Second Conditional Sentences + Examples | English Grammar Lesson

Summary

In this mmmEnglish lesson, Emma explores the second conditional, a versatile English grammar structure used to express hypothetical situations, give advice, and explain reasons for inability to perform actions. She explains its usage, structure, and nuances, including the correct verb tenses and punctuation. Emma also discusses the formal use of 'were' over 'was' and provides tips for both spoken and written English. The lesson concludes with practice exercises and an invitation to engage with the content.

Takeaways

• 😀 The second conditional is a versatile English grammar structure used to express hypothetical situations or unreal possibilities.
• 📚 It is employed to imagine different life scenarios, ask hypothetical questions, give advice, and explain reasons for inability to perform an action.
• 🔍 The structure of the second conditional includes a past simple verb in the 'if' clause and 'would' followed by the base form of a verb in the main clause.
• 🏠 Example usage: 'If I had enough money, I would buy a house', which is unlikely or impossible in the present but imagined as possible.
• ❓ It allows for the creation of engaging hypothetical questions, fostering interesting conversations, e.g., 'What would you do if you won a million dollars?'
• 🚫 Negative forms are also possible, such as 'If I didn't want to go, I wouldn't tell you', adding depth to hypothetical scenarios.
• 🗣️ The use of 'were' instead of 'was' with subjects like 'I', 'he', 'she', and 'it' is more formal and acceptable in the second conditional.
• 💬 In spoken English, 'would' is often contracted (e.g., 'I'd'), but this is not recommended in formal written English.
• 📖 The order of the clauses in a conditional sentence can be changed without altering the meaning, but punctuation must be adjusted accordingly.
• 📝 Practice is key, and the lesson encourages creating sentences using the second conditional to solidify understanding and application.

Q & A

What is the second conditional used for in English grammar?

The second conditional is used to talk about hypothetical situations or outcomes in the future that are unlikely or impossible in the present. It's also used to ask hypothetical questions, give advice, and provide reasons why something can't be done.

How is the second conditional structured in terms of verb tenses?

The second conditional is structured with a past simple verb in the 'if' clause and 'would' followed by the base form of the verb in the main clause.

Can you provide an example of the second conditional?

Yes, an example of the second conditional is: 'If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.' This sentence is hypothetical because it's unlikely that the speaker will win the lottery.

What are the different ways the second conditional can be used according to the script?

The second conditional can be used to imagine different lives, ask hypothetical questions, give advice, and explain reasons why something can't be done.

How can you form a negative second conditional sentence?

To form a negative second conditional sentence, you add 'not' after the past simple verb in the 'if' clause and use 'would not' or 'wouldn't' before the base form of the verb in the main clause.

Can you ask questions using the second conditional?

Yes, you can ask hypothetical questions using the second conditional to invite others to imagine what they would do in different situations.

What is the role of 'if' in conditional sentences?

In conditional sentences, 'if' is a conjunction that joins two clauses together, where the first clause contains the condition and the second contains the result.

What is the difference between using 'was' and 'were' after 'if' with the subject 'I'?

Both 'was' and 'were' can be used after 'if' with the subject 'I', but 'were' is more formal and is often used in more formal situations.

How do contractions work with the second conditional in spoken English?

In spoken English, 'would' is often contracted with the subject to form 'I'd, you'd, she'd, he'd, they'd, we'd'. This makes sentences easier to say quickly and sounds more relaxed.

What punctuation rule changes when the main clause comes before the 'if' clause in a second conditional sentence?

When the main clause comes before the 'if' clause, a comma is not used before 'if'. This rule is important in formal writing and exams.

Why might someone use the second conditional to give advice?

The second conditional is used to give advice by imagining what one would do in the other person's situation and suggesting that course of action.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Introduction to the Second Conditional

In this paragraph, Emma introduces the second conditional, explaining its significance in English grammar. She outlines the lesson plan, which includes understanding the meaning, structure, and usage of the second conditional. Emma emphasizes the versatility of this grammar structure and teases upcoming tips and practice sessions. The paragraph sets the stage for a comprehensive lesson, encouraging viewers to stay engaged and participate in future videos.

