Who were the Tamil Tigers?
Summary
TLDRThe script recounts the brutal Sri Lankan Civil War from 1983 to 2009, focusing on the infamous Tamil Tigers, who fought for a separate Tamil homeland. Known for their suicide squads and child soldiers, they challenged the world's fourth-largest army and assassinated political leaders. The narrative explores the group's ideology, their brutal tactics, and the complex dynamics of the conflict, including the Sri Lankan government's response and the war's impact on civilians.
Takeaways
- 🇱🇰 The Sri Lankan Civil War lasted from 1983 to 2009, involving a conflict for a Tamil homeland on an island dominated by a Sinhalese majority.
- 🐯 The Tamil Tigers, also known as LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), were the dominant militant group, known for their brutal tactics and ideology.
- 🎭 The leader of the Tamil Tigers, Velupillai Prabhakaran, was influenced by popular culture and formed the group with a symbol of a tiger on a blood red background.
- 🚫 The Tamil Tigers enforced strict discipline, including abstaining from cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, and even relationships among its members.
- 🔪 The group was known for its use of child soldiers and female suicide bombers, which became emblematic of their commitment to the cause.
- 🔫 The Tamil Tigers were involved in brutal acts of violence, including assassinations of political figures and attacks on civilians, which escalated the conflict.
- 💣 The group conducted numerous bombings in cities, including Colombo, targeting public spaces and causing significant civilian casualties.
- 🌐 The Tamil diaspora played a crucial role in funding the Tamil Tigers, with a significant portion of their budget coming from expatriate communities.
- 💰 The Tamil Tigers had a sophisticated international fundraising network, involving criminal activities such as drug trafficking and a global network of front companies.
- 🎥 The group was meticulous with its propaganda, using media to inspire international sympathy and donations, even training 'Truth Tigers' to film their attacks.
- 💣 The Tamil Tigers were responsible for a significant number of suicide attacks, with a notable number of female suicide bombers among them.
- 🌍 The conflict had a global impact, with the Tamil Tigers' activities and influence reaching far beyond Sri Lanka's borders.
Q & A
What was the primary goal of the Tamil Tigers?
-The Tamil Tigers fought for a separate Tamil homeland on the island of Sri Lanka, which was dominated by a Sinhalese majority.
What was the Tamil Tigers' official name and what does it stand for?
-The Tamil Tigers are officially known as the LTTE, which stands for Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, with 'Eelam' being the Tamil word for Sri Lanka.
Who was the leader of the Tamil Tigers and what was his background?
-The leader of the Tamil Tigers was Velupillai Prabhakaran, who was born into a low caste and was influenced by comic books and Clint Eastwood films during his teenage years.
What were the ideological principles of the Tamil Tigers?
-The Tamil Tigers were broadly socialist with a Tamil twist, advocating for the emancipation of women and a strict code of conduct that included abstaining from cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, and even relationships.
How did the Tamil Tigers enforce their commitment to their cause?
-Tamil Tigers enforced their commitment by having each member wear a vial of cyanide around their neck to be bitten down on if they were ever captured, symbolizing a refusal to surrender.
What was the impact of the Tamil Tigers' actions on the Tamil caste system?
-The Tamil Tigers fought against the restrictiveness of the Tamil caste system, aiming to break traditional norms and advocating for the emancipation of women within their ranks.
What was the significance of the Tamil Tigers' use of child soldiers and female suicide bombers?
-The use of child soldiers and female suicide bombers became emblematic of the Tamil Tigers' commitment to their cause, showcasing their willingness to sacrifice and fight to the death.
How did the Tamil Tigers fund their operations?
-The Tamil Tigers were funded primarily by the Tamil diaspora, which provided about 90% of their budget, as well as through criminal activities such as drug trafficking and extortion within the Tamil community abroad.
What was the role of the Tamil Tigers' 'Sea Tigers'?
-The 'Sea Tigers' were the Tamil Tigers' naval wing, responsible for sinking Sri Lankan naval vessels and operating a fleet of merchant ships called the 'Sea Pigeons' for smuggling operations.
How did the Tamil Tigers use propaganda to their advantage?
