Modos de ver 3: valor al óleo (John Berger) Subtítulos español

lalululaTV
29 Nov 202127:18

Summary

TLDREl guion del video explora cómo las pinturas al óleo en Europa se convirtieron en símbolos de propiedad privada y riqueza. Se argumenta que, más allá de su belleza, estas obras reflejan la capacidad de compra y adquisición de objetos tangibles, lo que se convierte en una forma de poder y estatus social. A lo largo de la historia, las pinturas pasaron de ser meros registros de posesiones a obras de arte valoradas por su habilidad para representar la realidad de manera tangible y detallada. Sin embargo, destaca la excepción de algunos artistas que utilizaron el óleo para expresar visiones más personales y menos arraigadas en la riqueza materialista.

Takeaways

  • 🎨 La pintura al óleo se convirtió en un objeto de valor, tanto por su belleza como por su capacidad para representar posesiones tangibles.
  • 🏛 Los museos de arte, albergando pinturas valiosas, requieren de medidas de seguridad similares a las de bancos, reflejando su naturaleza de bienes de alto valor.
  • 🤝 La valoración de las pinturas es enigmática, y a menudo se asocia con la riqueza y el estatus, más allá de su significado artístico intrínseco.
  • 🌍 La tradición de la pintura al óleo en Europa se centra en la tangibilidad y la solidez de lo representado, lo que refleja una actitud de posesión y control.
  • 🚢 La exploración y conquista de nuevos territorios por parte de Europa coincidió con el surgimiento de la pintura al óleo, conectando el arte con la expansión y el comercio.
  • 🖼️ Las pinturas a menudo representan tesoros y riquezas, y a su vez, las pinturas en sí mismas se convirtieron en tesoros valiosos.
  • 👥 Los retratos en la pintura al óleo no solo celebran a las personas representadas, sino que también reflejan la confianza y el poder adquiridos a través de la posesión de bienes.
  • 🌳 En el caso de las pinturas de paisajes, a pesar de su aparente naturalidad, a menudo sirvieron para glorificar la propiedad privada y la riqueza de los propietarios.
  • 🖌️ La técnica de la pintura al óleo permitía una representación excepcional de la textura y la solidez de los objetos, lo que realzaba la riqueza y el estatus de los objetos representados.
  • 💡 Aunque hay excepciones, la tradición de la pintura al óleo en general promovió la idea de que lo real y lo valioso son aquellos objetos que se pueden tocar y poseer.

Q & A

  • ¿Qué relación se establece entre las pinturas al óleo y la posesión de objetos valiosos?

    -Las pinturas al óleo a menudo representan objetos tangibles y de valor, y poseer una pintura implica también poseer la apariencia del objeto que representa. Esto se asemeja a comprar un objeto y colocarlo en tu hogar, donde las pinturas se convierten en extensiones de la posesión física.

  • ¿Cómo se describe el valor de las pinturas en el contexto de la historia del arte?

    -El valor de las pinturas se ha vuelto misterioso y se cuestiona su origen. A menudo, los que escriben o hablan sobre el arte lo elevan a un nivel casi religioso, pero el valor real de las pinturas está en su capacidad para representar y glorificar la riqueza y la posesión.

  • ¿Qué papel desempeñan los museos de arte en la conservación de las pinturas?

    -Los museos de arte funcionan como palacios y bancos, custodiando las imágenes de objetos deseables. Al cerrar por la noche, están custodiados para evitar que sean robadas, lo que demuestra la naturaleza valiosa y vulnerable de las pinturas.

  • ¿Cómo cambió la reproducción y la comunicación moderna la percepción del arte visual tradicional?

    -La reproducción y comunicación moderna, como la fotografía de color y la televisión, han teóricamente cambiado el significado del arte visual tradicional, desenmascarándolo y haciendo que sea más secular, alejado de su percepción sagrada tradicional.

  • ¿Qué revela la posesión de pinturas sobre la identidad y el estatus social de sus propietarios?

    -La posesión de pinturas refleja una forma de orgullo y una afirmación de estatus social. Los propietarios de las pinturas se ven a sí mismos como dueños de objetos únicos que pueden ser adquiridos y mostrados, lo que a su vez demuestra su capacidad para adquirir y poseer riqueza tangible.

  • ¿Cómo se relaciona el arte con la exploración y la expansión de la Europa colonial?

