Frankreich wird zur Republik I Französische Revolution I musstewissen Geschichte

MrWissen2go Geschichte | Terra X

3 Aug 201707:25

Summary

TLDRThis video delves into the aftermath of the initial stages of the French Revolution, highlighting the collapse of the old order and the signing of a constitution by King Louis XVI that limited his power. It discusses the abolition of the feudal system, the loss of privileges by the nobility and clergy, and the declaration of human and civil rights. The video also addresses the limitations of the constitution, with political participation and voting rights not extended to all, particularly the poor and women. It further explores the radical revolutionaries, known as the Sansculottes, who demanded the revolution continue for true equality. The narrative includes the king's failed escape, the growing unrest due to food shortages, and the international response to the revolution, leading to war. The video concludes with the king's eventual abdication, the establishment of the First French Republic, and the execution of Louis XVI, setting the stage for further radicalization of the revolution.

Takeaways

🏛️ The French Revolution continued to transform society after its initial upheavals, with significant consequences for the established order.
🤴 The old order collapsed, forcing King Louis XVI to sign a constitution that limited his power, marking the end of absolute monarchy.
🛡️ The feudal system was abolished, and the privileges of the nobility and clergy were revoked, leading to the proclamation of human and civil rights.
🗳️ The National Assembly passed a constitution to establish the separation of powers, with laws made by the assembly and enforced by the king's government.
🏠 Church property was nationalized, and a National Guard under parliamentary command was established, further reducing the power of the aristocracy.
📊 The constitution introduced a property-based voting system, known as the 'census vote,' which excluded the majority of the population, including over 20 million peasants and the poor.
👥 The sans-culottes, radical revolutionaries from the lower classes, demanded that the revolution continue until all citizens were truly free and equal.
👮‍♂️ The revolution faced opposition from thousands of fleeing nobles and King Louis XVI, who sought to restore the old order and their privileges.
🚶‍♂️ King Louis XVI attempted to flee to join the émigrés and raise an army to reclaim power, but he was discovered and brought back to Paris as a prisoner.
⚔️ European monarchies, particularly Austria and Prussia, fearing the spread of revolution, sought to militarily defeat France and restore the old order.
🗽 The National Convention, influenced by the radical Jacobins, declared war on Austria and later established France as a republic, with all citizens allowed to vote.
🗡️ Maximilien de Robespierre, a leading Jacobin, advocated for the execution of the king, arguing 'Louis must die so that the fatherland may live,' leading to Louis XVI's beheading on January 21, 1793.

Q & A

What significant event marked the beginning of the French Revolution?
-The beginning of the French Revolution was marked by the collapse of the old order, with the king being forced to sign a constitution that limited his power, the abolition of the feudal system, and the declaration of human and civil rights.
What was the main goal of the constitution passed by the National Assembly?
-The main goal of the constitution was to limit the absolute power of the king, ensuring that the king and his government had to implement laws made by the National Assembly, thus implementing the separation of powers as demanded during the Enlightenment.
How did the French Revolution affect the nobility and clergy?
-The French Revolution led to the abolition of the feudal system, causing the nobility and clergy to lose their special rights and privileges. The church's property was confiscated, and a national guard under the command of the parliament was established.
What is the meaning of the term 'Sansculottes'?
-The term 'Sansculottes' literally means 'people without knee breeches'. It refers to the lower class who wore long trousers as a distinction from the nobility and the wealthy bourgeoisie who wore stylish knee breeches.
What was the 'Zensuswahlrecht' and how did it limit political participation?
-The 'Zensuswahlrecht' was a form of suffrage that required individuals to have a minimum wealth to be eligible to vote. It excluded many people, including the poor, wage earners, and women, from participating in the political process.
Why did radical revolutionaries, the Sansculottes, believe the revolution needed to continue?
-The radical revolutionaries, or Sansculottes, believed the revolution needed to continue until all citizens were truly free and equal, as they felt the initial changes did not address the needs and rights of the poor, including over 20 million peasants and laborers.
What was King Louis XVI's failed attempt and its consequences?
-King Louis XVI attempted to flee in disguise to join the exiled nobles and form an army to reclaim France. However, he was discovered and brought back to Paris as a prisoner, which further damaged his reputation and led to increased radicalization against the monarchy.
How did the European monarchies react to the French Revolution?
-European monarchies, particularly in Prussia and Austria, feared the spread of revolutionary ideas to their own countries. They sought to militarily defeat revolutionary France and restore the old order.
What was the significance of the National Convention and the role of the Jacobins?
-The National Convention was significant as it represented the first time in centuries that France was a republic, with power held by the people or their elected government. The Jacobins, radical supporters of the revolution, were particularly influential in this new parliament, with Maximilien de Robespierre being one of the most powerful leaders.
Why was King Louis XVI executed?
-King Louis XVI was executed because the National Convention, influenced by the Jacobins and their radical views, believed that his death was necessary for the survival of the fatherland and the revolution.
What was the impact of the French Revolution on the rest of Europe?
-The French Revolution had a profound impact on the rest of Europe, causing fear among monarchs and leading to military conflicts as European powers attempted to suppress the revolutionary ideas and restore the old order.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ The Early Stages of the French Revolution

