AP Gov | 1.7 Relationship Between the States and National Government | NEW!
Summary
TLDRThis video delves into federalism, explaining the division of power between the federal government, states, and local governments in the U.S. It outlines the concepts of delegated, reserved, and concurrent powers, highlighting the evolution from dual federalism to cooperative federalism. The presenter discusses how grants-in-aid, including categorical and block grants, have blurred the lines between state and federal powers, with the federal government using financial incentives to influence state policies.
Takeaways
- šļø Federalism is the distribution of power between federal, state, and local governments, as outlined by the U.S. Constitution.
- š In a unitary system, the federal government holds full sovereignty, whereas in a confederacy, states retain sovereignty.
- š Delegated powers are those given to the federal government, such as declaring war and making treaties, which are exclusive to it.
- š« Reserved powers are the inherent powers of the states, including education, health, and welfare, not specifically mentioned in the Constitution.
- š¤ Concurrent powers allow both federal and state governments to perform certain functions like taxation and law-making, independently.
- š Dynamic federalism refers to the evolving relationship between state and federal governments, influenced by changes over time.
- š Dual federalism, or layer-cake federalism, characterized the first 140 years of U.S. federalism, with clear distinctions between state and federal issues.
- š° Cooperative federalism, or marble cake federalism, emerged post-New Deal, blurring the lines between state and federal powers through shared responsibilities.
- š° Grants-in-aid are financial assistance from the federal government to states, often with conditions that can increase federal influence over state affairs.
- šļø Categorical grants are funds given by the federal government for specific state projects, while block grants offer broader purposes with more state discretion.
Q & A
What is federalism?
-Federalism is the division of power between the federal, state, and local governments. It is a system where different levels of government have powers over certain things because the Constitution established shared sovereignty.
How does federalism differ from a unitary system?
-In a unitary system, the federal government has full sovereignty, and the states act as its subordinates. In contrast, federalism involves a balance of power between the federal government and the states.
What are delegated powers?
-Delegated powers are the authorities given to the federal government by the states. These include exclusive powers such as declaring war, making treaties, and coining money.
What are reserved powers?
-Reserved powers are the authorities that states keep for themselves, which include areas not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, such as education, health, welfare, and licensing.
What are concurrent powers?
-Concurrent powers are the authorities that both the federal government and states have, such as taxing, borrowing money, making laws, and building roads.
What is dynamic federalism?
-Dynamic federalism refers to the changing relationship between states and the federal government over time. It is described as dynamic because the balance of power shifts and evolves.
What is dual federalism or layer-cake federalism?
-Dual federalism, also known as layer-cake federalism, is a concept where the responsibilities of state and federal governments are clearly distinct with no overlap, similar to layers in a cake.
What is cooperative federalism or marble cake federalism?
-Cooperative federalism, or marble cake federalism, is a model where the responsibilities of state and federal governments are intertwined, making it difficult to distinguish where one ends and the other begins.
How does the federal government gain power through grants-in-aid?
-The federal government gains power through grants-in-aid by offering money to states with conditions attached, which effectively allows the federal government to influence state policies in areas where it doesn't have direct constitutional authority.
What are categorical grants?
-Categorical grants are federal funds given to states for specific purposes, with strict conditions on how the money must be used, thus increasing federal influence over state actions.
What are block grants?
-Block grants are federal funds given to states for broader purposes, allowing states more discretion on how to use the money within a designated area, such as education.
What is revenue sharing?
-Revenue sharing was a practice where the federal government provided funds to states with no strings attached, allowing states to use the money as they saw fit. This practice no longer exists.
Outlines
šļø Federalism and its Evolution
This paragraph introduces the concept of federalism, which is the division of power between federal, state, and local governments. It explains that federalism is a system where different entities make laws, but each has specific powers due to the Constitution's establishment of shared sovereignty. The paragraph differentiates between unitary systems, where the federal government has full sovereignty, and confederacies, where states are sovereign. It then describes the delegated powers of the federal government, such as declaring war and making treaties, and the reserved powers of states, which include education and health. The concept of concurrent powers is also introduced, where both levels of government can exercise certain powers separately. The paragraph concludes by discussing how the relationship between state and federal government has evolved over time, moving from dual federalism, where responsibilities were clearly divided, to cooperative federalism, where the lines are blurred and responsibilities are shared.
š¼ Grants and Mandates in Federalism
This paragraph delves into the mechanisms by which the federal government influences state policies, particularly through grants and mandates. It explains how categorical grants are used to provide funds for specific purposes, effectively increasing federal power by attaching conditions to the use of these funds. An example is given of how the Reagan administration used transportation grants to incentivize states to raise the drinking age to 21. The paragraph also discusses mandates, both funded and unfunded, which are rules that states must follow regardless of financial incentives. The example of the Americans with Disabilities Act, which imposed an unfunded mandate on states to make public buildings accessible, is provided to illustrate the financial burden this can place on states. The paragraph also mentions block grants, which offer states more discretion in how funds are used within a broader category, and revenue sharing, a now-defunct practice where the federal government provided funds to states without conditions. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the trade-off for states between accepting federal funds and the loss of autonomy due to attached conditions.