05:02

🤔 Exploring Hypothetical Situations with the Second Conditional

This paragraph delves into the use of the second conditional to imagine hypothetical situations, ask questions, and give advice. Emma explains how this structure is used to discuss unlikely or impossible scenarios in the present or future. She provides examples, such as imagining winning the lottery or living in a different city, to illustrate the conditional's application. The paragraph also introduces the flexibility of using 'could' in hypothetical questions, adding depth to the learners' understanding.

10:02

✍️ Mastering the Second Conditional: Tips and Variations

Emma provides detailed tips to help learners master the second conditional. She explains the significance of conjunctions, the correct punctuation when changing clause order, and the importance of contractions in spoken English. Emma also discusses the use of 'were' instead of 'was' with certain subjects, noting that 'were' is more formal. The paragraph ends with Emma encouraging viewers to practice by writing their sentences in the comments, offering support and feedback.

Keywords

💡Second Conditional

The second conditional is a grammatical structure used in English to express hypothetical or unreal situations, particularly those that are unlikely or impossible in the present. It is formed using the past simple tense in the 'if' clause and 'would' plus the base form of the verb in the main clause. In the video, Emma uses the second conditional to illustrate hypothetical scenarios such as 'If I had enough money, I would buy a house,' which is an example of imagining a different present situation.

💡Hypothetical Situations

Hypothetical situations are scenarios that are imagined or supposed rather than real. They are often used to explore 'what if' ideas. In the context of the video, Emma discusses how the second conditional is used to talk about things that are unlikely to happen or are impossible in the present, such as winning the lottery or living in a different city.

💡Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are used to express a situation that depends on something else. They consist of an 'if' clause (condition) and a main clause (result). Emma explains that the second conditional specifically uses a past simple verb in the 'if' clause and 'would' followed by the infinitive in the main clause, as in 'If she lived in London, she would have English friends.'

💡Past Simple Verb

The past simple verb is used to describe actions or states that happened at a definite time in the past. In the video, Emma points out that the second conditional employs the past simple verb in the 'if' clause to set up a hypothetical condition, such as 'If I won the lottery,' which is a condition that is unlikely to be true.

💡Infinitive Verb

The infinitive verb form is the basic form of a verb, typically preceded by 'to' in English. Emma mentions that after 'would' in the second conditional, the infinitive verb form is used without 'to' in the main clause to express the hypothetical outcome, as in 'I would travel the world' if one were to win a million dollars.

💡Hypothetical Questions

Hypothetical questions are those that ask about possible but not necessarily real situations. They are often used to engage in imaginative or speculative discussions. Emma encourages viewers to practice by asking and answering hypothetical questions using the second conditional, such as 'What would you do if you won a million dollars?'

💡Advice

Advice is a recommendation or suggestion about what someone should do in a particular situation. In the video, Emma explains that the second conditional can be used to give advice by imagining oneself in the other person's situation and suggesting a course of action, as in 'If I were you, I'd talk to my boss before I quit my job.'

💡Reasons

Reasons are explanations or causes for an action or belief. Emma discusses how the second conditional can be used to politely provide reasons for not being able to do something, by expressing a hypothetical situation where the action could be taken, such as 'If I had the money, I'd lend it to you.'

💡Conjunction

A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses. In the context of conditional sentences, 'if' serves as a conjunction to link the condition and the result. Emma notes the importance of the relationship between the two clauses in a conditional sentence, where the main clause's outcome is conditional upon the 'if' clause.

💡Contractions

Contractions are shortened forms of words that combine a word with a suffix, often using an apostrophe. In spoken and informal English, 'would' is often contracted with the subject to form 'I'd,' 'you'd,' etc. Emma mentions that while these contractions are common in casual speech, they should be avoided in formal written English.

💡Formal and Informal English

Formal English is used in official or serious contexts and follows strict grammatical rules, while informal English is more casual and relaxed. Emma distinguishes between the use of contractions in informal contexts and the avoidance of them in formal writing, highlighting the importance of language register in English communication.