    -El arte, especialmente las pinturas al óleo, a menudo reflejaba la riqueza y el poder adquiridos a través de la exploración y la colonización. Los objetos y las escenas representadas en las pinturas eran a menudo símbolos de la expansión y el control europeos sobre otros continentes.

  • ¿Qué papel juegan las pinturas al óleo en la representación de la propiedad y el estatus?

    -Las pinturas al óleo a menudo sirven para glorificar la propiedad privada y el estatus social. Muestran no solo la riqueza material, sino también la capacidad de los propietarios para adquirir y poseer objetos de valor, reforzando así su posición social.

  • ¿Cómo se refleja la riqueza y el lujo en las pinturas al óleo de la época europea?

    -La riqueza y el lujo se reflejan en las pinturas al óleo a través de la detallada representación de materiales costosos y objetos de valor, como sedas, joyas y pieles. Estas representaciones no solo demuestran la habilidad artística del pintor sino también la riqueza del propietario de la pintura.

  • ¿Qué mensaje se transmite a través de las representaciones de la naturaleza en las pinturas al óleo?

    -Las representaciones de la naturaleza en las pinturas al óleo a menudo transmiten un sentido de propiedad y control sobre el entorno. La naturaleza se muestra como una extensión de la propiedad privada, donde la posesión y la gestión de la tierra son elementos clave.

  • ¿Cómo se refleja la tradición del arte en la sociedad europea y cómo ha cambiado con el tiempo?

    -La tradición del arte en la sociedad europea se refleja en la celebración de la propiedad privada y el estatus social a través de la pintura al óleo. Con el tiempo, esta tradición se ha desafiado y ha evolucionado, con artistas que han cuestionado y reinterpretado los valores tradicionales, dando lugar a nuevas formas de expresión y comprensión del arte.

Outlines

00:00

🎨 El valor de las pinturas al óleo y su papel en la cultura

El primer párrafo explora la idea de que las pinturas al óleo han adquirido un valor significativo, transformándose en objetos de deseo y posesión. Se compara con la adquisición de objetos tangibles, sugiriendo que poseer una pintura es similar a poseer el objeto representado. La valoración de las pinturas se ha vuelto misteriosa y se cuestiona su origen. Se menciona cómo los medios de reproducción y comunicación modernos han desmitificado el arte, pero aún se mantiene un enfoque sagrado hacia el arte. Se presentan dos películas de conciertos como ejemplos de propaganda de guerra que fomentaban el orgullo en la herencia cultural, sugiriendo que la experiencia del arte puede ser sublime e independiente de otros valores.

05:28

🖼️ La posesión de las pinturas y su significado en la historia del arte

El segundo párrafo se centra en cómo las pinturas reflejan la historia y la cultura europea desde el Renacimiento. Se discute la idea de que las pinturas son objetos únicos que pueden ser adquiridos y poseídos, y cómo esto ha generado un tipo de orgullo especial en los patrones. Se destaca la importancia del uso del óleo como medio artístico en Europa desde 1500 hasta 1900, y cómo la pintura al óleo enfatizó la tangibilidad y la solidez de lo representado. Se menciona cómo las expediciones europeas de exploración y colonización, incluida la trata de esclavos, contribuyeron al enriquecimiento de Europa y cómo esto se refleja en el arte de la época.

10:28

🌍 La glorificación de la riqueza y el poder a través del arte

El tercer párrafo analiza cómo las pinturas al óleo sirvieron para glorificar la riqueza y el poder, no solo como representaciones estáticas, sino como una afirmación de la capacidad de compra y posesión. Se describe cómo las pinturas representaban objetos de valor, como bienes raíces, animales de gran linaje y ropas lujosas, como una demostración de la virtuosidad artística y la riqueza del propietario. Se argumenta que estas obras de arte reflejaban la confianza y la dignidad de los propietarios, y cómo las pinturas de retratos y paisajes también servían para celebrar la propiedad y el estatus social.

15:30

🏞️ El paisaje y la propiedad en la pintura al óleo

El cuarto párrafo explora cómo el paisaje se convirtió en un tema importante en la pintura al óleo, y cómo reflejaba la posesión de la tierra y la riqueza. Se menciona cómo los paisajes eran representados no solo por su belleza natural, sino también por su valor como propiedad privada. Se discute cómo los paisajes eran una forma de apreciar y glorificar la propiedad de la tierra, y cómo este enfoque se contrastaba con la visión de la naturaleza de otros artistas que buscaban expresar una conexión más personal y excepcional con el mundo natural.

