Neuralink Isn't Telling Us Something...
Summary
TLDRСкрипт видео рассматривает технологию мозговых имплантов компании Neuralink, основанной Элоном Маском, и ее ограничения в безопасности и эффективности. В центре истории стоит доктор Бенджамин Рапапорт, один из основателей Neuralink, который ушел из компании из-за опасений по безопасности. Он основал Precision Neuroscience, разрабатывая менее инвазивный метод интерфейса мозга, который не требует проникновения в мозг, но может предоставить высококачественные данные о нейронной активности. Этот подход может снизить барьеры для использования интерфейсов мозга и сделать их доступнее для людей с инвалидностью и заболеваниями.
Takeaways
- 🤖 Нейралинк Элона Маска продвигает границы современной нейронауки, но также может идти на край предела безопасности и возможностей в области технологий мозг-компьютерного интерфейса.
- 👨⚕️ Бенджамин Рапапорт, один из основателей Нейралинка, ушел из компании в 2018 году из-за опасений по безопасности, что подчеркивает серьезность возникающих проблем.
- 🧠 Мозг человеческий полный электрической активности, и для понимания мозгового функционирования лучше всего наблюдать напрямую внутри черепа.
- 🔍 Электроэнцефалография (ЭЭГ) дает возможность наблюдать за мозговой активностью снаружи, но сигналы затухают, что ограничивает детализацию.
- 🚀 Элон Маск стремится к максимальной производительности в своих проектах, и это отражается в его подходе к разработке Нейралинка.
- 🧠 В первые годы 2000-х гг. были разработаны первые инвазивные мозговые импланты, но они вызывали формирование шрам-ткани и отторжение мозгом.
- 🧵 Нейралинк разработала тонкие и гибкие нити для интерфейса с мозговой тканью, предполагая, что они не вызовут отторжения или формирования шрам-ткани.
- 🔌 Но в испытаниях на первом человеке Нолане Арбау нити начали откатываться, что подтверждается проблемами, замеченными у других испытуемых.
- 🔄 Нейралинк планирует увеличить глубину вмешательства ниток до 8 мм для следующего испытуемого, что увеличивает потенциальные риски для мозга.
- 🏆 Бенджамин Рапапорт основал компанию Precision Neuroscience, разрабатывая менее инвазивный метод интерфейса с мозгом - тонкий фильтровый массив, который не причиняет физического ущерба мозгу.
- 📈 Precision Neuroscience продемонстрировала, что для сбора высоко-резолюционных данных не обязательно проникать в мозг, достаточно быть близко к поверхности мозговой ткани.
Q & A
Что такое Neuralink и какова его основная цель?
-Neuralink - это компания, разрабатывающая технологию мозг-компьютерного интерфейса (BCI). Её основная цель - расширить возможности современной нейронауки и создать импланты мозга, которые могут взаимодействовать с человеческим мозгом.
Какой вклад в Neuralink внес Бенджамин Рапапорт?
-Бенджамин Рапапорт был одним из девяти основателей Neuralink в 2017 году. Он обладал высшим образованием в области физики, математики, инженерии и медицины, что придало ему большую авторитетность в команде компании.
Почему Бенджамин Рапапорт ушел из Neuralink?
-Основной причиной его ухода была проблема безопасности. Он ушел в марте 2018 года, всего через год после того, как компания была анонсирована.
Как работает мозг-компьютерный интерфейс (BCI)?
-BCI работает на основе обмена электросигналами между мозгом и компьютером. Эти сигналы можно захватывать с помощью электродов, размещённых на поверхности мозга или скальпа.
Какие проблемы могут возникнуть при внедрении инвазивных BCI-имплантов?
-Инвазивные BCI-импланты могут вызвать физическую повреждение мозговой ткани, образование скарной ткани и отторжение мозгом. Это может снизить эффективность взаимодействия с нейронами и сделать импланты непригодными для длительного использования.
Какой была первая инвазивная имплантация мозга?