Mindmap
Keywords
š”Federalism
š”Delegated Powers
š”Reserved Powers
š”Concurrent Powers
š”Dynamic Federalism
š”Dual Federalism
š”Cooperative Federalism
š”Grants-in-aid
š”Categorical Grants
š”Mandates
š”Block Grants
Highlights
Introduction to federalism as the division of power between federal, state, and local governments.
Emphasis on federalism as a key topic with a request to engage with the content.
Explanation of federalism involving shared sovereignty as per the U.S. Constitution.
Comparison of federalism with unitary and confederacy systems.
Definition of delegated powers and their exclusive nature to the federal government.
Description of reserved powers as those retained by the states for local governance.
Introduction of concurrent powers as areas where both federal and state governments have authority.
Historical overview of federalism's evolution from dual to cooperative federalism.
Discussion on how grants-in-aid have blurred the lines between state and federal powers.
Explanation of categorical grants and their role in increasing federal influence.
Example of how conditions of aid can lead states to adopt federal policies, such as raising the drinking age.
Mention of mandates, both funded and unfunded, as tools for federal control over states.
Introduction to block grants offering states more discretion in spending federal funds.
Historical note on revenue sharing as a now-defunct practice of unconditional federal aid to states.
Analysis of the trade-offs for states between accepting federal funds and adhering to federal conditions.
Teaser for the next video discussing additional ways the federal government has gained power over states.
Transcripts
Hey everybody, welcome back! Weāre talkingĀ about the relationship between states andĀ Ā
the federal government, which is another wayĀ to say, weāre talking about federalism. OneĀ Ā
of the most important topics of this unit.Ā Real quick, do me a favor and smash thatĀ Ā
like button as we get started and makeĀ sure you have your notes ready to go!
Federalism is the divisionĀ of power between the federal,Ā Ā
state and local governments. Itās aĀ unique system where we have lots ofĀ Ā
different people making laws and telling usĀ what we canāt do. But each government onlyĀ Ā
has powers over certain things because theĀ Constitution established shared sovereignty,Ā Ā
so it depends on the issue whether the stateĀ or the federal government is in charge.
In a unitary system, the federal governmentĀ would have full sovereignty and the statesĀ Ā
would be like its little minions. And inĀ a confederacy like under the Articles,Ā Ā
the states would be sovereign. TheĀ federal solution is more nuanced butĀ Ā
it also is a bit more complicatedĀ than those two rejected options.
Delegated powers are given to the federalĀ government. It's helpful to remember that theĀ Ā
states existed before the federal government;Ā the states created the federal government,Ā Ā
therefore they gave, or delegated, someĀ powers to the federal government. TheseĀ Ā
include things like declaring war,Ā making treaties, coining money,Ā Ā
these are things that only the federal governmentĀ can do, and are sometimes called exclusive powers.
The powers states kept for themselves areĀ known as reserved powers. Reserved powersĀ Ā
include things that are not mentioned in theĀ Constitution specifically, so they're in chargeĀ Ā
of things like education, health, welfare,Ā licensing, and a general police power are allĀ Ā
reserved to the States. If youāre thinking,Ā hey, arenāt there federal education, health,Ā Ā
and welfare programs, you my friend are not wrong.Ā Keep watching and Iāll tell you how that happened.
Concurrent powers are powers they both have,Ā so both the federal government and States canĀ Ā
do these things, like taxing, borrowing money,Ā making laws, and building roads. Please noteĀ Ā
that they exercise these powers separately, butĀ they can both separately tax you, for instance.
The thing is, this relationship between statesĀ and the federal government has changed over time,Ā Ā
and for that reason itās described as dynamicĀ federalism. Trust me, the AP exam loves toĀ Ā
focus on anything that changes, so that makesĀ this section a good bet for test questions.
For the first 140 years or so, federalism in theĀ U.S. could best be described as dual federalism,Ā Ā
which is sometimes called layer-cake federalism.Ā The idea is simple, just like on a layer cakeĀ Ā
you can see clearly where one layer ends andĀ one begins, with dual federalism itās clearĀ Ā
whatās a state issue and whatās a federalĀ issue. Thereās no overlap. They are eachĀ Ā
separate and supreme in their own spheres. If itāsĀ delegated like foreign policy stuff or currency,Ā Ā
itās the federalās power. If itāsĀ not mentioned, itās up the states.
