Manyoshu Part One - Japan's oldest existing anthology of poetry 万葉集 1
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the 'Man'yōshū', Japan's oldest anthology of poetry, compiled over 1200 years ago. It features 4500 poems spanning 130 years, from various authors including emperors and commoners. The script explores the historical context, poetic forms like tanka, and highlights significant poets and their works. It also touches on societal norms of the time, such as polygamy and the role of women, offering a cultural snapshot of 7th to 8th century Japan.
Takeaways
- 📜 The Man'yōshū is Japan's oldest existing anthology of poetry, compiled over 1200 years ago, containing about 4500 poems.
- 📚 It spans a period of 130 years, from the early 7th to the mid-8th century, showcasing poems composed during this era.
- 🔡 The anthology features 98 hiragana and katakana letters, with poems written by applying Japanese words to kanji (Chinese characters).
- 🌿 The term 'Man'yōshū' literally means 'the collection of ten thousand leaves', symbolizing the collection of diverse poetic voices.
- 👥 Authors of the poems include emperors, aristocrats, officials, soldiers, and farmers, with about half being composed by unknown individuals.
- 🎎 The poetic forms are primarily tanka, with most written in a form called tanka oawaka, consisting of five lines with a pattern of 5-7-5-7-7 syllables.
- 🏰 The script provides insights into the political and social context of the time, including the rise of the Fujiwara clan and the challenges faced by the imperial family.
- 🌹 It highlights the life of Yamasuki no Yasiriko, a beautiful female official who became the wife of Fujiwara no Kamatari, and the tragic story of Prince Arima.
- 👵 Empress Jito, the 41st monarch of Japan, is featured, along with her contributions to the political landscape and her poetic talents.
- 📝 The script introduces various poets, such as Kakinomoto no Hitomaro and Yamabe no Akahito, who were renowned for their poetic prowess and cultural contributions.
- 🏞️ The anthology reflects the cultural and natural beauty of Japan, with poems describing landscapes, seasons, and the emotions of the people.
Q & A
What is the significance of the Mahiyoshi anthology in Japanese literature?
-The Mahiyoshi anthology, also known as the Manyoshu, is significant as it is Japan's oldest existing anthology of poetry, compiled over 1200 years ago. It contains about 4500 poems composed during a 130-year period from the early 7th to the middle of the 8th century, showcasing the early development of Japanese poetry and the cultural expressions of various social classes.
How many volumes and poems does the Mahiyoshi anthology consist of?
-The Mahiyoshi anthology consists of 20 volumes and contains approximately 4500 poems.
What writing system was used during the period when the Mahiyoshi anthology was compiled?
-During the period when the Mahiyoshi anthology was compiled, there were 98 hiragana and katakana letters, and the poems were written by applying Japanese words to kanji, which are Chinese characters.
What does 'Manyoshu' mean and what is its significance?
-Manyoshu literally means 'the collection of ten thousand leaves,' with 'yo' meaning leaves and 'shu' meaning collection. The term 'ten thousand leaves' also implies 'words,' signifying the vast collection of poems from various authors.
Who were the authors of the poems in the Mahiyoshi anthology?
-The authors of the poems in the Mahiyoshi anthology were people from all walks of life, including emperors, aristocrats, officials, soldiers, and farmers. About half of the poems are composed by unknown individuals.
What is the tanka oawaka and how is it structured?
-Tanka oawaka is a form of Japanese poetry, most commonly found in the Mahiyoshi anthology, structured with five lines consisting of five, seven, five, seven, and seven Japanese syllables respectively.
What are the three main categories the poems in the Mahiyoshi anthology are divided into?
-The poems in the Mahiyoshi anthology are divided into three main categories: love poems, elegies, and miscellaneous poems, reflecting the diverse themes and emotions expressed by the authors.
Why was Prince Sarima executed and what did he compose before his death?
-Prince Sarima was executed due to political disputes and the polygamy system that led to conflicts among the emperor's children and brothers. Before his execution, he composed a poem expressing his feelings during his journey to his cousin's place for questioning.
Who was Empress Jito and what role did she play in the history of Japan?
-Empress Jito was the 41st monarch of Japan and one of the eight women who took on the role of empress regnant. She was a daughter of Emperor Tenji and played a significant role in the political landscape by ascending to the throne after her husband's death and ruling until she passed the throne to her grandson.
What was the social status of Otomo no Yakamochi and how did it influence his poetry?
-Otomo no Yakamochi was born into the prestigious Otomo clan. His high social status allowed him to have a significant political career, which influenced his poetry, reflecting his experiences and the political conflicts of his time.