-The Tamil Tigers used propaganda to stir international sympathy and attract donations, filming their military attacks and editing them into slick packages, as well as broadcasting their own television channel via satellite.
What was the impact of the Tamil Tigers' actions on the Sri Lankan government and society?
-The Tamil Tigers' actions led to a siege mentality within the Sri Lankan government, shaping its actions in the later phases of the conflict, and brutalized the Sinhalese population, leading to a cycle of violence and retaliation.
Outlines
🐅 The Rise of the Tamil Tigers
This paragraph introduces the Tamil Tigers, also known as the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), a group that fought for a Tamil homeland in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009. The group, led by Velupillai Prabhakaran, used brutal tactics including suicide squads and child soldiers against the Sri Lankan government and other Tamil groups. The Tigers were influenced by the ancient Tamil Chola Empire and adopted a socialist ideology with strict moral codes. They aimed to liberate the Tamil people from the caste system and government-imposed disadvantages, and their movement included a significant number of female fighters. The paragraph also touches on the group's early violent acts and their rise to dominance in the Tamil areas of Sri Lanka.
💣 The Tigers' Brutality and International Reach
This paragraph delves into the Tamil Tigers' acts of violence, including the killing of civilians, rival Tamils, and government officials. It highlights the group's expansion to urban areas and their use of suicide bombers, which became a symbol of their commitment to the cause. The Tigers' international fundraising network, which included a large diaspora in Western countries, is discussed, as well as their involvement in criminal activities such as drug trafficking. The paragraph also covers their sophisticated propaganda efforts, which used media and the internet to garner support and funds, and their military innovations, including the creation of the world's first insurgent air force.
🎥 The Tigers' Propaganda and Military Tactics
This paragraph focuses on the Tamil Tigers' propaganda machine, which included a dedicated unit called the 'Truth Tigers' responsible for documenting their attacks and creating content to inspire support. It describes the high death rate among these cameramen and the meticulous attention to detail in their work. The Tigers' military tactics are also explored, including their use of films like 'Rambo' and 'James Bond' for inspiration and their development of an elite force known as the 'Black Tigers,' who carried out high-profile missions with a strong sense of honor and loyalty to their leader.
🔍 The Human Cost of the Conflict
This paragraph examines the human cost of the conflict, acknowledging the brutality of the Tamil Tigers while emphasizing that the Sri Lankan Army's actions were likely far more devastating to Tamil civilians. It discusses the asymmetry in the reporting of atrocities and the difficulty in quantifying the extent of government-sanctioned killings. The paragraph also touches on the radicalization of the Tamil people and the brutalization of the Sinhalese, setting the stage for the conflict's inevitable brutal conclusion.
🌊 Life in Trincomalee Amidst the Aftermath
This paragraph shifts focus from the history of the conflict to a personal narrative of visiting Trincomalee, a coastal city in Sri Lanka. It describes the city's life, the presence of fishermen, and the author's experiences, including a trip to Pigeon Island for snorkeling and an attempt to help locals with fuel shortages during a financial crisis. The paragraph provides a glimpse into the everyday life of Sri Lankans in the shadow of the country's tumultuous past.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Civil War
💡Tamil Tigers
💡Velupillai Prabhakaran
💡Caste System
💡Child Soldiers
💡Suicide Bombings
💡Ethnic Conflict
💡Diaspora
💡Assassinations
💡Human Rights
💡Propaganda
Highlights
Sri Lanka's Civil War from 1983 to 2009 was dominated by the Tamil Tigers, who fought for a Tamil homeland against the Senegalese majority.
The Tamil Tigers, also known as LTTE, used suicide squads and child soldiers in their conflict with the world's fourth largest army.
Velupillai Prabhakaran, the leader of the Tamil Tigers, was inspired by Phantom comics and Clint Eastwood films, and formed the group in the 1970s.
The Tamil Tigers had a unique ideology that included socialism with a Tamil twist, and strict personal discipline among its members.
The Tamil Tigers aimed to emancipate women, with a significant number of female fighters and suicide bombers.