Since FDR and the New Deal, we have somethingĀ more like cooperative federalism and yeah,Ā Ā
thereās a cake for this one, too: marble cakeĀ federalism. With that marble cake the differentĀ Ā
flavors are swirled together and itās toughĀ to get a bite that doesnāt have both flavors,Ā Ā
thatās like federalism today where itās hardĀ to know what exactly is a reserved powerĀ Ā
and whatās a delegated power. Where doesĀ the federal government stop and statesĀ Ā
begin? That line has become very blurred.Ā With cooperative federalism, the federalĀ Ā
government and states often share the costs andĀ administrative responsibilities of policies.
The biggest reason for the blurring of thatĀ line has been the increase in grants-in-aid,Ā Ā
federal money given to the states. WhatĀ the federal government has done to gainĀ Ā
more power is actually quite clever. There areĀ all these areas that they technically don't haveĀ Ā
the ability to make policy in, so what theyĀ do is they offer a whole bunch of money inĀ Ā
the form of grants to the states and they say,Ā hey listen we know you guys want this money;Ā Ā
if you do come and get it but by the wayĀ when you get that money just make sure youĀ Ā
follow these rules that we set. Thatās the bigĀ picture idea, now letās get into the specifics.
First up, categorical grants representĀ federal money given to the States for aĀ Ā
specific purpose. So, Congress says to theĀ state here's fifty million dollars but youĀ Ā
have to use it on new school construction. TheĀ state probably says yes cuz they get that money,Ā Ā
but they have to do exactly what CongressĀ tells them to do with that money.
About 90% of all federal grants to statesĀ come in the form of categorical grants.Ā Ā
Congress likes these grants becauseĀ they tell the states exactly what to do,Ā Ā
increasing federal power. Just as important,Ā the grants often include conditions of aidĀ Ā
or incentives. This refers to what statesĀ must do just to get the money in the firstĀ Ā
place. Theyāre technically optional,Ā but states love to get that bread.
A classic example of this came in the 1980s whenĀ the Reagan administration wanted all the states toĀ Ā
raise their drinking age to 21. Thing is, states,Ā not the federal, set drinking ages through theirĀ Ā
police power. So, Congress made raising theĀ drinking age a condition of aid to continueĀ Ā
receiving transportation grants. States had toĀ choose between letting 18- to 20-year-olds drinkĀ Ā
legally or getting that government cheese.Ā Breaking news: the states chose the money.
Congress can also issue mandates, which canĀ be either funded or unfunded. Itās a specificĀ Ā
rule of what states must do regardless of whetherĀ or not the federal government gives them money,Ā Ā
so this isn't a do this if you want toĀ get the money, this is simply do thisĀ Ā
you must comply with this policy. PerhapsĀ unsurprisingly states donāt like mandates,Ā Ā
especially unfunded mandatesĀ because they're losing powerĀ Ā
and they have to pay for the thing thatĀ the federal government is making them do.
A classic example is the Americans withĀ Disabilities Act, which included an unfundedĀ Ā
mandate requiring states to make all publicĀ buildings, think schools and courthouses,Ā Ā
wheelchair accessible. Itās not that theĀ states were anti-disabled persons, itās thatāsĀ Ā
a big bill the states just got from the federalĀ government and they had to pay it all themselves.
Next, block grants are money theĀ federal government gives the states,Ā Ā
but this time it's for a broader purpose, soĀ instead of saying alright this is money thatĀ Ā
must be spent on new school construction,Ā itās for a broad area like education. So,Ā Ā
the states have more discretion; they couldĀ use that money to build a new school but theyĀ Ā
could also use it for textbooks or hiringĀ teachers or whatever they want to do withinĀ Ā
education. Notice that they can't do literallyĀ anything with the money, they couldnāt use thatĀ Ā
money for highways or transportation, statesĀ like this because they have more discretion.
And in the 1970s and 1980s there was somethingĀ known as revenue sharing. It no longer exists,Ā Ā
but itās on the course outline so you need to knowĀ that itās where the federal government would giveĀ Ā
money to the states with no strings attached,Ā no conditions, just here's the money do whateverĀ Ā
you'd like with it. Obviously, the statesĀ really liked that but that no longer exists.
Okay, again letās big pictureĀ this. The federal governmentĀ Ā
uses grants to gain powers in areas they arenātĀ constitutionally in charge of like education,Ā Ā
health, and welfare. For the states there's aĀ trade-off; they love getting that federal moneyĀ Ā
because think about it they get the benefit ofĀ spending that money without actually having toĀ Ā
raise taxes themselves so that's a prettyĀ good deal for the states. They don't likeĀ Ā
those conditions of aid because of the rulesĀ that they have to follow to get that money,Ā Ā
so they lose some power, but theyĀ get money, that's the trade-off.
Next video weāll talk about another way that theĀ federal government has gained more power at theĀ Ā
expense of states, so I hope youāll be back. UntilĀ next time, this has been a LaMoney production.
Thanks again for watching, and you alreadyĀ know but I hope youāve at least checked outĀ Ā
the Ultimate Review Packet. YouĀ can preview Unit 1 for free! So,Ā Ā
what are you waiting for?Ā See you in the next video!
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