-Первая инвазивная имплантация мозга - это Utah Array, созданная компанией Black Rock Microsystems в начале 2000-х годов. Он состоит из множества тонких стержней, проникающих в кору мозга.
Какой подход Neuralink использует для своего BCI-дизайна?
-Neuralink использует ультратонкие и гибкие нити с электродами, которые впрыскиваются в мозговое ткань, чтобы как можно более непринужденно взаимодействовать с нейронами и избежать образования скарной ткани.
Каков результат первоначальной имплантации у Нолана Арбау?
-У Нолана Арбау успешно было внедрено 64 нити Neuralink, но к февралю 85% этих нит откатились от мозга, что является проблемой, с которой Neuralink могла столкнуться ранее в испытаниях на обезьянах и свиньях.
Какой новый подход к BCI разработал Бенджамин Рапапорт после ухода из Neuralink?
-Бенджамин Рапапорт основал компанию Precision Neuroscience и разработал "Layer 7 cortical interface" - ультратонкую пленочную структуру с 124 электродами, которая устанавливается на поверхность мозга без причины физической повреждения.
Каковы преимущества метода Precision Neuroscience по сравнению с Neuralink?
-Метод Precision Neuroscience обладает меньшими рисками для пациента, так как не требует проникания в мозговое ткань. Он также позволяет собирать данные о высокой разрешении без причины физических повреждений мозга, что делает его более безопасным и доступным для большого круга пациентов.
Outlines
🧠 Нейралингк и проблемы безопасности
Элон Маск с его компанией Neuralink продвигает границы современной нейронауки, разрабатывая импланты мозга. Однако, есть опасения, что технология мозг-компьютерного интерфейса (BCI) может быть слишком рискованной. Основатель Neuralink, Бенджамин Рапапорт, который ушел из компании в 2018 году, вызвал дискуссию о безопасности. Нейронаука по-прежнему загадочна, и Neuralink сталкивается с проблемами, когда приходит время испытания на людях. Импланты, как Utah array, вызывают отторжение и образование шрам-ткани, что делает их непригодными для длительного использования. Нейралинг пытался решить эту проблему с помощью тонких и гибких ниток, которые должны были взаимодействовать с мозговой тканью без причинения вреда, но это оказалось неэффективным.
🔬 Проблемы с устойчивостью имплантов Neuralink
Нейралинг испытывает трудности с устойчивостью своих имплантов. Первый пациент с имплантом, Нолан Арбау, столкнулся с проблемой отхода ниток из мозга, что подтверждается источниками из компании. Нейралинг планирует увеличить глубину вмешательства до 8 мм для следующего пациента, что удваивает потенциальный ущерб мозговой ткани. Это вызывает опасения Бенджамина Рапапорта о безопасности пациентов. В то время как Нейралинг продолжает искать решения, Рапапорт создал альтернативную технологию BCI без инвазивных методов.
🛠️ Ультратонкий интерфейс мозга от Precision Neuroscience
Бенджамин Рапапорт основал Precision Neuroscience и разработал ультратонкий интерфейс мозга, который не требует инвазивных процедур. Этот 'Слой 7 кортикального интерфейса' состоит из тонкой пленки с электродами и может быть легко установлен на поверхность мозга без причинения вреда. Успешные испытания проведены на 14 пациентах, и в апреле 2024 года Precision установила рекорд,.implантах 4 интерфейсов на одном мозге. Это показывает, что для сбора высококачественных данных не требуется проникать в мозг, достаточно быть близко к поверхности. Такие инновации, как технология Precision, могут снизить барьеры для развития BCI и сделать их доступнее для людей с инвалидностью и заболеваниями.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Neuralink
💡Benjamin Rapaport
💡интерфейс мозг-компьютер (BCI)
💡внедрение электродов
💡отторжение электродов
💡Precision Neuroscience
💡плёночный массив электродов
💡Hans Berger
💡электроэнцефалография (ЭЭГ)
💡глубокая стимуляция мозга
💡безопасность пациентов
💡нейроны
💡тестирование на людях
Highlights
Neuralink's brain implant technology is pushing the boundaries of modern neuroscience but also faces safety and feasibility concerns.