Highlights

Introduction to the second conditional and its versatility in English grammar

Overview of the lesson, including the meaning and usage of the second conditional

Explanation of the structure of the second conditional with examples

Use of the second conditional to imagine different or impossible scenarios

How to form second conditional sentences with past simple and 'would'

Making second conditional sentences negative and asking hypothetical questions

Using 'could' in the if clause for hypothetical questions

Giving advice using the second conditional and its polite implications

Using the second conditional to provide reasons for inability to perform actions

The role of 'if' as a conjunction in connecting clauses in conditional sentences

Punctuation rules when changing the order of clauses in conditional sentences

Contractions in spoken and informal English for the second conditional

The formal use of 'were' instead of 'was' in the second conditional

Practical tips for using the second conditional accurately

Invitation for viewers to practice with provided examples in the comments

Encouragement to subscribe for upcoming lessons on different conditionals

Closing remarks and a prompt for viewers to engage with the content

Transcripts

Hey there I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!

Today we're going to roll up our sleeves and practise

with the second conditional.

Now this is one of my favourite grammar structures

in English because we use it in different ways

and we can have lots of fun with it as well.

So that you know exactly what will happen in this lesson

let me give you a bit of an overview.

Firstly we're going to talk about the meaning,

when and why you should use the second conditional.

Then we're going to look at what it looks like,

what words, what tenses, what punctuation

are important to help you use the second conditional

accurately.

Then I've got a few important extra tips

to help you use the second conditional correctly.

So make sure you stick around for that part

and of course, there'll be some practice at the end.

I'll be making a series of videos about conditionals

so make sure you subscribe to the channel and turn on

notifications so that you know when each

new lesson is ready for you.

Now this lesson is a little longer than usual because I

really want to give you a clear and complete

understanding of the second conditional.

So go grab a coffee or a cup of tea, settle in.

You won't regret it.

Alright let's get started with this lesson.

When can you use the second conditional?

We use it in a few ways:

to imagine that our lives

or someone else's life is different;

we use it to ask hypothetical questions;

to give advice;

and to give reasons why you can't do something.

So you might have practised a little with the first two

but the third and the fourth are both interesting

and different ways to use the second conditional.

So I'm really excited to get into those.

But let's start with number one.

We use the second conditional to talk about things

in the future that are unlikely

or things that are impossible in the present.

So we use it to imagine and to dream

that the present situation is different than it really is.

Now this could be because it's impossible now

or because it's really unlikely to become real

in the future, not completely impossible but unlikely.

So with the second conditional, we say

if this happened then that would happen.

So for example,

if I had enough money,

I would buy a house.

If the present situation was different

then I would do that.

If I won the lottery,

I'd buy a house.

Now this is an unlikely event in the future right

because it's unlikely I'm gonna win the lottery.

Possible but unlikely.

Before we keep going with the other ways

to use the second conditional,

let's spend a little bit of time focusing on

what it looks like.

Conditional sentences all have an if clause

and a main clause

which is sometimes also called the result clause

because it can only happen

if the if clause occurs. It's a condition, right?

If this happens, then that happens.

Now what exactly makes a conditional sentence

the second conditional?

So the second conditional uses a past simple verb

in the if clause then 'would'

followed by the infinitive verb in the main clause.

If she lived in London, she would have English friends.

The if clause is the condition.

Does she live in London?

No,

we're talking about a hypothetical situation here right

so the result clause suggests

what would be different and would tells us

that we're imagining

the result or you know

she would have English friends. It's not real.

She doesn't have English friends now but

it could happen if she lived in London.

If she lived in London, she would have English friends.

Now you can definitely make one or both clauses

negative in a second conditional sentence.

If I didn't want to go, I would tell you.

If I didn't finish my homework,

I wouldn't tell my teacher.

And of course,

we can ask second conditional questions too.

Hypothetical questions to ask someone to imagine

what they would do in a different situation.

So these situations are not real

but it's kind of fun to ask these types of questions right?

It really helps to keep conversations going sometimes.

What would you do if you quit your job?

If you won a million dollars, would you travel the world?

If you only had one day in Singapore,

what would you do?

See how fun these types of questions can be?

Choose one of them to answer in the comments below

but make sure you write your answer

as a full second conditional sentence

to practise the structure okay?

If I only had one day in Singapore, I would...

Now you can actually use 'could' in the if clause

to ask a similar question so you would be saying

if you were able to or if it were possible to.

