60 TAHUN NGOTOT MERDEKA‼️INI SEJARAH ORGANISASI PAPUA MERDEKA (OPM) PENENTANG INDONESIA 1963-2023

Viktor Sinlae

9 May 202318:40

Summary

TLDRThis video script delves into the historical and ongoing struggle for independence in Papua, Indonesia. It covers the formation of the Free Papua Movement (OPM) and its armed wing, KKB, detailing their efforts to separate from Indonesia since the 1960s. The script outlines key events, including the New York Agreement, the Act of Free Choice (Peppera), and the international response to the movement. It also discusses the Indonesian government's strategies to address the conflict, such as granting special autonomy and development initiatives. Despite these measures, the OPM continues its campaign, leading to ongoing tensions and violence in the region.

Takeaways

🏳️‍🌈 The script discusses the origins of the Free Papua Movement (OPM), which seeks independence from Indonesia and was established in Papua or Irian Jaya.
🗓️ Indonesia declared independence on August 17, 1945, after Japan's defeat in World War II, but Papua remained under Dutch control until the 1960s.
🏛️ The New York Agreement in 1962 facilitated the transfer of administration of West Papua from the Netherlands to Indonesia, which was met with mixed reactions from local Papuans.
📊 The Act of Free Choice (Pepera) in 1969 was a process to determine the status of West Papua, which resulted in a majority voting to join Indonesia, a decision that has been criticized for its lack of democratic representation.
🔥 The OPM has used both peaceful and violent means to advocate for independence, including attacks on infrastructure and clashes with Indonesian forces.
🛑 International support for the OPM has varied, with some countries and organizations providing moral support or advocating for the Papuan cause.
🔗 The script mentions internal conflicts within the OPM, leading to factions and a shift in strategies over time, including a focus on diplomatic efforts for international recognition.
🏗️ Despite Indonesia's efforts to develop Papua through significant investments and special autonomy, the OPM continues to resist, indicating that development alone has not resolved the underlying political issues.
🚨 The Indonesian government has labeled the actions of the OPM as terrorist activities, reflecting a hardening stance against the movement.
✈️ The script recounts specific incidents of violence, such as attacks on civilian aircraft and infrastructure, highlighting the ongoing conflict and its impact on civilians and the state.

Q & A

What is the goal of the Free Papua Movement (KKB)?
-The goal of the Free Papua Movement (KKB) is to achieve independence from the Republic of Indonesia.
When was the independence of Indonesia declared and by whom?
-The independence of Indonesia was declared on August 17, 1945 by Sukarno, after Japan's defeat in World War II.
Why did Papua, or West Papua, remain under Dutch control after the declaration of Indonesian independence?
-Papua, or West Papua, remained under Dutch control because it was still considered a Dutch colony, and the Netherlands did not relinquish control until later.
What is the significance of the New York Agreement in the context of West Papua?
-The New York Agreement was a treaty signed by the Netherlands, Indonesia, and the United Nations that facilitated the transfer of West Papua from Dutch to Indonesian administration.
What was the outcome of the Act of Free Choice (Pepera) in 1969 for West Papua?
-The Act of Free Choice (Pepera) resulted in a majority of selected participants voting to join Indonesia, which was then accepted by the United Nations.
When was the Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) established and what does it stand for?
-The Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) was established on December 1, 1963. It stands for the Free Papua Movement, advocating for West Papua's independence.
How did the OPM's approach to achieving independence evolve over time?
-Initially, the OPM was non-violent and cooperative with the Indonesian government. However, it later adopted a more militant approach, with some factions engaging in armed struggle and acts of violence.
What was the impact of the OPM's actions on the Freeport mine in the 1970s?
-The OPM's actions against the Freeport mine in the 1970s included sabotage, such as cutting pipelines and disrupting operations, which caused significant damage and financial loss to the company.
What is the current status of the OPM and its activities?
-The OPM continues to exist with various factions, some of which are more militant. They have been involved in various acts of resistance and have been designated as terrorist organizations by the Indonesian government.
How has the Indonesian government responded to the OPM's activities?
-The Indonesian government has responded with military and police actions to counter the OPM's activities, leading to a long-standing conflict and human rights concerns in the region.
What are some of the recent developments or incidents involving the OPM?
-Recent developments include the formation of new pro-independence groups and incidents such as attacks on infrastructure and civilians, as well as ongoing attempts at dialogue and negotiation.

Outlines

00:00

🏳️ The Struggle for Independence in Papua

This paragraph discusses the historical context and the beginning of the independence movement in Papua. It starts with the formation of the armed separatist movement known as KKB, which aimed to separate from the Republic of Indonesia. The paragraph then delves into the history of Indonesia's declaration of independence, the situation of Papua under Dutch and Australian control, and the subsequent political developments leading to the formation of the Dewan Papua. It also covers the New York Agreement, the integration of Papua into Indonesia, and the rise of the Free Papua Movement in response to Indonesian military control.

05:02

🔥 The Emergence and Evolution of the OPM

The second paragraph focuses on the spiritual cargo movement in Papua, which combined traditional beliefs with Christianity. It discusses the formation of the OPM (Organisasi Papua Merdeka) and its various factions under different leaders. The paragraph details the OPM's non-violent and violent approaches to achieving independence, the impact of internal conflicts, and international support. It also covers the Act of Free Choice (Pepera), the declaration of independence by Papua, and the subsequent actions of the OPM, including attacks on the Freeport mine and the division of the movement into different factions.

