B Vitamins: Everything You Need to Know!
Summary
TLDRThis video from Learn with Med Nuggets dives into the world of vitamin B, covering the eight types of B vitamins essential for energy production and metabolism. It discusses the signs and symptoms of various B vitamin deficiencies, including beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy for B1, cheilosis and corneal vascularization for B2, and megaloblastic anemia for B9 and B12. The video also provides mnemonics to remember these conditions and emphasizes the importance of proper intake and absorption, highlighting the impact of diet, alcohol, and certain medical conditions on B vitamin levels.
Takeaways
- 🌟 There are eight types of vitamin B, each playing a crucial role in energy production, metabolism, and maintaining healthy skin, hair, eyes, liver, and nervous system function.
- 🍻 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency can be caused by heavy drinking, malabsorption syndromes, and conditions like anorexia nervosa or bariatric surgery, and is crucial to prevent Wernicke encephalopathy in malnourished patients.
- 🚑 Beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy are significant conditions resulting from B1 deficiency, with the latter presenting a triad of confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia.
- 🍫 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency can lead to cheilosis and corneal vascularization, memorable with the mnemonic 'two C's of B2'.
- 🥃 Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency can be caused by heavy drinking, Hartnup disease, and carcinoid syndrome, and is characterized by the mnemonic '3Ds of B3' (diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis).
- 🔢 Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) is associated with a rare deficiency that can cause adrenal insufficiency, enteritis, alopecia, and dermatitis, with a mnemonic involving the shape of a pentagon.
- 💊 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency can be caused by drugs like isoniazid and can lead to sideroblastic anemia and irreversible peripheral neuropathy, requiring supplementation when treating tuberculosis.
- 🥚 Biotin (Vitamin B7) deficiency is extremely rare, often linked to raw egg whites consumption or antibiotic use, disrupting biotin absorption or production.
- 🥦 Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency is common in malnutrition and malabsorption syndromes affecting the jejunum, crucial for DNA synthesis and linked to megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects in babies.
- 🥩 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamine) deficiency is more common in vegetarians due to its presence in animal products and is essential for nervous system myelination and red blood cell formation, leading to megaloblastic anemia and subacute combined degeneration.
- 🚫 Conditions like pernicious anemia, gastrectomy, and diseases affecting the terminal ileum can cause B12 malabsorption, while increased demand during pregnancy or diseases like leukemia can lead to deficiency.
Q & A
How many types of vitamin B are there and what are their common names?
-There are eight types of vitamin B. They are known as vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folic acid), and B12 (cobalamine).
What is the primary function of B vitamins in the body?
-B vitamins help the body convert carbohydrates into glucose for energy, and they also aid in the metabolism of fats and proteins.
What are some of the health benefits of B complex vitamins?
-B complex vitamins are essential for healthy skin, hair, eyes, liver function, and for maintaining good brain and nervous system functioning.
What are the conditions that can cause vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency?
-Vitamin B1 deficiency can be caused by heavy drinking, malabsorption syndromes, diarrhea, prolonged vomiting, and bariatric surgery which bypasses the duodenum where B1 is absorbed.
Why is it important to administer thiamine before dextrose in malnourished or alcohol-dependent patients?
-Administering thiamine before dextrose in these patients is crucial to prevent the development of Wernicke encephalopathy, a severe neurological condition.
What are the two forms of beriberi and what are their main symptoms?
-Beriberi comes in two forms: dry beriberi, which can lead to symmetrical peripheral neuropathy, and wet beriberi, which can cause high output heart failure.
What mnemonic can be used to remember the clinical features of vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency?
-The mnemonic for the clinical features of vitamin B3 deficiency is the '3Ds of B3': diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis.
How can one remember that pantothenic acid refers to vitamin B5?
-One can remember pantothenic acid as vitamin B5 by associating the word 'pantothenic' with a pentagon, which has five sides, just like the number 5.
What are the consequences of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency?
-Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to sideroblastic anemia and peripheral neuropathy, which can sometimes be irreversible.
What is the primary cause of vitamin B12 (cobalamine) deficiency in vegetarians?
