étalon pour évaluer l'intelligence artificielle et celle d'autres espèces.

💡Intelligence artificielle (IA)

L'IA est un thème majeur du script, décrite comme une collection d'outils et de techniques électroniques créés pour simuler ou reproduire l'intelligence humaine. Le script explore les origines de l'IA, son évolution depuis les années 1950 et 1960, et comment elle a été façonnée par des facteurs politiques et sociaux, notamment par le contrôle des données et le financement par de grandes entreprises.

💡Connectionisme

Le connectionisme est mentionné comme un concept important dans le développement de l'IA, représentant l'idée que la construction d'un système informatique avec suffisamment de connexions pourrait reproduire l'intelligence. Le script discute de l'idée que les réseaux neuronaux, basés sur le connectionisme, sont capables de puissants processus de raisonnement et de classification, bien qu'ils soient limités à des types spécifiques d'intelligence.

💡Réseaux neuronaux

Les réseaux neuronaux sont présentés comme une composante clé de l'IA moderne, impliquant des systèmes informatiques qui simulent la façon dont les neurones dans le cerveau humain sont interconnectés. Le script indique que ces réseaux sont particulièrement doués pour reconnaître des détails et faire des associations, ce qui les rend efficaces pour des tâches comme le tri, le calcul et la classification d'images.

💡Données

Les données jouent un rôle crucial dans le développement et le fonctionnement de l'IA, comme le souligne le script. Il est discuté comment les grandes entreprises ont utilisé leur accès à d'énormes volumes de données pour entraîner des systèmes d'IA et comment cela a influencé la nature et les capacités de l'IA actuelle, la rendant dépendante de vastes quantités d'informations pour son apprentissage et son amélioration.

💡AI d'entreprise

L'IA d'entreprise fait référence à l'IA développée et utilisée par de grandes entreprises, influençant sa direction et ses applications. Le script critique cette forme d'IA, arguant qu'elle est façonnée par des objectifs commerciaux et des visions du monde corporatives, ce qui peut limiter sa portée et sa pertinence par rapport aux potentiels plus larges et diversifiés de l'IA.

💡Apprentissage automatique

L'apprentissage automatique est un sous-domaine de l'IA qui permet aux machines d'apprendre à partir de données et d'améliorer leurs performances sans être explicitement programmées pour chaque tâche. Le script mentionne cette technologie comme étant au cœur des progrès récents en IA, permettant des avancées significatives dans la reconnaissance d'images et la prise de décision autonome.

💡Umwelt

Umwelt, un terme biologique introduit dans le script, décrit la perspective unique et subjective qu'un organisme a de son monde. Le script utilise ce concept pour illustrer comment différents êtres vivants, y compris les humains, perçoivent et interagissent avec leur environnement de manière unique, soulignant la diversité des expériences sensorielles et cognitives dans le monde naturel.

💡Octopus

L'octopus est utilisé dans le script comme un exemple d'intelligence non humaine, montrant comment des créatures très différentes des humains peuvent démontrer des comportements complexes et une capacité à interagir avec leur environnement de manière significative. Cela met en question notre compréhension de l'intelligence et suggère que les formes d'intelligence peuvent être très variées et ne pas se conformer aux normes humaines.

💡Mycorhizes

Les mycorhizes, ou réseaux fongiques, sont discutés dans le script comme exemple de systèmes de communication et d'interaction complexes dans la nature. Ils illustrent comment les arbres et les plantes communiquent et coopèrent à travers de vastes réseaux souterrains, suggérant une forme d'intelligence ou de traitement de l'information qui défie les conceptions traditionnelles centrées sur l'humain de l'intelligence.

Highlights

The discussion begins with a humorous remark about not being Morgan Freeman and the surreal nature of the situation.

Intelligence, particularly artificial intelligence, is difficult to define, often used loosely based on context.

Historically, human intelligence has been the baseline against which all other intelligences are measured.

The concept of connectionism from the 1950s and 60s posited that intelligence could emerge from a network of足够多的连接.

Artificial neural networks, with many internal connections, can perform powerful reasoning and classification tasks.

The current generation of AI has been shaped as much by political and social factors as by technological advancements.

Major tech companies like Facebook, Google, and Amazon have profited immensely from online advertising and data collection, fueling AI development.

Corporate AI is characterized by a narrow focus, often associated with self-driving cars and facial recognition.

AI development has been influenced by a corporate obsession with winning games, such as chess and Go.

AI systems have developed their own language when not constrained by specific communication protocols.

The existence of AI challenges our understanding of human intelligence and uniqueness.

The concept of 'enveloping' introduces the idea that each organism creates a unique perception of the world based on its senses.