Neuralink is in a vulnerable position as it begins human experimentation with brain-computer interface technology.
A new competitor, Precision Neuroscience, founded by Neuralink co-founder Benjamin Rapaport, is emerging with a safer brain implant.
Benjamin Rapaport's departure from Neuralink in 2018 suggests significant concerns about the company's direction or safety.
Brain computer interfaces (BCI) require penetrating the brain to establish a direct connection with neurons, which can cause physical damage.
Neuralink's initial BCI design with ultra-thin and flexible threads aimed to minimize brain damage but has proven ineffective.
Patient zero of Neuralink experienced a high retraction rate of implanted threads, indicating a significant issue with the technology.
Neuralink's plan to double the depth of thread insertion in the next patient raises concerns about increased potential for brain damage.
Precision Neuroscience's Layer 7 cortical interface is a non-invasive BCI technology that sits on top of the brain without causing physical damage.
The Layer 7 interface uses a thin film array with 1,024 tiny electrode sensors to capture brain signals without penetration.
Precision Neuroscience has successfully implanted and tested the Layer 7 interface in 14 human patients over three years.
The Layer 7 interface can be easily placed and removed from the brain during routine surgeries, offering a significant advantage over Neuralink's approach.
Neuralink's current trials are limited to patients with full body paralysis, restricting their research to imagined movement.
Precision Neuroscience's approach has demonstrated that high-resolution data can be collected without penetrating the brain.
The Layer 7 interface's wireless transmission of neural signals through Bluetooth represents a significant innovation in BCI technology.
The non-invasive nature of Precision's technology lowers the barrier to entry for BCI, making it more accessible for practical medical applications.
The developments in BCI technology by both Neuralink and Precision Neuroscience are set to make brain-computer interface a major story in the coming decade.
Transcripts
Elon musk's neuralink brain implant is
pushing the boundaries of what modern
Neuroscience can achieve I think that's
something we can all agree on but the
company might also be pushing the
boundaries of what is considered to be
safe or even possible when it comes to
brain computer interface technology
neuralink is in a vulnerable position
right now as they begin to face the
realities of human experimentation and
in the mid of all this a new competitor
is rising up a ghost from Elon musk's
past has returned to take the throne
with a better safer brain implant this
could be a
problem let's begin with a story this is
Benjamin Rapaport you probably don't
recognize him but he was one of the nine
founding fathers of neuralink back in
the year 2017 Elon Musk says that he
interviewed over 1,000 people before
deciding on the team of eight doctors
scientists and Engineers that would join
him in the creation of a new brain
implant
technology and looking at Ben's resume
it's easy to see why he made the cut a
master's degree in physics and
Mathematics from Harvard a master of
science from Oxford a PhD in engineering
from MIT and a medical degree from
Harvard Medical School he was working as
a resident neurosurgeon in the years
before neuralink came to be so so that
is all very important to establish that
this is not just another tech bro this
is a person who brings massive
credibility to the table so when we tell
you that Benjamin left neuralink in
March 2018 just one year after the
company was announced to the public we
know that this decision carries some
weight and the primary reason for Ben's
departure is also the key to today's
story safety without getting too deep
into the Weeds on how brain computer
interfaces work we know that the brain
is teeming with electrical activity
everything that you do everything you
feel everything that you know it all
begins with trillions of electrical
signals bouncing around through billions
of neurons inside of the gray matter of
the human brain this has been known for
a hundred years hansberger started his
experiments with electroencephalography
in 1924 but even after a Century of
observation the human brain is still
mysterious we know that the best Clues
to solve our mystery are found closest
to the source inside the human skull we
can observe brain activity from the
outside by placing electrodes on the
scalp but the signals are muffled
imagine you're living in an apartment
and your next door neighbor is having a
party you can try to listen in through
the wall and that will provide some
information about what's going on you
might know what kind of music they're
listening to the approximate size of the
group if they're laughing or arguing
imagine that the people attending the
party are neurons in a human brain by