-Vitamin B12 is found almost exclusively in animal products, so vegetarians are more susceptible to B12 deficiency due to the lack of dietary sources.
How can one differentiate between megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency and that caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
-B9 deficiency is not associated with neurological symptoms, and the methylmalonic acid level is normal, unlike in B12 deficiency where the levels are high.
Outlines
🥗 Understanding Vitamin B Complex and Deficiencies
This paragraph introduces the B vitamin complex, emphasizing its role in converting carbohydrates to glucose for energy and its importance for healthy skin, hair, eyes, liver, and nervous system functioning. It outlines the eight types of vitamin B, including their common names and functions. The paragraph also delves into the causes and symptoms of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency, such as beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy, and highlights the clinical importance of administering thiamine before dextrose in malnourished or alcohol-dependent patients to prevent Wernicke encephalopathy.
🍫 Exploring Deficiencies of Vitamins B2, B3, and B5
This section discusses the causes and effects of deficiencies in vitamins B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), and B5 (pantothenic acid). It explains how heavy drinking, malabsorption syndromes, and certain diseases can lead to these deficiencies. The paragraph uses mnemonics like 'the two C's of B2' for cheilitis and corneal vascularization, and '3Ds of B3' for diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis to help remember the symptoms. It also touches on the role of vitamin B6 as a cofactor in synthesizing niacin from tryptophan and the potential for drug-induced deficiencies.
🌿 Vitamin B6, B7, B9, and B12: Roles and Deficiency Symptoms
The final paragraph covers the roles of vitamins B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamine), and the symptoms associated with their deficiencies. It explains how certain drugs, malnutrition, and malabsorption can lead to these deficiencies and the importance of vitamin B9 in DNA synthesis and preventing neural tube defects in babies. The paragraph also describes the neurological condition subacute combined degeneration caused by vitamin B12 deficiency and how to differentiate between B9 and B12 deficiency-related anemia. It concludes with a reminder of the importance of vitamin B12 in the body's stores and the long time it takes for a deficiency to develop.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Vitamin B
💡Deficiency
💡Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
💡Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
💡Niacin (Vitamin B3)
💡Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
💡Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
💡Biotin (Vitamin B7)
💡Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
💡Cobalamine (Vitamin B12)
💡Mnemonics
Highlights
There are eight types of vitamin B, each with specific roles in the body's energy conversion and metabolism.
Vitamin B complex is essential for healthy skin, hair, eyes, liver, and brain and nervous system functioning.
Vitamin B1 deficiency can be caused by heavy drinking, malabsorption syndromes, and bariatric surgery.
Administering thiamine before dextrose in malnourished or alcohol-dependent patients prevents Wernicke encephalopathy.
Beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy are significant conditions resulting from vitamin B1 deficiency.
Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, deficiency can cause cheilitis and corneal vascularization.
Vitamin B3, or niacin, deficiency can be caused by heavy drinking and conditions affecting tryptophan levels.
The 3Ds of B3 (diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis) are clinical features of vitamin B3 deficiency.
Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, deficiency can lead to adrenal insufficiency, enteritis, alopecia, and dermatitis.
Vitamin B6, or pyridoxine, deficiency can cause sideroblastic anemia and peripheral neuropathy.
When treating tuberculosis with isoniazid, co-administer pyridoxine to prevent peripheral neuropathy.
Vitamin B7, or biotin, deficiency is rare but can be caused by excessive raw egg white consumption or antibiotic use.
Vitamin B9, or folate, deficiency is common in malnutrition and can be caused by malabsorption syndromes.
Folate deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects in babies.
Vitamin B12, or cobalamine, deficiency is more common in vegetarians and can cause megaloblastic anemia and subacute combined degeneration.
Pernicious anemia, gastrectomy, and diseases of the terminal ileum can cause vitamin B12 malabsorption.
Drugs like metformin can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency.
Differentiating B9 and B12 deficiency involves assessing for neurological symptoms and methylmalonic acid levels.
Vitamin B12 deficiency takes longer to develop than B9 deficiency due to larger body stores.