20:31

👨‍🎨 La transformación del arte y la crítica a la tradición del óleo

El quinto párrafo reflexiona sobre la evolución del arte y cómo algunos artistas utilizaron la pintura al óleo para expresar visiones personales que desafiaban la tradición. Se destaca cómo Rembrandt, por ejemplo, cambió su enfoque a lo largo de su carrera, de celebrar la riqueza y el estatus social a explorar temas más profundos y personales. Se argumenta que, a pesar de que hay excepciones, la tradición general de la pintura al óleo en Europa enfatizaba la posesión privada y el valor material, y que esto sigue siendo un aspecto importante de la historia del arte que a menudo se pasa por alto.

25:32

🔍 Análisis crítico de la pintura al óleo y su legado

El sexto y último párrafo resume la crítica al arte de la pintura al óleo, argumentando que, más allá de las excepciones, la tradición de la pintura al óleo en Europa celebraba las posesiones privadas. Se sugiere que si analizamos la cultura del arte europeo desde una perspectiva objetiva, sin tomar en cuenta sus propias justificaciones, podemos ver que el arte de la pintura al óleo reflejaba y promovía la posesión privada. Se menciona que la tradición del óleo ha sido reemplazada por la publicidad, que también fomenta el deseo de posesión, y se anuncia el siguiente programa sobre publicidad.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Pintura al óleo

La pintura al óleo es un tipo de arte que utiliza pigmentos suspendidos en aceite como媒介. En el vídeo, se destaca cómo la pintura al óleo se convirtió en un símbolo de propiedad privada y riqueza, destacando la textura y la solidez de los objetos representados. Se menciona que la pintura al óleo dominó las artes visuales en Europa desde aproximadamente 1500 hasta 1900, y cómo las obras representaban no solo belleza, sino también posesión y estatus.

💡Propiedad privada

El concepto de propiedad privada se refiere a la posesión exclusiva de bienes por individuos o entidades. En el vídeo, se discute cómo la pintura al óleo celebraba la propiedad privada, reflejando la riqueza y el poder de los propietarios. Se ilustra a través de las representaciones detalladas de objetos de valor y la manera en que estos se convierten en extensiones de la identidad y el estatus social de los patrones.

💡Reproducción y comunicación

La reproducción y la comunicación modernas, como la fotografía de color y la televisión, se mencionan en el vídeo como métodos que han cambiado el significado del arte visual tradicional. Estos métodos han teóricamente desmitificado el arte, haciéndolo más accesible y menos sagrado, al tiempo que han propiciado una nueva forma de valorar y ver el arte.

💡Arte y religión

El vídeo sugiere que a menudo se eleva el arte al nivel de una religión, donde el amor por el arte se presenta como una experiencia humana sublime. Esta percepción se cuestiona a lo largo del guion, argumentando que el arte, y en particular la pintura al óleo, ha sido utilizada históricamente para celebrar la posesión y el estatus, más que como una simple manifestación de la devoción o la sublimidad.

💡Mercancía

El término 'mercancía' se utiliza en el vídeo para describir la naturaleza de los objetos representados en las pinturas al óleo, que a menudo se presentan como bienes de consumo y posesión. Se argumenta que la pintura al óleo glorificaba no solo la riqueza estética, sino también la capacidad de adquirir y poseer objetos de valor material.

💡Patrones

Los patrones en el contexto del vídeo se refieren a los comisionistas o propietarios de las pinturas. Se destaca cómo estas figuras solían ser retratadas en sus colecciones, rodeados de riquezas y objetos de arte, lo que reflejaba su estatus y poder. El vídeo cuestiona la idea de que estas representaciones fueran meramente estéticas, sugiriendo que también servían para demostrar su poder y control sobre las posesiones materiales.

💡Naturaleza y propiedad

El vídeo analiza cómo la pintura al óleo a menudo representaba la naturaleza como una extensión de la propiedad privada. Se menciona que las pinturas de paisajes a menudo celebraban no solo la belleza natural, sino también la posesión de la tierra y la riqueza que ella representaba para los propietarios.

💡Mitología clásica

La mitología clásica se refiere a los mitos y leyendas de la antigua Grecia y Roma, que a menudo se representaban en la pintura al óleo. En el vídeo, se sugiere que estas representaciones no solo servían como entretenimiento artístico, sino que también reforzaban el estatus y la identidad de los patrones, quienes se identificaban con los dioses y héroes de la antigüedad.