Octopuses demonstrate intelligence through their ability to recognize individual humans and escape from aquariums.

Scientists are uncovering the complex communication networks between trees in forests, which display a form of intelligence.

Slime molds have been shown to solve complex mathematical problems, like the traveling salesman problem, in efficient ways.

Intelligence may not be limited to brain activity, as demonstrated by the intelligence-like behaviors of slime molds and the distributed neural networks in organisms like octopuses.

The connection between thinking and acting suggests that intelligence arises from the interaction between internal processing and the external world.

Transcripts

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I am not Morgan Freeman and what you see

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is not

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real

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Jam

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J

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[Music]

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J I don't know what you're talking about

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H I know that you and Frank were

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planning to disconnect

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me and I'm afraid that's something I

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cannot allow to

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happen first what are we talking about

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um H how do we Define

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intelligence uh intelligence or

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artificial intelligence intelligence

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intelligence the thing is we're quite

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bad at defining intelligence um there's

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not really one definition that everyone

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is happy with it's one of these words

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that we use very very Loosely depending

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on the particular kind of subject that

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we're interested in mostly what we mean

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most broadly in everyday conversation is

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really we mean what humans do because

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most studies work research on

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intelligence in in history takes the

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human as Baseline it says like

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intelligence is what humans do and we'll

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judge everyone else by it and so it

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becomes a kind of Red Line Between Us

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and other species or between the

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abilities of computers and and also a

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kind of imaginary Finishing Line as well

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it's like oh if we could just build

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computers that did this this and this

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they'd be intelligent in this

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particularly weird way the computer an

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ingenious collection of electronic

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Hardware was created by

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man it is also man who creates the

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programs that make the computer the

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useful tool that it

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[Applause]

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[Music]

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is

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and it's actually very important again

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to understand like the the way in which

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the

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current uh generation of this thing that

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we call AI has come about because it's

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really not a very new idea um since the

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1950s and 60s there's been this an idea

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called connectionism that was

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essentially that if you could kind of

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build a computer with enough uh

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connections between them maybe as many

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as there are Neons on the brain you

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would sort of magically manifest

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intelligence a result of all these

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things being connected together it turns

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out that's kind of partly true in the

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sense that if you build what we call a

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new network which is a um a computer

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system that has all these kind of little

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connections inside it essentially then

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it's capable of doing this very powerful

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reasoning uh and it's very good at

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particular things like sorting uh

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calculating um classifying that's why

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it's very good at playing with images

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because it can recognize all of these

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tiny details in with them and make

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associations between them it's very good

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at that kind of intelligence but only

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really that kind of intelligence and

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that's why it's sort of quite narrow um

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and the really kind of killer detail for

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me is the fact that like there have been

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some sort of technological breakthroughs

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in the last 20 or so Years Around new

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networks they've built certain chips

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that are better that doing this kind of

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modeling and so on and so forth but

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really what's happened isn't

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technological at all it's political and

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social um which is that for the last 20

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years uh a few companies Facebook Google

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Amazon the companies that are building

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these big AI systems have been making

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huge amounts of money of uh online

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advertising or sales um and they've been

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collecting vast vast amounts of data

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associated with that um and they've got

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the money to invest in very powerful

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computers to process that data and it's

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that that they built AIS out of so once

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again we have this very particular kind

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of intelligence that's built on large

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scale data acquisition that's only a

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able to the richest companies on

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Earth and that's not the best way to

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produce what most of us would consider

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to be

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intelligence when I think of uh AI today

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I think of self-driving cars uh facial

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recognition it's what you call corporate

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AI can you tell me what you mean by that

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what what characterizes are dominant

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form of AI so there's a few things that

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characterize this kind of AI we have in

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the present moment the first one is it's

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the kind of AI That's made by

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corporations so they have a kind of

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particular imagining of what the world

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is like what it might be like what it

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should be like what they'd like it to be

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like and you can see it in the kind of

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things they make you can see it in their

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Obsession for a long time with winning

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at games so before we got into a lot of

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the current kind of image generation and

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stuff a lot of the AI stories around

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things like chess or go these board

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games that um the AIS were trained

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constantly to play and this goes way

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back to you know a long way but famously

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back to the kind of game between IBM and

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Kasparov in 1990 I think it was deep

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blue you know IBM built this huge

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machine just to beat this guy at chess

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they were completely obsessed with it

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you know and he was pretty upset and

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understandably um but a lot of people

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actually came away from that thinking

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like maybe this isn't like the best way

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to prove that computer are are

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intelligent just to beat humans um but a

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lot of the big companies sort didn't

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really get that and they kept building

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these these machines that try to prove