How did the capital's relocation during the period of the Mahiyoshi anthology affect the poetry?
-The capital's relocation more than 10 times during the period of the Mahiyoshi anthology's compilation influenced the poetry by exposing poets to different regions and cultures, which is reflected in their works. The longest-lasting capital, built in imitation of the Chinese capital, also influenced the poetic styles and themes.
Outlines
📜 Introduction to the Man'yoshu
The Man'yoshu, Japan's oldest existing anthology of poetry, was compiled around 1200 years ago. It spans a period of 130 years from the early 7th to the mid-8th century, containing approximately 4500 poems across 20 volumes. The poems are written using a combination of Chinese characters (kanji) and Japanese scripts (hiragana and katakana). The anthology is named 'Man'yoshu,' which translates to 'The Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves,' reflecting the diverse authors, including emperors, aristocrats, officials, soldiers, and commoners. The majority of the poems are in the tanka form, consisting of five lines with a syllable pattern of five-seven-five-seven-seven. The video promises to explore 15 key points about the Man'yoshu, providing insights into the poetic expressions of love, nature, and the lives of people during that era.
👑 Royal and Aristocratic Poems
This section delves into poems by members of the royal family and aristocracy. Fujiwara no Kamatari, a prominent figure who rose to power alongside Prince Nakano Oye, is highlighted for his polygamous marriage to the beautiful Yasumiko, a female official. Prince Arima, the tragic eldest son of an emperor, is noted for his poem composed en route to his execution due to political intrigue. Empress Jito, the 41st monarch of Japan and one of the few female rulers, is recognized for her significant role in the history of the imperial lineage. The section also features poems by her brother, Prince Ōkura, who was known for his cultural contributions and appreciation of nature, as well as by the renowned poet Ōtomo no Yakamochi, celebrated for his mastery in composing both long and short poems.
🏰 Life and Poetry in the Capital and Beyond
The script discusses the shifting of the capital more than ten times during the period of the Man'yoshu's compilation, with the longest-lasting capital being modeled after a Chinese city and now a UNESCO World Heritage site. Poems from people living far from the capital are mentioned, some of which were sung like folk songs. Yamabe no Akahito, a poet known for his travels and scenic poems, is featured, particularly for his work on Mount Fuji, which inspired later ukiyo-e artists. The section also covers poems by soldiers stationed in Kyushu to protect against foreign threats and their families, reflecting on the hardships of separation and the longing for home.
🌿 Nature, Politics, and the Compilation of the Man'yoshu
This part of the script focuses on the influence of nature on poetry and the political life of poets. It mentions the experiences of Yamanoue no Okura, who served as a government envoy to China and later as a governor, and his poetic contributions, including a humorous poem about leaving a banquet. It also touches on the life of Otomo no Tabito, an aristocrat, politician, and poet who formed a poetry circle and was known for his love of sake despite the Buddhist teachings of the time. The script concludes with a discussion of Otomo no Yakamochi, who is believed to have spent 26 years compiling the Man'yoshu, and his 'Three Poems of Spring Contemplation,' which are considered his masterpieces. The video ends by acknowledging the collaborative effort behind the compilation of the Man'yoshu, with a significant portion of the poems attributed to Yakamochi himself.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Mahiyoshi
💡Kanji
💡Tanka
💡Fujiwara no Kamatari
💡Prince Ōtomo
💡Empress Jitō
💡Aristocrats
💡Soldiers
💡Yamano Ason Okura
💡Otomo no Yakamochi
💡World Heritage Site
Highlights
Introduction to the Man'yoshu, Japan's oldest existing anthology of poetry.
The Man'yoshu contains approximately 4500 poems composed over 130 years.
Poems in the Man'yoshu are written using kanji with Japanese words applied to Chinese characters.
The name Man'yoshu literally means 'the collection of ten thousand leaves', symbolizing words.
The authors of the Man'yoshu include emperors, aristocrats, officials, soldiers, and farmers.
About half of the poems in the Man'yoshu are composed by unknown individuals.
The three main poetic forms in the Man'yoshu are tanka, choka, and sedoka.
Tanka, the most common form, consists of five lines with a 5-7-5-7-7 syllable pattern.
The Man'yoshu captures the essence of life in Japan during the 7th to 8th centuries.
Fujiwara no Kamatari's poem expressing joy and gratitude for marrying Yasumiko, a female official.
The tragic story of Prince Arima, who was executed at the age of 19 due to political disputes.
Empress Jito, one of eight women who took on the role of empress regent in Japan.
Princess Kibi, Empress Jito's brother, known for his appreciation of nature and cultural contributions.
Akahito, a poet renowned for his excellence in composing both long and short poems.