💡Retratos

Los retratos en el vídeo se presentan como una forma de arte que no solo capturaba la imagen física de una persona, sino que también servía para afirmar su estatus social y riqueza. Se discute cómo los retratos a menudo exageraban la importancia de los objetos y la vestimenta, más que la individualidad o la personalidad del sujeto.

💡Privilegio

El privilegio se refiere a las ventajas y derechos que algunas personas tienen por encima de otras, generalmente debido a su estatus social o económico. En el vídeo, se argumenta que la pintura al óleo reflejaba y celebraba el privilegio, ya que solo una minoría pudiera permitirse la posesión de tales obras de arte, y que estas funcionaban como una forma de demostrar su riqueza y poder.

Highlights

La pintura al óleo se ha convertido en el objeto más valioso, a menudo representando tesoros y convirtiéndose en tesoros en sí mismas.

Las galerías de arte son como palacios y bancos, custodiadas para proteger las imágenes de lo deseable.

El valor de las pinturas ha llegado a ser misterioso, lo que lleva a cuestionar de dónde proviene este valor.

Los que escriben o hablan sobre el arte a menudo lo elevan por encima de la vida, convirtiéndolo en una especie de religión.

Los nuevos métodos de reproducción y comunicación han cambiado teóricamente el significado del arte visual del pasado, desenmascarándolo y volviéndolo secular.

Las películas de dos conciertos durante la última guerra sirvieron como propaganda bélica para generar orgullo en el patrimonio cultural nacional.

La experiencia del arte puede parecer independiente de muchos otros valores, lo que nos lleva a cuestionar el amor por el arte.

La historia del arte no puede explicarse solo por el amor al arte, sino que debe ser vista desde una perspectiva más amplia.

La pintura al óleo fue dominada por la cultura europea y representó la propiedad privada y la capacidad de compra y adorno.

Las pinturas al óleo enfatizaban la tangibilidad y la solidez de lo representado, conectándose con el sentido de propiedad.

La exploración y conquista de nuevos territorios por parte de Europa se refleja en las pinturas al óleo, que a menudo mostraban objetos de lujo y poder.

Las pinturas de retratos y propiedades eran recordatorios de la confianza y la continuidad del poder y la valía.

La pintura al óleo podía representar la riqueza y el poder de una manera que nunca antes había sucedido en la historia del arte.

Las pinturas de paisajes y mitología clásica también servían para visualizar a los propietarios como seres de estatus y poder.

A pesar de que algunas pinturas parecen celebrar la propiedad, otras como las de Rembrandt cuestionan la existencia y el significado más allá de la posesión.

La tradición de la pintura al óleo ha sido rota, y en su lugar ha surgido la publicidad, que también fomenta el deseo de posesión.

Es importante no confundir las obras excepcionales de arte con el propósito y significado de la tradición general de la pintura al óleo.

Transcripts

play00:11

thank you

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we look

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we buy

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it is ours

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ours to consume to sell again perhaps to

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give away

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more often hours to keep

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we look

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we buy

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and we collect valuable objects but the

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most valuable object of all

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has become the oil paintings

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oil paintings often depict things things

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which in reality are viable

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to paint a thing and put it on a canvas

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is not unlike buying it

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and putting it in your house

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the objects within the painting

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often appear as tangible

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as those outside it

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if you buy a painting you buy also the

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look of the thing it represents

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and this one

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paintings

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often show treasures

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but paintings have become treasures

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themselves

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art galleries are like palaces but they

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are also like banks

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when they shut for the night they are

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guarded

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lest the images of the things which are

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desirable are stolen

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the value of paintings has become

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mysterious

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where we ask ourselves

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does this value come from

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[Music]

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[Music]

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those who write about art or talk or

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teach about it

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often raise art above life

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turning it into a kind of religion

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in the first of these programs i tried

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to show how and why modern methods of

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reproduction and communication like

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color photography like television have

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theoretically changed the meaning of the

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visual art of the past demystifying it

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and making it secular

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but mostly those who use these new

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methods of reproduction and

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communication

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those who write books or make television

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programs about art

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tend to cling to the old approach

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art

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remains something sacred

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a love of art seems automatically to be

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offered as a sublime human experience

