Les écritures égyptiennes
Summary
TLDRThe provided script delves into the intricacies of ancient Egyptian writing, highlighting its primarily phonetic nature with 24 phonograms representing consonants, collectively known as the Egyptian alphabet. The script explores the versatility of hieroglyphs, which can have both symbolic and phonetic meanings, and the use of determinatives to clarify the meaning of a glyph group. The evolution of Egyptian writing is also discussed, with the development of more cursive forms like hieratic script, which follows the same principles as hieroglyphs but is written from right to left. The script's arrangement in virtual rectangles and the direction of reading, often determined by the gaze of animated beings depicted, are explained. The summary touches on the rhythmic structure of texts, the absence of punctuation, and the close relationship between text and images in Egyptian writing, where hieroglyphs retain strong graphic power, transforming into visual representations of the concepts they represent. The script also mentions the traditional use of red to highlight titles and the unique way names are depicted, emphasizing the artistic and symbolic aspects of Egyptian writing.
Takeaways
- 🔠 The Egyptian writing system is primarily phonetic, with 24 phonograms representing the equivalent of their consonants, commonly known as the Egyptian alphabet.
- 📜 Egyptian hieroglyphs can have multiple meanings, sometimes representing the object they depict or having one or more phonetic values to avoid graphical confusion and to clarify the meaning of a group of hieroglyphs.
- 📝 Determinatives, which are non-pronounced hieroglyphs, are placed after a group of hieroglyphs to specify its meaning.
- 👉 The direction of reading in Egyptian hieroglyphs is determined by the direction in which animated beings are facing; the reader follows the gaze of the figures.
- 📏 Hieroglyphs are arranged in a virtual rectangle, and the text is read from top to bottom, regardless of the direction of the animated beings.
- 💬 The hieratic script is a more cursive form of writing that developed from a simplification of hieroglyphs and always reads from right to left.
- 🔴 Titles in hieratic texts are marked in red, and the text does not contain punctuation but is rhythmed by two series of words in red.
- 🖼 The Egyptian writing system closely links text and images, with hieroglyphs maintaining a strong graphical power.
- 🌍 The hieroglyph for 'earth' becomes the representation of the ground, and the one for 'sky' becomes the image of the sky, supported by two hieroglyphs symbolizing power and strength.
- 🎤 The names of the singer and the god would typically be followed by their respective determinations, but in the script, they are disproportionately enlarged to become images of the two characters.
- 📚 Egyptian inscriptions are arranged in a harmonious composition, with careful attention to the layout and directionality to ensure the coherence of the message.
Q & A
What is the primary characteristic of Egyptian writing?
-The primary characteristic of Egyptian writing is that it is essentially phonetic, with 24 phonograms representing the equivalent of their consonants, commonly known as the Egyptian alphabet.
How do Egyptian hieroglyphs sometimes convey meaning?
-Egyptian hieroglyphs can sometimes convey meaning by representing what they depict or by having one or more phonetic values, in addition to their phonetic transcription.
What is the purpose of determinatives in Egyptian hieroglyphs?
-Determinatives are used in Egyptian hieroglyphs to avoid graphic confusion and to specify the meaning of a group of hieroglyphs. They are placed after the hieroglyphs they qualify and are not pronounced.
What is the direction of reading for hieroglyphs in inscriptions?
-In inscriptions using hieroglyphs, the signs are arranged in lines or columns and are always read from top to bottom.
How do animated beings in hieroglyphs indicate the direction of reading?
-Animated beings in hieroglyphs help determine whether the reading direction is from right to left or vice versa. The reading is done in the opposite direction of their gaze, as if the reader is approaching them, to ensure the harmony of the composition.
What is the origin of hieratic writing?
-Hieratic writing is directly derived from a simplification of hieroglyphs and operates on the same principle.
How is the direction of reading in hieratic texts different from hieroglyphic texts?
-Unlike hieroglyphic texts, in hieratic texts, the text always flows from right to left, regardless of the direction of the animated beings depicted.
What is the significance of titles in Rite Atik texts?
-In Rite Atik texts, titles are highlighted in red to distinguish them from the rest of the text.
How is the rhythm of the text indicated in the absence of punctuation in Egyptian writing?
-The rhythm of the text in Egyptian writing is indicated by two series of words in red, serving as a visual form of punctuation.
What is the relationship between texts and images in Egyptian writing?
-In Egyptian writing, texts and images are closely linked. Hieroglyphic signs maintain a strong graphic power, and what is written can become a pictorial representation, such as the hieroglyph of the earth becoming the soil, or the sky becoming an image of the sky.
How are the names of the singer and the god represented in the script?
-The names of the singer and the god should each be followed by their respective determinatives. However, in the script, they are disproportionately enlarged and become the image of the two characters themselves.
What is the purpose of arranging inscriptions in a virtual rectangle?
-Arranging inscriptions in a virtual rectangle helps to organize the text and maintain the aesthetic harmony and balance of the composition.