This paragraph discusses the initial upheavals of the French Revolution, which drastically changed the social and political landscape of France. The old order collapses, leading to the king signing a constitution that limits his power, the abolition of the feudal system, and the proclamation of human and civil rights with the motto 'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity'. However, the revolution is not entirely complete, as the National Assembly's constitution still excludes a large portion of the population from political participation, such as the poor and women, and the privileges of the nobility are only abolished on paper. The radical revolutionaries, known as Sansculottes, demand further progress towards true equality and freedom for all citizens.

05:01

🗡️ The Escalation and International Consequences of the French Revolution

The second paragraph delves into the escalating tensions and international implications of the French Revolution. As the revolution progresses, it faces opposition from both internal and external forces. European monarchies, particularly Prussia and Austria, fear the spread of revolutionary ideas and seek to militarily defeat France to restore the old order. France declares war on Austria, and the newly formed National Guard struggles against professional armies, leading to several defeats. The king's flight and subsequent capture intensify the public's anger towards him, and radical revolutionaries capitalize on this sentiment to push for the abolition of the monarchy. The National Convention, influenced by the radical Jacobins and their leader Maximilien de Robespierre, eventually votes to execute the king, marking a significant and radical turn in the revolution. The establishment of the French Republic and the subsequent execution of Louis XVI signal a profound shift in French governance, with the people, or their elected representatives, now holding power.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡French Revolution

The French Revolution refers to the period of radical social and political change in France from 1789 to 1799, which marked the decline of powerful monarchies and the rise of democracy and secularism. In the video, the French Revolution is the central theme, detailing its progression from the collapse of the old order to the establishment of a republic and the radicalization of the revolution.

💡Constitution

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. In the context of the video, the French Revolution led to the creation of a new constitution that limited the power of the king and established the principle of the separation of powers, which was a significant step in the revolution.

💡Feudal System

The feudal system was a hierarchical system of land tenure and land use widespread in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held land from the crown and knights or serfs, in return for military or labor services. The script mentions the abolition of the feudal system during the French Revolution, which removed the privileges of the nobility and clergy.

💡Human Rights

Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled. The video discusses the proclamation of human and civil rights during the French Revolution, emphasizing the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity that were central to the revolution's ideology.

💡National Assembly

The National Assembly was the revolutionary assembly in France during the French Revolution, which was responsible for drafting the new constitution and making laws. The script refers to the National Assembly as the body that passed the constitution and implemented the separation of powers, a key development in the revolution.

💡Sansculottes

Sansculottes were the radical, lower-class revolutionaries during the French Revolution, known for their opposition to the monarchy and aristocracy. The term literally means 'without breeches' and is used in the video to describe those who wore long trousers as opposed to the knee breeches worn by the nobility, symbolizing their social and political stance.