The Man'yoshu includes poems by soldiers stationed in Kyushu to protect against foreign threats.
The capital of Japan changed more than 10 times during the period of the Man'yoshu's compilation.
Yamanoue no Okura, a government official and poet who traveled to China and served as a tutor.
Otomo no Yakamochi, a poet and politician who formed a poetry circle and was known for his love of sake.
The Man'yoshu is believed to have been compiled into 20 volumes by Otomo no Yakamochi.
The Man'yoshu reflects the cultural and political landscape of Japan over 1200 years ago.
Transcripts
[Music]
hello everyone i'm mikoko
this time i'll introduce you to the
mahiyoshi
about
1200 years ago
japan's oldest existing anthology of
poetry was compiled
all the poems are composed during
130 years from the early 7th century to
the middle of the 8th century it
consists of 20 volumes and contains
about
4500 poems
in that period there are 98 hiragana and
katakana letters and the poems are
written by applying japanese words to
kanji that is chinese characters
[Music]
the anthologies called mai yoshu and is
written in kanji this way
mom means 10 000
yo means leaves
shu is collection
my yoshi literally means the collection
of ten thousand lives
this year also implies words
the authors of the poems are people from
all walks of life such as emperors
aristocrats officials soldiers farmers
and so on
and
about half of the poems of composed by
unknown people
the poems are composed in the three
types of the poetic forms and
most of them were written in a form
called tanka oawaka
tanka oawaka has five lines with
five seven five seven seven japanese
syllables
the poems are divided into the three
main categories
bunkers and trips rubbed between men and
women diesel people
through the video you'll appreciate 15
points and run what superior was like
i hope you'll enjoy it
in the middle of the 7th century
fujiwarano kamatari along with the
ground prince nakano oye to destroy one
powerful ground of that time and carry
out various political reforms
when the crown priest became emperor
kenji
the social status of kamatari
dramatically increased as a statesman
his descendants later became the most
powerful aristocrats in the aristocratic
age and even continue as prominent
families in the present
in his days polygamy the custom of
having more than one wife at the same
time was common
kamatari married a woman in addition to
his regular wife
among the female positions there are
female officials who were in the service
of the emperor specializing in meals and
other personal affairs
beautiful young women were assigned to
this duty
yasumiko was the most beautiful woman
among those female officials
it was impossible to marry these women
but kamatari was exceptionally allowed
by emperor tenji to take yasi nico as
his wife
on the occasion of his marriage to
yasumiko he composed a poem with great
joy and in gratitude for the emperor's
fable
[Music]
yasiriko
now i've got her yasumiko
no ma ever got her
yes
yasir miko
prince sarima was the earliest son of
the emperor
but a tragic prince
he was executed on the road at the age
of 19.
because of the polygamy system
each emperor had several wives and
disputes often aroused among the
children and brothers or who would
become the next temple
after his father's death prince arima
pretended to be crazy to avoid being
involved in political disputes among his
relatives
however he was accused of thinking about
reason
he was sent to his powerful cousin
prince nakano ore for questioning
a few days later after the severe
interrogation
he was executed by hanging
[Music]
on his way to be sent to his cousin's
place prince arima composed
now that i'm on my journey
they serve rice on the chin cupping
leaves
they will put in a bowl if i were home
empress jito is 41st monaco japan she
was a surge of eight women who took on
the role of empress regiment
she was a daughter of emperor tenji who
used to be prince nakano oye
she murdered her uncle who was her
father's younger matanel brother
when her father died her husband
defeated a new successor and ascended to
the throne
she became the empress
after her husband's death
she was succeeded on the throne
as her son died young she stayed as the
emperor's resident for 11 years until
she passed a throne to her 15 year old
grandson
[Music]
she composed a poem when seeing the hero
of kaggle
russia
amano kaguyama
spring has passed and summer seems to
have arrived
robes of white cross flattering in the
air on heavenly hill of kaguya
princiki was born to the same parents as
empress jito he was her younger brother
by staying out of political conflicts he
was able to live his whole life as a man
of culture
although his social status was low for
the rest of his life
he has an excellent appreciation of
nature
and one of his poems has been included
in japanese junior high school textbook
this is the one
savarabino
narini
by a waterfall with spring splashing
down rocks
black influence sprouts happy schooling
has come
[Music]
was a poet employed by the code and was
considered the greatest point of the
mine yoshi
he was excellent in composing both long
and short poems
he has been known as change of poetry
for generations to come
one day stomaro followed the crown
prince on a hunting trip
this is the same field that he had once
visited with the father of the prince
who was the son of empress jitto and
died young
the crown prince was a grandson of
empress jitto
tomorrow was deeply removed and composed