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perhaps so

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we should consider this historical

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record

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two films of two concerts given in

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britain and germany during the last war

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both films made as war propaganda to

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engender pride in the national cultural

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heritage

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the first shows a concert in london

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given by mara hairs

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[Music]

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the second shows a concert in berlin by

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foot wenger

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[Music]

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[Music]

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if the experience of art is sublime

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it looks as though it can be sublimely

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independent of a lot of other values so

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perhaps we should be somewhat wary of a

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love of art

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you cannot explain anything in history

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not even in art history by a love of art

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let us look at a painting whose subject

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is an art lover

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this picture which shows a 17th century

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patron surrounded by his collection

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tells us more about europe and painting

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from the renaissance onwards than

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hundreds of art books or essays on

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aesthetics

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what does it show

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the sort of man for whom painters

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painted their paintings

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what are these paintings

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before they are anything else

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they are objects which could be bought

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and owned

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unique objects a patron cannot be

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surrounded by music or poems in the same

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way as he is surrounded by his pictures

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does this special ownership of pictures

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engender a special kind of pride

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it is as though he lives in a house

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built of paintings

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what is their advantage over walls of

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stone or wood

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they show him sights

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there are many different subjects

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what the pictures all have in common

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is that they are painted with oil paint

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from about 1500 to 1900 the visual arts

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of europe were dominated by the oil

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painting the easel picture this kind of

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painting had never been used anywhere

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else in the world before

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the tradition of oil painting was made

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up of hundreds of thousands of

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unremarkable works

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hung all over the walls of galleries and

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private houses rather in the same way as

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the reserve collection is still hung in

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the national gallery

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if as we are normally taught to do we

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emphasize the genius of the few and

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concentrate only on the exceptional

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works we will misunderstand what the

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tradition was really about

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european oil painting unlike the art of

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other civilizations and periods

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placed a unique emphasis on the

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tangibility the solidity the texture the

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weight the gospel ability of what was

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depicted

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what was real is what you could put your

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hands on

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the idea that a thing is only real if

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you can pick it up

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may be connected with the idea of

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taking a thing to pieces to see how it

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works

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at the beginning of the tradition of oil

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painting the emphasis on the real being

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solid

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was part of a scientific attitude

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but the emphasis on the real being solid

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on being what you could put your hands

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on

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became

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equally closely connected

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with a sense of ownership

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these scientific instruments were used

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for navigation

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they were painted at the time when the

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world trade routes to europe were being

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opened up by the heroic voyages which we

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learned about in school

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bringing european civilization to the

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rest of the world

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it tends to be forgotten that these

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voyages were the start of the european

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slave trade and the traffic which began

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to siphon the riches of the rest of the

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world into europe

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christopher columbus wrote from jamaica

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gold is a wonderful thing by means of

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gold one can even get souls into

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paradise

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in 1519 magellan set out to sail around

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the world

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he and an astronomer friend with whom he

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had planned the voyage were to keep 20

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of the profits made and the right to run

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the government of any land they

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discovered and conquered

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this globe charts magellan's voyage

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around the world

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beside it is a book of arithmetic

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a hymn book

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and a loot

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to conquer a land it was always

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necessary to convert it to christianity

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the picture was painted in 1533 by

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holbein

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it shows two french diplomats in london

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the picture is about science about

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navigation about diplomacy about power

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but in the way that it has been painted

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in the way that it has been seen

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what is it most about

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there is not a surface in this picture

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which does not denote wealth there is

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not a surface which has not been

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elaborately and skillfully worked

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except for their faces and hands every

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square inch of the canvas has been gone

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over numerous times by weavers

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embroiderers carpet makers mosaic makers

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leather workers farriers jewelers and

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last of all

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by holbein the painter

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they are two men convinced that the

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world is there to furnish their

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residence in it

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the seafaring instruments have been

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placed on an eastern carpet

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without the first the second would not

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be there

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implicit in the rise of european

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christian culture was the destruction of

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other cultures

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but the europeans saw it differently

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they believed that their civilization

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was in all respects more advanced than

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any other

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the african kneels to hold up an oil

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painting to his master

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the painting he is holding depicts the

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castle above one of the principal

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centers of the west african slave trade

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many works of art in other cultures and

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periods have celebrated wealth and power

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gods princes and dynasties were

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worshiped

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but these works were static

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ritualistic hierarchic

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symbolic

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they celebrated a social or divine order