Outlines
📜 Egyptian Writing: Phonetics and Hieroglyphs
The paragraph discusses the nature of ancient Egyptian writing, which is predominantly phonetic. It explains that 24 phonograms represent the consonants, forming what is commonly known as the Egyptian alphabet. However, these signs can sometimes have meanings that represent what they depict or multiple phonetic values to avoid graphical confusion. Determinatives are added after the glyph to clarify meaning without being pronounced. Egyptian writing also developed more cursive forms, such as hieratic, which operates on the same principle. Inscriptions using hieroglyphs are arranged in lines or columns and are read from top to bottom. Animated beings in the text help determine the direction of reading, either right to left or vice versa, based on the direction of their gaze. The composition is harmonized by arranging inscriptions within a virtual rectangle. The hieratic script is a simplified form of hieroglyphs, with a consistent right-to-left direction, and titles in red ink. Egyptian writing is rhythmic, with two series of words in red, and closely ties text and images, maintaining a strong graphic power for the hieroglyphs. For instance, the glyph for 'land' becomes the soil, and 'sky' becomes an image of the sky, supported by two glyphs symbolizing power and robustness. Names of individuals, such as a singer and a god, are usually followed by their respective determinations, but in this case, they are disproportionately enlarged to represent the figures themselves.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Phonetic Writing
💡Hieroglyphs
💡Determinatives
💡Direction of Reading
💡Hieratic Script
💡Erratic Script
💡Red Ink for Titles
💡Punctuation
💡Graphic Power
💡Power and Robustness
💡Virtual Rectangle
💡Determination of Names
Highlights
Egyptian writing is primarily phonetic, with 24 phonograms representing the equivalent of their consonants, commonly known as the Egyptian alphabet.
Egyptian signs can sometimes have a meaning that represents what they depict or have one or more phonetic values.
Determinative signs are used in Egyptian writing to avoid graphic confusion and to specify the meaning of a group of hieroglyphs.
The direction of reading in hieroglyphs is determined by the direction of the gaze of animated beings depicted.
Hieroglyphs are arranged in inscriptions either in a line or a column and are always read from top to bottom.
Hieroglyphic writing maintains a strong graphic power, with the hieroglyph of the earth becoming the soil, and that of the sky becoming the image of the sky.
The names of the singer and the god should each be followed by their respective determinations, but in this case, they are disproportionately enlarged and become the image of the two characters.
The Egyptians developed more cursive forms of writing, such as hieratic, which operates on the same principle as hieroglyphs.
Erratic script, a form of hieratic, always reads from right to left.
In Rite Atik texts, titles are indicated in red, and the text does not have punctuation but is rhythmed by two series of words in red.
In Egyptian writing, texts and images are closely linked, with the hieroglyphic signs retaining a strong visual impact.
The hieroglyphic signs are arranged in a virtual rectangle to ensure the harmony of the composition.
Hieroglyphs are used not only for their phonetic value but also for their symbolic meaning, as seen with the hieroglyphs for earth and sky.
The hieroglyphic writing system allows for a high degree of artistic expression, with the potential for the names of individuals to be artistically enlarged to represent the characters themselves.
The use of determinative signs in hieroglyphic writing helps to clarify the intended meaning of a group of signs, preventing misinterpretation.
The direction of the gaze of animated beings in hieroglyphs is a key indicator of the direction of reading, adding an interactive element to the script.
The hieratic script is a simplified form of hieroglyphs, allowing for faster writing and still maintaining the core principles of the writing system.
The use of color in Rite Atik texts, such as red for titles, adds a visual element to the text and aids in distinguishing different parts of the text.
Transcripts
l'écriture des égyptiens est
essentiellement phonétique
24 phonogrammes transcrivent
l'équivalent de leurs consonnes
constituant ce qu'on appelle communément
l'alphabet égyptien toutefois les signes
peuvent parfois signifier ce qu'il
représente ou bien avoir une ou
plusieurs valeurs phonétique aussi pour
éviter les confusions graphique et
préciser la signification d'un groupe de
hiéroglyphes l'égyptien place après
celui ci déterminatif qui ne se
prononcent pas
des hiéroglyphes les égyptiens ont
développé des écritures plus cursive
comme le hiératique qui fonctionne sur
le même principe
dans les inscriptions utilisant des
hiéroglyphes les signes disposés en
ligne ou en colonne se lisent toujours
du haut vers le bas en outre les êtres
animés permettent de déterminer si le
sens de la lecture va de droite à gauche
ou inversement la lecture se fait à
linverse de la direction de leur regard
comme si le lecteur allaient à leur
rencontre
pour assurer l'harmonie de la
composition ces inscriptions sont
agencés en rectangle virtuel
l'écriture hiératique est directement
issu d'une simplification des
hiéroglyphes mais un texte en erratique
lui seul ira toujours de droite à gauche
dans les textes en rire atik les titres
sont signalés en rouge le texte ne
comporte pas ici de ponctuation mais il
est rythmée par deux séries de mots en
rouge
dans l'écriture égyptienne textes et
images sont étroitement liés les signes
de l'écriture hiéroglyphique garde d'un
fort pouvoir graphique ce qui est écrit
advient ici le hiéroglyphe de la terre
devient le sol
celui du ciel devient l'image du ciel
soutenu par deux hiéroglyphes symbole de
puissance et de robustesse les noms de
la chanteuse et du dieu aurait dû chacun
être suivi de leur détermination
respectifs ici ils sont démesurément a
grandi et deviennent l'image des deux
personnages
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