observing them through a wall or a skull
you can measure the overall Vibe of the
party but you will never know the
details of what went on inside but if
you were able to walk through the door
and enter the room suddenly there would
be infinitely more detail to learn about
the party you would hear the music
clearly you would see the people you
would know what they are saying and once
inside you could go one step further and
walk right up to a neuron and start a
conversation from here there's no
telling how much you can learn this is
all a metaphor for the invasiveness of
BCI but instead of opening a door we
have to cut through skin and bone and in
order to initiate that personal
conversation with a neuron we need to
penetrate the brain matter this all
comes at a cost we know that Elon Musk
is a minimalist when it comes to design
F but he's a maximalist when it comes to
Performance the fastest cars the most
powerful rockets and his approach to
neuralink is no different Elon would
never be satisfied with just EES
dropping on the party he's going
straight to interrogating the neurons as
close up as possible the cost of an
invasive BCI implant is always going to
be damage to the brain there is no way
to skirt around the fact that when you
penetrate the brain tissue you cause
physical damage the first invasive brain
implant dates back to the early 2000s
the Utah array created by Black Rock
Neuroscience it's like a very small bed
of nails that would penetrate the outer
cortex of the brain with tiny rigid pins
the depth of the implant would typically
be around 1.5 mm and these implants are
known to cause scar tissue and physical
rejection from the brain material so
they can't be used as long-term
permanent Solutions once the scar tissue
forms the ability to have a conversation
with the neuron is greatly reduced this
is the primary challenge that neuralink
was hoping to overcome with their own
BCI design one that used ultra thin and
Ultra flexible threads to interface with
the brain tissue the idea being that
these microscopic threads would carry
the electrode connections into the brain
so gently that the body wouldn't even
notice and hence wouldn't try to reject
the implant or form any scar tissue and
this Theory could prove to be true but
so far it's proven to be ineffective at
maintaining a stable connection to the
brain neuralink patient zero Nolan arbau
experienced the successful implantation
of 64 nuring threads these threads
carried a total of 1,24 individual
electrodes directly into his cerebral
cortex and this happened for the first
time in late January 2024 by February
85% of those threads had retracted from
the brain they fell out and this is a
problem that neurolink may have been
expecting several Anonymous sources who
claimed to work at the company told
Reuters that the thread retraction had
been an issue with monkey and pig test
subjects for years this is unconfirmed
reporting but it wouldn't be surprising
given the severity of the retraction
issue with Nolan's implant it would be
weird for this to have happened for the
first time so many years into the
testing phase what's even more troubling
is that Nolan has said that he was never
even informed on the possibility of
thread retraction he was completely
taken by surprise when the problem
occurred neuralink claims to have a
solution though and this has been
approved by the FDA but it's not exactly
an ideal fix and this relates directly
to Benjamin rapaport's concerns with
patient safety in this field so the
original Utah array with the rigid
little pins penetrated 1 and2 mm deep
into the brain neuralink took that even
further with their flexible threads
reaching depths between 3 and 5 mm into
Nolan's brain matter but this was
clearly not effective so the new plan is
to place the threads 8 mm deep into
neural Link's second human patient for
those with trouble visualizing What A
millimeter is 8 mm is just a bit less
than 1/3 of an inch so that's getting
pretty deep nerling started off at
Double the industry standard and now
they're already going to double that
again and double the depth means double
the potential damage to the brain matter
double the potential for negative side
effects now this is still not nearly as
deep as other current electrode
procedures like deep brain stimulation
for example but it's still very much
unknown what kind of damage 64
insertions each 8 mm deep across a
relatively small segment of the brain
might do
it's also not known if this change will
even solve the problem for nuring if we
are still seeing retraction with the
threads in the next patient then it's
possible that nurlink design as
Innovative as it may be just doesn't
work this is obviously not the kind of
outcome that a business leader like Elon
Musk is going to accept but in science
there is always the potential of being
proven wrong it's the reason that we do
experiments in the first place there's a