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the european oil painting served a

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different kind of wealth it glorified

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not a static order of things but the

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ability to buy

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and furnish and to own

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before the invention of oil painting

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medieval european painters

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often used gold leaf in their pictures

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afterwards

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gold disappeared from their paintings

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and was only used for their frames

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but sometimes the paintings themselves

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were simple demonstrations of what gold

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of what money could buy

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a certain kind of oil painting

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celebrated merchandise

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in a way that had never happened before

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in the history of art merchandise became

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the actual principle subject of these

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works

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eating is a pleasure but these paintings

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cannot be eaten

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they are a demonstration of something

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else

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first of all of the artist's virtuosity

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secondly of the owner's wealth

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livestock

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not animals in their natural condition

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but animals whose pedigree is emphasized

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and whose pedigree is a proof of their

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value

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whose pedigree emphasizes the social

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pedigree of their owners

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they are painted like pieces of

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furniture

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a table or chair with four legs

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objects

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objects which significantly enough

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became known as object

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houses

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buildings not considered as ideal works

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of architecture is in the work of some

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of the earlier renaissance artists but

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buildings considered as landed property

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portraits were equally important

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portraits of the owners the owners of

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the paintings and the owners of much

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else besides

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these paintings did not directly

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celebrate what was viable

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they were records of the confidence of

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those

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to whom ownership brought confidence

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those who could buy banquets horses

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bulls houses

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hung on their walls

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generations of portraits

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painted to celebrate a continuity of

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power and worthiness

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there were hundreds of thousands of such

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portraits

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but those they depicted represented an

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exceedingly small fraction of the

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population

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the poor have neither animals nor

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portraits

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their lives are unrecorded

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but again the style with which the

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average portrait was painted reveals

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something about the basis of this

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confidence and of this so-called dignity

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of the sitter

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they were painted as though they were a

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strange mixture of livestock furniture

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and taylor's dummies

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every portrait is a record which says

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i once existed and looked like this

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these portraits say in addition

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i was an object of respect and envy

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i had only to raise my hand

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to receive attention

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everybody's clothes indicate social

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status

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but the clothes and feathers and jewelry

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of these women

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make exaggerated claims

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it is their clothes not their faces

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which dazzle

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the faces of women in many european

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paintings are like the faces of swimmers

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in seas of silk and satin

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oil painting could paint these materials

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as they had never before been painted

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there were also paintings whose subjects

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were taken from classical literature

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subjects which today seem quite remote

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unsubstantial dreamlike

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but this wasn't so when the pictures

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were bought

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classical mythology was part of the

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specialized knowledge

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of the privileged minority

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and these paintings helped them to

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visualize themselves

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whilst displaying the classic virtues

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making the classic gestures

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the paintings were the settings for

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charades

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in which they themselves would play

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the props were given

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the spirit of the performance

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was left to the owner's imagination

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the figures were like garments held out

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for the spectator owners to put their

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arms into and where

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here the daughters of the family

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dress up as graces decorating hymen

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but the dressing up didn't have to be as

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literal as that

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the spectator wore the clothes and

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played his part

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just in imagination

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who would you guess she was meant to

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represent

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different painters see her differently

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but do these paintings have anything in

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common

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and if so

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what is it that they all convey

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these pictures are all from the national

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gallery

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and are all of mary magdalene

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the point of the original story

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is that a prostitute so loves christ

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that she repents of her past and comes

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to accept

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the mortality of flesh and the

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immortality of the soul

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in each case the way the picture is

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painted

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contradicts the essence of the story

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the method of painting

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the way of seeing can only envisage her

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as being before everything else

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takeable

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the hypocrisy is sexier

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the title suggests sacred love

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the painting with title as alibi

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speaks of profane love

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alternatively she is simply a

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well-dressed

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eligible young woman

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the tangibility of her wardrobe the

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elegance of her presence is all

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it's a portrait that might have been

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painted of her for her future husband on

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the occasion of their betrothal

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what i'm saying

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applies least of all to landscape

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painting or to the great late masters of

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landscape painting like constable or

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turner or monet

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but even there in the development of

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landscape painting

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the faculty of oil painting to celebrate

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property

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did play a certain role

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this is what sir kenneth clark says

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about gainsborough

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at the very beginning of his career his

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pleasure in what he saw inspired him to

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put into his pictures backgrounds are

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sensitively observed as the cornfield in