Transcripts
welcome back to learn with Med nuggets
in this video we will discuss everything
you need to know about vitamin B
including signs and symptoms that can be
caused by different types of vitamin B
deficiencies and some mnemonics to help
you easily remember them
there are eight types of vitamin B
vitamin B1 also known as thymine B2 also
called riboflavin B3 niacin
B5 pantothenic acid
B6 pyridoxine
B7 biotin
B9 folic acid
and B12 cobalamine
all B vitamins help our body convert
carbohydrates to glucose for energy
they also help to metabolize fats and
proteins
B complex vitamins are required for a
healthy skin hair eyes liver and also
for good brain and nervous system
functioning
now let's move on to the courses and
signs and symptoms of the different
types of vitamin B deficiencies
vitamin B1 deficiency can be caused by
heavy drinking research over the past 30
years has identified that this might be
due to inadequate nutritional intake in
Alcoholics and due to alcohol's effect
on thymine uptake and function
malabsorption syndromes
diarrhea
prolonged vomiting commonly seen in
patients with anorexia nervosa or
hyperemesis gravidarum and bariatric
surgery because the duodenum which is
the place at which vitamin B1 absorption
takes place is bypassed in the new root
of the GI tract created by bariatric
surgery therefore this will lead to lack
of absorption of vitamin B1
an important clinical and board exam
point you must remember is that in
malnourished or alcohol dependent
patients you must always give thiamine
before dextrose to prevent the patient
from developing Wernicke encephalopathy
remember B1 before dextrose
vitamin B1 deficiency can lead to two
very important conditions called
beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy
berry berry comes in two forms called
wet berry berry and dry berry berry
dry berry berry can lead to a
symmetrical peripheral neuropathy
wet beriberi can lead to the development
of high output heart failure
an easy way to remember this is heart
pumps blood right and blood is wet so
wet berry berry will cause heart
problems
Wernicke encephalopathy presents with
the classic Triad of confusion Ataxia
and ophthalmoplegia at least for your
board exams
in real life all three features are only
present in one third of patients
syndrome is a severe and late
Neuropsychiatric manifestation of
Wernicke encephalopathy
korsakov syndrome presents with
personality changes retrograde and
anterogrid Amnesia and confabulations
now let's move on to vitamin B2
deficiency
vitamin B2 is also known as riboflavin
when I was studying for my board exams I
always found it difficult to remember
the names of different vitamin B types
I remembered vitamin B2 is riboflavin by
the word Flavin which reminded me of
flavors
whenever I think of flavors two flavors
come to my mind that is chocolate and
vanilla
cereboflavin is two flavors and that is
B2
vitamin B2 deficiency can cause chelitis
and corneal vascularization which can be
remembered by the pneumonic the two C's
of B2
now let's move on to vitamin B3 also
called niacin
vitamin B3 deficiency can be caused by
heavy drinking
conditions associated with tryptophan
deficiency such as harden up disease and
carcinoid syndrome as tryptophan is used
by our body to synthesize niacin
tryptophan can be converted into two
different derivatives in our body
one is niacin and the other one is
serotonin
heart knob disease is caused by
decreased reabsorption of tryptophan and
this tryptophan deficiency can lead to
Nicene deficiency
in carcinoid syndrome there's an
excessive production of Serotonin and
this uses up all the tryptophan that is
required for the production of niacin
therefore carcinoid syndrome can also
lead to niacin deficiency
vitamin B6 is a cofactor that is
required to produce niacin from
tryptophan
therefore conditions causing vitamin B6
deficiency such as the drug isoniacin
can also lead to vitamin B3 deficiency
vitamin B3 deficiency can cause three
important clinical features that can be
remembered with the simple mnemonic the
3DS of B3 which stands for diarrhea
dementia and dermatitis
moving on to vitamin B5 pantothenic acid
you can remember that pantothenic acid
refers to vitamin B5 using the image of
a pentagon as a pentagon has five sides
Pentagon pantothenic five sides B5
vitamin B5 deficiency is rare however a
deficiency in this vitamin can cause
things like adrenal insufficiency
enteritis alopecia and dermatitis
vitamin B6 pyridoxine
a deficiency in vitamin B6 can be caused