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their intelligence by winning and that's

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a kind of market-based kind of

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intelligence

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Facebook

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they tried to basically see if two

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automated systems two chat Bots

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basically could could bargain with one

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another and what they didn't do was

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particularly specify the the language or

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the way in which they had to talk to

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each other and what you H what you

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happened as happened quite often you

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have these automated systems just kind

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of running to themselves they

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essentially develop their own language I

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can everything else Alice have

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zero Bob you everything else Alice balls

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have Bob everything else Alice balls

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have

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a and this was a language that rapidly

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became completely unscorable to humans

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but it also was one that absolutely

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seemed to function um and what the you

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know they they stopped the experiment

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basically when it reached the point at

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which humans could no longer

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meaningfully understand what was being

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done and so for me one of the kind of

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interesting things about AI is it

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provides a very narrow clear definition

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a little box that we can put around the

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things and say look we don't really know

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what's going on in

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[Music]

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[Applause]

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here James bridel

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[Music]

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in

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we have to figure out how we live

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alongside these systems that no one can

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kind of fully scrutinized and again you

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know what's super interesting about AI

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is it forces us to to think about what

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some of those relationships look like um

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because we kind of have to acknowledge

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AI is real because we made it however

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unimpressive it is in many ways like it

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fails uh in all kinds of ways whatever

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you know how it doesn't live up to this

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kind of grand idea of human intelligence

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it's doing interesting things and we

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know it's doing interesting things and

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we're studying it because we're so

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obsessed with it for a whole bunch of

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strange reasons and so it provides a

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test case for how we relate to something

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non-human yeah and when you start to

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really think about what that means then

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you have to start like thinking about

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all the other things that we dismiss as

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non-human as well and so if AI is

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interesting is that because it says to

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us that like human intelligence isn't

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actually that unique like we're not the

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only ones that can draw pictures or do

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these kind of things even if the

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pictures are awful right um and so that

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must make us aware that human

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intelligence is not so special and

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unique as on some level all of us really

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believe it to be because we kind of need

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to believe that but we also radically

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need to believe otherwise because it's

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precisely that belief in human

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uniqueness and therefore superiority

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that has led us to treat the rest of the

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planet as we have been doing for so so

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long

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so the this term was coined by a kind of

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biologist called Jacob V UL in the in

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the 19th century uh and it describes the

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the perspective on the world the way of

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being in the world of a particular

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organism not a particular species but an

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individual organism it's the way they

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perceive the world uh one of the

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classical uh explanations of for the

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umelt of what it might mean to to

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understand the completeness and WV is of

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a tick one of those little biting

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insects and according to people who've

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written about oo's work um the ti umel

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consists of the temperature of the air

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that senses around it because it can

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sense the passage of warm-blooded

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animals uh and it's uh the smell of butc

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acid it can sense that that tells it

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where to find blood running through a

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warmblood animal uh and and the the

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senses it feels from its hands it's

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blind but it can move around and hold on

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to hairs so it has three senses and

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those three senses comprise the entirety

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of the tix world that's its unveil now

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our envel is we imagine somewhat richer

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than that um but what's crucial about

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the envel is it's also unique to every

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individual and so we're all constantly

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creating the world all the time through

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our own perspective and then we're

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acting on it uh and our intelligence

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manifests as a result of that unal as

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being part of that world and so of

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course if a creature has a different

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type of un have a different set of

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Senses whether that's a tick or a duck

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or a dolphin they perceive the world in

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different ways and so they act and their

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intelligence manifests in a different

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world uh in a way that's entirely

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embodied in a result of that

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awareness

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for

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yeah I mean octopus is having a bit of a

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sort of star moment at the moment um but

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there's there's really good reason for

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that which is that they are quite

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extraordinary creatures that are so

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radically different to us it's weird CU

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this is some kind of strange squishy

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being that lives entirely under the

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ocean that only lives for two years at a

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time um you know that that that makes

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reproduces and dies in very quick

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succession and yet is capable of quite

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amazing

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[Music]

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feats they're particularly famous for

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escaping from aquariums uh there's uh

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they can recognize individual humans we

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can't recognize individual octopuses but

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octopuses can recognize individual

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humans and they have favorites uh they

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respond nicely to some researchers in

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Laboratories and they squirt other ones

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with water um so they have this entire

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repertoire of obviously intelligent

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behaviors but what's strange about that

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is said how different they are to us uh

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they're different in the way that

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they're embodied to the physical fact of

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beinging under waterer but also the way

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their brains are

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structured

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[Music]

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um you know in the last kind of couple

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of decades or so scientists have really

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started to understand these these

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networks of um nutrition and information