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which a seated mr and mrs andrews

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this enchanting work is painted with

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such love and mastery that we should

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have expected gainsborough to go further

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in the same direction

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but he gave up direct painting and

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evolved the melodious style of picture

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making by which he is best known

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now look at it another way

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the way i would use it for my argument

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they have become not a couple in nature

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as russo imagined nature

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theirs is private land

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look at their attitude towards it

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the attitude is visible

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if a man stole a potato at that time he

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risked the public whipping the sentence

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for poaching was deportation

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without doubt among the principal

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pleasures this painting gave to mr and

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mrs andrews was the pleasure of seeing

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themselves as the owners of their own

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land

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and this pleasure was enhanced by the

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ability of oil paint to render this land

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in all its substantiality

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the serialist painter magritte

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commented on this faculty of oil

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painting the painted landscape stands in

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for the real one

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a number of great painters

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used oil paint to express their own

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highly personal

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and exceptional visions

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they in many ways contradict my argument

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they also contradict

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the tradition from which they sprang

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this picture by rubens

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celebrates the park and farmland

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surrounding the chateau he lived in

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but the chateau and its owners are far

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away

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hunting is free

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the fields are golden

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the landscape is like a counter pain on

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a bed

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it is a painting which goes beyond its

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traditional category

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it is not a painting about a castle and

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its lands

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on the contrary it shows a world without

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scarcity a world of plenty a world that

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is which contradicts the entire history

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of private property

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there's a painting of a woman by vermeer

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which at first sight confirms everything

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i have said it would seem to be the

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ideal illustration of my argument

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she is weighing gold in a pair of scales

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or perhaps also weighing the pearls

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strewn on the table

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her interest is commercial

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in the way the scene is painted the

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substantiality and tangibility of

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everything is emphasized

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everything suggests the solidity of a

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dutch middle class home

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even the painting of the last judgment

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on the wall behind her

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a painting on the wall is a mark of

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prosperity

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but go on looking

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gradually the painting becomes

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more mysterious

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less easily explainable in my terms

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the light falls on her face

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on her fingers

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on the scales

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on the pearls

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the moment has been preserved

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and as we realize that

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the way that it has been preserved

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we realize

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that like every moment

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it was unrepeatable

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it is as though she is holding the

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moment

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between her forefinger and thumb

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on the scales of the past and the future

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despite its apparent celebration of

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property this painting

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is about the mystery of light and time

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as we look up at the stars

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not for one moment would i deny or

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belittle the significance and

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achievement of paintings like these

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but we should not confuse these

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exceptional paintings and everything in

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the museums everything said by art

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experts encourages this confusion we

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should not confuse such exceptional

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works

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with the purpose and significance

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of the general tradition

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let me show the difference again this

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time at the highest level

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two self-portraits by rembrandt

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one when he was young

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one when he was old

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but the difference between them

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isn't just a question of how age changes

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a man's character

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in the first painting rembrandt used the

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style and methods of the tradition for

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their traditional purposes as an

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advertisement for the owners good

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fortune prestige and wealth

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in the later painting he has turned the

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tradition against itself

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all has gone

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except a sense

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of the question of existence

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of existence as a question

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intermittently

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the tradition can breed within itself a

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counter tradition

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but the basic values of the tradition

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win

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in the end

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this painting now has a fabulous price

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on its head perhaps three million pounds

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it has itself

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become a fabulous object of property

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of course a lot more can be said about

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european oil painting than i have said

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yet what i have tried to show

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is a fundamental part of the truth

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which is usually ignored

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we study other cultures

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far away as anthropology

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that's to say

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we study them from the outside we don't

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judge them purely according to their own

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explanations of themselves

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now if we look

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at the culture of the european oil

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painting in the same spirit leaving

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aside its own claims for itself

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i believe we will find that oil painting

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was before everything else

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a medium

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which celebrated private possessions

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the tradition of the oil painting has

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now been broken once and for all

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in some ways publicity has taken its

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place

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the site of it makes us want to possess

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it

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and publicity is the subject of our

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program next week

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and the final part of ways of seeing is

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right here on bbc four tomorrow at half

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past seven

play27:02

next tonight stay with us as we prowl

play27:04

through wild china

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Related Tags
Pintura al óleoHistoria del artePrivacidadPropiedad privadaCultura europeaRenaissanceArte y poderComercio mundialEsclavitudModernidad
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