by drugs like iosen acid and oral
contraceptives
vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to
cideroblastic anemia as B6 is a cofactor
in the heme synthesis pathway that
produces hemoglobin in red blood cells
vitamin B6 deficiency can also cause
peripheral neuropathy which can be
irreversible sometimes
an important clinical and board exam
point you must remember is that whenever
you give ice and acid to treat
tuberculosis make sure to give
paridoxine as well to prevent ionizing
induced peripheral neuropathy which can
be caused by B6 deficiency
vitamin B7 biotin
biting deficiency is extremely rare it
can be caused by excessive consumption
of raw egg whites as they contain a
protein called avidine which can bind to
Biotin and prevent its absorption at the
intestinal lumen
biotin deficiency can also be caused by
the prolonged use of antibiotics which
can destroy gut Flora that produce
biotin
biting deficiency can lead to a bunch of
signs and symptoms that you don't really
have to know for your exams
[Music]
vitamin B9 folate
vitamin B9 or folate is commonly found
in things that you don't like to eat
such as leafy green vegetables and
fruits
therefore malnutrition is one of the
most common causes of vitamin B9
deficiency
folate deficiency can also be caused by
malabsorption syndromes affecting the
jejunum such as celiac disease tropical
sprue and inflammatory bowel disease and
small bowel resection as folate is
absorbed in the jejunum
it's very important to remember for your
boats that drugs such as Methotrexate
phenytoin trimethoprim and sulfonamides
can also cause benign deficiency
vitamin B9 plays a very important role
in DNA synthesis
therefore benign deficiency can lead to
megaloblastic anemia and maternal folate
deficiency can cause neural tube defects
in babies such as spina bifida and
anencephaly
now let's move to the last type of
vitamin B vitamin B12 also known as
cobalamine
vitamin B12 is found almost exclusively
in animal products therefore vegetarians
are more susceptible to vitamin B12
deficiency
vitamin B12 plays an important role in
enzymatic reactions required for the
myelination of the nervous system and
the formation of red blood cells
therefore a deficiency in B12 can lead
to megaloblastic anemia and a neurologic
condition called Subacute combined
degeneration
Subacute combine degeneration is a
condition that leads to symmetrical
demyelination of spinal cord tracts such
as the corticospinal tracts and the
dorsal columns
therefore patients can present with
parisis impaired proprioception
loss of joint posture and sense and
vibrations
vitamin B12 deficiency can be caused by
mild absorption malnutrition or
increased demand
malabsorption of vitamin B12 can be
caused by conditions such as pernicious
anemia
pernicious anemia is an autoimmune
condition characterized by the absence
of intrinsic factor A protein that is
crucial for the absorption of vitamin
B12
gastrectomy as our stomach is the place
that produces intrinsic factor
and by diseases involving the terminal
ileum where vitamin B12 absorption takes
place
such as Crohn's disease celiac disease
pancreatic insufficiency
resection of the ilium and tapeworm
infection
malnutrition from strict vegan diets and
anorexia nervosa can also cause B12
deficiency
conditions that can lead to an increased
demand of vitamin B12 such as pregnancy
lactation and even leukemia can lead to
vitamin B12 deficiency
another very important point you need to
remember is that drugs such as metformin
can also lead to the development of B12
deficiency
since B12 and B9 deficiency can both
present with megaloblastic anemia you
must remember how to differentiate these
two conditions for your boards
remember B9 deficiency is not associated
with neurologic symptoms like B12
deficiency
and the methylmalonic acid level is
normal in B9 deficiency unlike in B12
deficiency where the methyl malonic acid
levels are very high
the reason behind this is B12 is a
cofactor that is required for the
conversion of methyl malonic acid to
success
so a B12 deficiency can lead to high
levels of methyl malonic acid
another important point to remember is
that vitamin B12 deficiency takes a long
time around ears and ears to develop
than a B9 deficiency as our bodies have
a very large number of vitamin B12
stores in comparison to vitamin B9
and this brings us to the end of our
vitamin B video
thank you for listening have a great day
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