10:04

🚔 Conflicts and Attacks by the OPM

This paragraph highlights the various attacks and conflicts initiated by the OPM against Indonesian forces and businesses, particularly targeting the Freeport mine. It discusses the OPM's attempts to gain international recognition and support, the impact of Indonesian military operations on the movement, and the internal divisions within the OPM. The paragraph also covers specific incidents such as the kidnapping of a Susi Air pilot and the increasing organization of the OPM's actions, leading to a rise in violence and terrorism accusations.

15:08

🌐 The Ongoing Struggle and Indonesian Response

The final paragraph discusses the current state of the OPM and the Indonesian government's response to the ongoing struggle for independence in Papua. It covers the mapping of various OPM groups, the Indonesian government's policies of special autonomy and development investments in Papua, and the accusations of terrorism against the OPM. The paragraph also touches on the historical context of the conflict, including the role of the Dutch and the formation of the OPM, and concludes with a call to action for viewers to engage with the content through likes and comments.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Papua Merdeka

Papua Merdeka, which translates to 'Free Papua,' is a concept central to the video's theme. It refers to the independence movement advocating for the self-determination of the Papua region, previously known as Irian Jaya or West Papua, from Indonesia. The video discusses various groups and events related to this movement, including the formation of the Free Papua Movement (OPM) and the declaration of independence in 1971.

💡OPM (Organisasi Papua Merdeka)

The OPM, or Free Papua Movement, is a key player in the narrative of the video. It is a separatist movement that seeks to establish an independent state of Papua. The video mentions the OPM's formation in 1963 and its various factions, including the spiritual movement combining indigenous beliefs and Christianity, as well as its armed struggle against Indonesian rule.

💡KKB (Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata)

KKB stands for Armed Criminal Group, which in the context of the video, refers to various factions within the Papuan independence movement that have engaged in armed struggle. The video discusses how these groups have been involved in violent actions against Indonesian forces and civilians, leading to a complex and ongoing conflict.

💡Trikor (Trikora)

Trikor, or the Three Armed Forces Command, was a military initiative by the Indonesian President Soekarno in 1961. It aimed to reclaim West Papua from Dutch control. The video mentions this as a significant historical event that led to further tensions and the eventual integration of Papua into Indonesia.

💡New York Agreement

The New York Agreement was a treaty signed in 1962 between Indonesia, the Netherlands, and the United Nations, which facilitated the transfer of West Papua to Indonesia. The video discusses how this agreement was perceived by some Papuans as not involving their input, leading to continued calls for independence.

💡Act of Free Choice (Pepera)

The Act of Free Choice, or Pepera, was a process in 1969 where a selected group of Papuans voted on whether to join Indonesia or remain independent. The video highlights the controversy surrounding this process, with claims that it was not truly representative of the Papuan people's will.

💡Freeport

Freeport refers to the Freeport-McMoRan mine, a large gold and copper mine in Papua. The video discusses how the OPM has targeted Freeport in various attacks, viewing it as a symbol of Indonesian control and exploitation of Papua's resources.

💡Otonomi Khusus

Otonomi Khusus, or Special Autonomy, is a policy implemented by Indonesia to grant greater autonomy to the Papua region. The video mentions how this policy has been part of Indonesia's approach to addressing grievances in Papua, though it is also noted that it has not fully resolved the conflict.

💡TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia)

TNI stands for the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The video discusses the role of TNI in maintaining control over Papua and its response to the independence movements and acts of violence by groups like the OPM and KKB.

💡Papuan Spring

The term 'Papuan Spring' is used in the video to describe a period of increased activism and calls for independence in Papua. It is characterized by organized protests and a push for greater recognition of Papuan rights and self-determination.

💡Indonesianization

Indonesianization refers to the process of promoting migration from other parts of Indonesia to Papua, with the aim of changing the demographic balance in the region. The video touches on how this policy has been a point of contention, as it is seen by some Papuans as a means to dilute their cultural identity and strengthen Indonesian control.

Highlights

The conflict in West Papua has been ongoing, with the Free Papua Movement (OPM) seeking independence from Indonesia.

The formation of the OPM in the 1960s as an armed separatist movement with the goal of liberating West Papua from the Republic of Indonesia.

The historical context of West Papua's struggle for independence, including the Dutch colonial rule and the involvement of Australian and American forces during World War II.

The political awakening of the Papuan people leading to the establishment of the Papuan Council and the declaration of West Papua as a separate entity.

The role of the New York Agreement in the transfer of West Papua from Dutch control to Indonesia, and the subsequent integration into Indonesia.

The Act of Free Choice (Pepera) in 1969, which was a controversial process where a selected group voted for integration with Indonesia.

The international response to West Papua's struggle, including support from various countries and international organizations.

The internal conflicts and divisions within the OPM, leading to different factions with varying approaches to the independence movement.

The impact of the OPM's actions on local businesses, such as the Freeport mine, and the subsequent military responses from Indonesia.

The evolution of the OPM's tactics, from armed resistance to diplomatic efforts to gain international recognition.

The role of key figures within the OPM, including their influence on the movement's direction and strategies.

The Indonesian government's response to the OPM, including military operations and the granting of special autonomy to Papua.

The challenges faced by the Papuan people, including human rights issues and the impact of development projects on local communities.

The ongoing violence and terrorism accusations against the OPM, and the resulting human and property losses.

The efforts of the Indonesian government to address the situation in Papua through development and infrastructure projects.

The current status of the OPM and its various factions, as well as the Indonesian military's efforts to maintain control and security in the region.