If you could travel to any country, where would you go?

Now notice that when you use 'could' in the if clause,

the verb that follows 'could' is in the infinitive form

not in the past simple and that's because it's a modal

verb right? Standard English grammar rule.

After modal verbs, we always have the infinitive.

Now we've been talking about

hypothetical situations so far

but what are these other uses because we can use

the second conditional to give advice

and if you think about it,

when someone asks you for advice,

you usually try to imagine what you would do

in their situation and share that with them.

So for example.

If I were you, I'd talk to my boss before I quit my job.

Or: If I were her, I'd break up with him.

Now if you're wondering why in both of those examples

I was using 'were' with the subject I,

I'm going to talk about that in a few minutes.

But lastly, you can use the second conditional

to give reasons why you can't do something.

You've probably already noticed that English speakers

are usually quite polite to each other.

Instead of just saying 'no' we often try and soften

our responses by explaining why we can't do something

and sometimes you might just want to explain

a situation a little more so the second conditional

can really help you to do this.

So for example. If I had the money, I'd lend it to you.

I don't have to explain myself any further here.

This sentence already explains that I don't have

the money so I can't help.

But it suggests that maybe you want to, that maybe

you would if you could.

If I wasn't so busy, I'd invite you over for dinner.

But I am really busy so I can't invite you over.

So we've covered what the second conditional looks like

and when you can use it

but now I want to share some extra tips to help you

understand it better and to help you use it accurately.

So the first one I want to mention is that 'if' is a

conjunction, right? The purpose of conjunctions is to

join two sentences or two different clauses together.

There's a really strong relationship between the two

clauses in a conditional sentence,

right? They're really connected.

The if clause contains a condition and the main clause

contains the result, right? They rely on each other.

Now you may know that with all conditional sentences,

you can change the order of your clauses.

When this happens, it doesn't change the meaning

but there is an important punctuation change

that you need to make.

If it stopped raining, I would go for a walk.

I would go for a walk if it stopped raining.

Now the meaning in these two sentences

is exactly the same

but notice that when the main clause comes first,

we don't include that comma before the if clause.

Now to be honest

this is really only significant if you're sitting an

English exam or you're doing academic writing.

You're going to get marked down for that type of

punctuation error.

But generally, that's not really something

you need to lose sleep over.

Now in spoken English, the subject and 'would',

they're usually contracted.

I'd, you'd, she'd, he'd,

they'd, we'd.

Now it's much easier to say this

type of sentence quickly

and it helps you to sound a little more relaxed as well.

But these contractions, very common in spoken English,

common in informal written English

but you shouldn't be using contractions in formal

written English, right? Just steer clear completely.

Now one of the most interesting parts about the second

conditional is that it breaks some standard

be verb grammar rules, right?

We can actually use 'were' instead of 'was' with I,

he, she and it, right?

Both of them are grammatically correct but I guess

'were' is a little more formal

alright so we would use it in more formal situations.

If I was you, I would break up with him.

If I were you, I would break up with him.

Both of those sentences are the same.

If she was taller...

If she were taller...

she would be an air hostess.

So again we can use either, it's totally okay.

'were' is a little more formal.

All right, phew, oh my gosh!

So after all of that,

I want you to practise writing some sentences with me

in the comments. Now if you're feeling pretty confident

about this, go ahead and create your own sentences,

freestyle, you know. Get creative.

Give advice. Talk about hypothetical situations.

Give reasons why but if you're feeling still maybe a

little uncertain,

I've added these questions in the description below

so all you need to do is copy them and paste them into

your comment and then complete the answers yourself.

So I'll be down there checking your answers

all weekend to make sure you're getting them right

and if you need some help and support, I'll be there.

If you enjoyed this lesson, make sure you give it a like,

subscribe to my channel so that you know

when the next lesson is going to be ready for you.

As I said, I will be adding more lessons

just like this, with the first, the third, mixed conditionals

as well. They're coming.

So I'm guessing that your grammar brain is a little

fried right now so if you're keen to keep practising

with me, let's try something a little lighter,

maybe some pronunciation perhaps.

Thanks for watching friends.

I will see soon. Bye!