💡Census Suffrage

Census suffrage is a form of electoral system where the right to vote is based on property ownership or wealth. In the video, the new constitution's implementation of census suffrage is highlighted, which limited political participation to those with a minimum amount of wealth, excluding the majority of the population, including women and the poor.

💡National Guard

The National Guard was a military force created during the French Revolution, initially composed of volunteers and later becoming a more formalized army. The script mentions the establishment of a National Guard under the command of the parliament, which was part of the new security measures following the revolution.

💡Radical Revolutionaries

Radical revolutionaries are individuals who advocate for the most extreme changes during a revolution. In the video, radical revolutionaries push for the continuation of the revolution to ensure true equality and freedom for all citizens, as they believe the initial changes did not go far enough.

💡Republic

A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a 'public matter' and the head of state is an elected or nominated president rather than a hereditary monarch. The video describes the transition of France from a monarchy to a republic, with the people or their elected representatives holding power.

💡Jacobins

The Jacobins were a political group during the French Revolution known for their radical views and strong support for the revolution. In the script, the Jacobins are influential in the National Convention and advocate for the execution of King Louis XVI, illustrating their commitment to the revolutionary cause.

Highlights

The French Revolution continued to unfold after its initial transformative steps, with significant and bloody consequences.

The old order collapsed at the beginning of the French Revolution, leading to the king signing a constitution that limited his power.

The feudal system was abolished, and the privileges of the nobility and clergy were revoked.

Human and civil rights were proclaimed, with the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity gaining momentum.

The National Assembly passed a constitution aimed at curbing the absolute power of the king, implementing the separation of powers as demanded during the Enlightenment.

People were now allowed to pursue the professions they desired, and church property was confiscated.

A national guard under the command of the parliament was established, and noble privileges were abolished.

The constitution excluded over 20 million peasants and laborers, as political participation and the right to vote were not granted to all.

The constitution defined who could be an active citizen and vote, setting criteria that excluded many due to property and tax requirements.

The majority of people in France were too poor to vote, and women were excluded from the electoral process.

Radical revolutionaries, known as Sansculottes, demanded the revolution to continue until all citizens were truly free and equal.

Sansculottes described themselves as those who walk on foot, own no millions, no castles, and have no servants, always ready to fight the revolution's enemies.

The term 'Sansculottes' literally means 'people without knee breeches,' signifying the lower class's distinction from the nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie.

The revolution faced pressure from thousands of nobles and the king, who wanted to revoke the new constitution and restore the old order.

King Louis XVI attempted to flee, disguised as a valet, to join the exiled nobles and raise an army to reclaim France.

The king was discovered and brought back to Paris as a prisoner, leading to further unrest and the radical revolutionaries' push to abolish the monarchy.

The National Assembly forced the king to swear an oath to the new constitution, effectively agreeing to his disempowerment.

France faced external threats as rulers across Europe, particularly in Prussia and Austria, feared revolutionary ideas spreading and sought to militarily defeat France.

The National Assembly declared war on Austria, with Prussia and Great Britain siding with Austria, leading to several defeats for the French National Guard.

The invasion by foreign forces intensified anger towards the king, who was seen as hoping for the success of the revolution's enemies.

Parisians stormed the palace, and the king was captured and brought to the National Assembly, leading to his eventual abdication and the end of the monarchy.

For the first time in centuries, France became a republic, with power held by the people or their elected government, and new elections were held allowing all citizens to vote.

The Jacobins, radical supporters of the revolution, became influential in the National Convention, with Maximilien de Robespierre emerging as a powerful leader.

Robespierre proposed and the National Convention narrowly voted to sentence the former king to death, leading to his execution by guillotine on January 21, 1793.

The execution of Louis XVI was not the end, as the Jacobins feared the revolution's failure and continued radicalization.