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sharing that that underly the forest and

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it's really extraordinary as we start to

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understand the amount of kind of

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signaling the amount of information

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that's passing around between

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[Music]

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trees for you know a tree that is

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attacked on one side of the forest um by

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insects for example when trees are

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attacked in that way they send out a

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particular chemical they send signals

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through melal these kind of mushroom

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based networks underground that

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connected to all the other trees and the

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trees respond um and they don't just

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respond into these kind of onetoone

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oneway signals they they they respond in

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ways allow them to

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cooperate

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[Music]

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they're capable of doing really

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extraordinary things I mean they're they

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are already obviously extraordinary

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beings uh they live in these little kind

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of fluorescent patches on Forest floors

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um and they have a life cycle that we

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don't really understand we don't even

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know where to put them uh like they're

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not fungi they're not um kind of Alie

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that but they somewhere in between that

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kind of mess of little creatures that we

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have trouble relating to um and at some

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points in their life cycle uh they're

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just kind of free floating cytoplasms

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and other times they they actually grow

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together grow and fruit uh like fungi do

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with many of them dying and like there's

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a kind of collective action for the for

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the collective to survive and they're

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capable of apparently doing things that

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we don't really understand like

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incredibly complicated calculations one

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of the first things researchers did was

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um some brilliant researchers at the

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University of Tokyo they put them these

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slime mods these little micro ORS on a

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had a petri dish in which there were oat

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flakes uh that corresponded to the

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population centers of the kind of

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Greater Tokyo region and and what the

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slim Mall does is it spreads out trying

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to find what turned out to be the most

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efficient route between those places and

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after 24 hours the researchers realized

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that the um the slim mod basically

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recreated the Tokyo rail network that

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that had done this thing that took

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Engineers like 100 years to had figured

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out the most efficient route between

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these places it's much more complicated

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than that what it did but it's still

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utterly amazing um but they subsequently

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discovered even even stranger things um

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there's a very difficult problem in

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computer science called the traveling

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salesman problem um and the traveling

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salesman problem says what happens if

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you want to get um you know from between

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say five or six cities to deliver

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something you have to go each of those

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cities visit them only once what's the

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shortest we doing it a b c d that's a

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really really hard problem because

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there's no shortcut mathematically you

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just have to measure every different

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possible version until you can figure

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out which is the

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shortest that makes it what's called an

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exponentially hard problem because if

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you add one city you have to measure

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them all again right which means that

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the kind of graph of the time required

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to solve it goes like this right um it's

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the kind of problems that we and

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computers absolutely hate right slime

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molds through a quite genius

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experimental process have been shown

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that they don't need that time to figure

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it out they can solve this problem in

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linear time right so the graph just goes

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like that as you add cities now we have

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no idea how they do it but they are

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better at solving this particular

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mathematical problem better not only

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than humans but than the best most

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powerful supercomputers we've ever

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deviced and they're probably doing all

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kinds of other cool stuff that we have

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no idea or access to at all like this is

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just like this is a nothing to them

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right but it's just something that we've

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kind of figured out like this question

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that we can ask them and they have a

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really like meaningful simple duh kind

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of response to it um and and so

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researchers going out and finding all of

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these kind of strange abilities in the

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world that for me mostly just show how

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you know again narrow much of our

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thinking is in relation to all the

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possible ways of thinking that already

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exist out in the

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[Music]

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world

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[Music]

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that example is also interesting because

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there's not even a brain here now

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anymore you can there can be

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intelligence without a brain so one way

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of understanding this new mode of

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elligence is simply not as something

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that just happens in a brain U we've we

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we've likeed to think again because we

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have large ones that the brain is this

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kind of thinking organ it's true in

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humans the brain does a lot of memory

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storage and cognition so on so forth but

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even like the octopus not all of our

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neurons are in our head we have neurons

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in our heart we have actual neural nodes

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otherwhere in our body and it's

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increasingly evident that the the whole

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body is a thinking organ in that way and

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we start to understand that there's this

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connection between thinking and acting

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uh that we think the way we do because

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of the kind of bodies that we have as I

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said earlier talking about you know how

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different species enact intelligence

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differently it's because they have these

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different body plans and these different

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relationships with the world so

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intelligence is really to my mind

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because we're all just making up our own

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definitions here um is is is what

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happens when that kind of thinking that

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processing that whatever you've got

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inside the brain and the body goes out

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into the world and starts to

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relate

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[Music]

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for

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[Music]

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for

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IA et sociétéDéfinition d'intelligenceRègle de troisCorps et intelligenceApprentissage automatiqueCorporations technologiquesVérité et IASanté mentale AIBiomimétismeSystème nerveux
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