very real potential here that neuralink
is just another very good idea in theory
that didn't work out in reality there
are no shortage of these failed ideas in
history and it's an outcome that we
should be prepared for what if you
didn't need to penetrate the brain 8 mm
or 3 mm or even 1 mm what if you could
get all of the information you need just
by walking through the door of the party
and going no further than that this is
the question that Benjamin rapor left
neuralink to investigate and he may have
already found the answer this is the
layer 7 cortical interface it's an ultra
thin film array that's only 1/5 the
thickness of a human hair and covered
with 1,24 tiny electrode sensors it's
designed to sit on top of your brain
where it can very effectively e drop on
all of the conversations that your
neurons are having without ever having
to cause any physical damage to your
brain matter sounds like a pretty good
deal the layer 7even was created by
Precision Neuroscience who you probably
never heard of but this is the company
that was founded by Benjamin Rapaport
after he left neuralink and this thin
film array is the safer less invasive
BCI technology that he had envisioned
back in 2018 one that Elon Musk would
have considered to be inferior because
it doesn't penetrate deep enough into
the neurons but in reality the opposite
it has proven to be true while Nur
Link's total electrode count in human
trials has dropped over time from 1024
down to just
154 Precision has been pushing forward
starting with one cortical interface and
then adding a second to the same patient
for a total of
248 electrodes that was last summer and
just recently in April 2024 Precision
set a new record with four interfaces in
implanted on one human brain for a total
of
4,096 electrodes all reading brain
signals at the same time the thin film
array is designed to be implanted
through a small slit that's cut into the
patient's skull then the electrodes are
slid in between the brain and its outer
protective layer called the dura the
thin flexible nature of the array allows
it to conform perfectly to the wrinkled
shape of the cerebral cortex like Saran
Wrap and then a wireless transmitter is
placed underneath the user's skin that
plugs into the electrodes and broadcasts
the neural signal wirelessly through
Bluetooth with such a small thin cut
into the skull just 1 mm across there
can be multiple arrays placed on
different regions of the brain without
compromising the patient's skull
Integrity you could have multiple neural
links but the skull is pretty quickly
going to start resembling swiss cheese
with all of those holes cut into it
Precision has already tested its layer 7
cortical interface with 14 human
patients over the past 3 years this is
made possible because the thin film
array is so easy and harmless to place
onto and remove from the brain that the
procedure can be incorporated into any
routine neural surgery so what Precision
does they find a case where a patient is
already undergoing open brain surgery
for something like a benign tumor
removal or Parkinson's disease treatment
that they simply Place their array on
the surface of the patient's exposed
brain and begin recording data in some
of these cases the patient is awake
through the entire procedure and will
participate in motion capture activities
that map physical movement of the hands
and fingers to electrical signals in
their brain this is a huge advantage to
Precision that neuralink cannot match
right now neuralink is only going ahead
with their implant in people who already
have full body paralysis so that limits
their research to imagined movement they
can't capture physical movement of their
patient at the same time and then when
Precision has got their data they simply
lift the array off of the patient's
brain and their head is sewn back up
with no Trace that the BCI was ever
there what the company has already been
able to prove is that you don't really
need to penetrate the brain in order to
collect high resolution data from the
neurons you only need to figure out how
to bypass the skull just being very
close on top of the brain matter is
still very good or at least good enough
for any practical medical reason maybe
nerling still needs to stick people with
threads to do elon's whole merge the
human brain with AI thing or whatever
that's supposed to be but if we just
want to help people with disabilities
and illness to live better lives then
it's already been proven that we do not
have to saw holes in their skull or
damage their brains to do that so in
many ways what Precision has done here
is dramatically lower the barrier to
entry for brain computer interface much
more so than neuralink ever could and
Innovations like this are exactly the
kind of development that will make brain
computer interface one of the biggest
stories of the decade to come
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