several poems
this poem is one of them
[Music]
in the west
the next is his unique poem
dear fellows born after me
never tried to go on such path of love
as i did
[Music]
moza and kahu buddhiosis of my yoshi
were unknown people and many of them
were related to soldiers
those soldiers were stationed in
present-day skuoka and some other areas
in kyushu island to protect the borders
against japan's surrounding countries
this service was a kind of tax and
conducted on a rotating basis every
three years
they are sent along away from their
families
[Music]
the wife of a soldier serving in the
military composer poem
[Music]
i feel so envious
of people asking at least
whose husband is going as a soldier
the next is the poem by a soldier whose
name is recorded
[Music]
i left behind
my children crying and clinging to my
uniform
their mother is gone
life expectancy was shown at that time
and there are a few cases where both
spouses could live a long life an
ornament who had lost his wife composed
a poem in envy of a man who still lived
with his wife even though their hair
turned white
saki
to hear the voice of his old wife
until his black hill
turned white
during 130 years when the poems in the
mayashi were composed
the capital has changed more than 10
places mostly in present nara prefecture
the longest lasting capital was built in
imitation of the chinese capital of that
time
it is now registered as a world heritage
site
people living in this far away from the
capital also composed poems
people sang some of these poems like
folk songs
i'll show you wrong with them
[Music]
in shinano district if you stepped on
them i'll collect like jewels
[Music]
yamabeno akashito traveled extensively
and left behind many poems in addition
to writing poems rewarding journeys with
the emperor as a coach poet
he was excellent in scenic poems and
described nato in the brain manner
along with hitomaro akahito has also
been hiding esteemed
his poem about mount fuji seeing across
tagobay became a popular view and in
later years many ukio artists such as
hoksai hiroshige and kunyoshi painted
pictures on this scene
coming out on the bay of tago
pure white and glittering the lofty peak
of mount fuji crowned with snow
[Music]
in his 40s yamano renault okura was
selected as a member of the government
mission sent to the coach of china
he studied there for a few years and
this experience enhanced his reputation
as a scholar of chinese
after returning to japan he was
appointed as tutor to the crown prince
at the age of 67 he was appointed
governor of one province in northern
kyushu island
there he joined the literary cycle of
otto mono tabito
tabito was also an excellent poet and he
was serving as governor general of the
nearby province at that time
when leaving the banquet midway
okra composed a humorous poem as an
excuse to live
he was about 70 years old at that time
okurarawa
imawa makarang konakurang
[Music]
my children must be crying
and their mother is surely waiting for
me
the next poem like the previous one is
also a famous work by okura
shiroganemo kunganemo tamamo nani
no matter how precious
silver gold or jewels
no treasuries compared to a child
automono tabito was contemporary with
kakino motono stomaro yamabeno akashito
and yabanoviano okura he was born into
the prestigious ottomokulang
he was an aristocrat politician and a
poet but he was not successful in the
imperial court
he spent five years serving as the
governor general of one province in
kyushu island
there he formed a poetry circle with
yamano reno okura and composed many
poems
his set of 13 poems in place of sake
rico
indicates that he was a great rabble of
sake
at that time the teachings of buddhism
were widespread and drinking sake was
discouraged
it was believed that if one broke the
road one will be reborn as a non-human
creature in the next life
shortly after moving to his new post in
kyushu
he lost his wife
in his grief he composed a poem
whatever i'm okay
if my life this time is fun
i don't care
if i become a back or about
in my next life
automono yakamoti was born as a son of
ottoman tabito
his father and aunt were great poets and
under their influence
his poems were recorded since he was in
his teens
like his grandfather and father yakamoto
was a well-known politician
he served as a provincial governor in
several regions
as he came from a prestigious family he
had to be involved in several political
conflicts and his life was a two
militias one of repeated transfers and
promotions
the poem he composed in 759
was the last in the mine yoshi and his
poems has not been recorded since
it is believed that he spent 26 years
before his death compiling the mayan
yoshi
originally mayo poems were written to be
recited around
yakamoto composed what is known as the
three poems of spring contemplation at
the age of 36.
these three poems are considered to be
his masterpieces
this is one of them
[Music]
over the springfield
trees are missed
and my heart is running
in this fading evening right
abuse roblox things
although the details on how my yoshi had
been compiled and formed are not known
is certain that it was not compiled by a
single person
is believed that my yoshi was finally
compiled into 20 volumes by ottoman
yakamoti through a complex process
involving the hands of several editors
one big reason is because 10 percent of
all tanka or waka poems in the my yoshi
were composed by yaka mochi
this is the end of my yoshi part 1.
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