Prabhakaran's arrest and subsequent release due to political intervention marked a turning point in Sri Lankan and Indian history.
The Tamil Tigers were known for their brutality, including the systematic killing of rival Tamil leaders and moderate politicians.
The group conducted numerous massacres of Senegalese and Muslim civilians, leading to a cycle of retaliation and violence.
The Sri Lankan government's response alternated between moderation and the use of force, contributing to the ongoing conflict.
The Tamil Tigers expanded their attacks to include bombings in Colombo, targeting civilians and causing widespread fear.
The group's use of suicide bombers became infamous, with a significant number of attacks carried out by women.
The Tamil diaspora played a crucial role in funding the Tamil Tigers, providing up to 90% of their budget.
The Tamil Tigers established a global fundraising network, including front companies and offshore accounts to evade tracking.
The group was involved in various criminal activities, such as drug trafficking and the operation of merchant ships for smuggling.
The Tamil Tigers used the internet and satellite broadcasting to propagate their cause and incite international sympathy.
The group's propaganda efforts included filming and editing their attacks to showcase their military operations.
The Black Tigers, an elite suicide squad, carried out high-profile missions with a strong sense of personal loyalty to Prabhakaran.
The Tamil Tigers' attacks resulted in thousands of civilian deaths, but the Sri Lankan Army's actions were likely far more devastating.
The conflict led to a siege mentality within the Sri Lankan government, shaping the brutal end of the war.
Transcripts
between 1983 and 2009 Sri Lanka was
engulfed in Civil War and there was one
group above all who would dominate the
conflict their name would become
infamous around the world as they fought
for a Tamil Homeland on an island
dominated by a Senegalese majority using
suicide squads and child soldiers they
would fight the world's fourth largest
army to a standstill and assassinate
presidents and prime ministers but were
they terrorists or were they Freedom
Fighters This is the story of the Tamil
tigers
[Music]
foreign
let's start with their name the Tamil
tigers are also called the ltte or
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam Elam is
the Tamil word for Sri Lanka the leader
of the Tigers was called velopilai
prabhakaran Born into a low caste as a
teenager here to taste for Phantom
comics and Clint Eastwood films
prabhakaran formed the group in the
early 70s choosing as their symbol the
Tiger on a blood red background the same
as the ancient Tamil Chola Empire which
had periodically dominated India and
from time to time invaded Sri Lanka they
were broadly socialist but with a tummel
Twist in their ideology all of society
would have to fight all tigers had to
give up cigarettes alcohol drugs sex and
even relationships and each tiger wore a
vial of cyanide around their neck to be
bitten down on if they were ever
captured they were not just fighting the
disadvantages placed on the tunnels by
the Sri Lankan government but also the
restrictiveness of the Tamil caste
system the emancipation of woman was
part of their professed value system as
well by the time the Insurgency was in
full swing between a fifth and a third
of all tiger caters were women he can
stand on my own legs but I don't just
have to go back to the kitchen and do
the all works our women have been doing
all these times I will choose what I
like the use of children was
incorporated into the ideology the Child
Soldier and the female suicide bomber
will become the emblem of the group's
commitment in 1981 prabhakaran fled
across the water to Tamil Nadu and India
to escape the police there he got into a
gunfight with a rival Tamil militant and
was arrested but protests in Tamil Nadu
led to the intercession by Indian Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi and prabhakaran
was released that would alter the course
of both Sri Lankan and Indian history
the Tigers won a reputation for
brutality in an environment that was
already notable for its bloodiness in
these early years it was like a Gangland
war in the jaffna peninsula between
rival Tamil groups financed by bank
robberies the Tigers systematically
killed alternative leaders in moderate
politicians only occasionally attacking
police and army targets fellow tamils
working for the government were favorite
Target in fact the vast majority of the
victims during this early period were
tunnels over 160 tumble members of
parliament were assassinated and 1700
rival Tamil militants anyone they didn't
kill they absorbed so by the mid-1980s
they had become the dominant Rebel group
in Northern Sri Lanka then came the
Riots of black July and the start of the
war in Earnest in November 1984 the
Tigers raided two farms and slaughtered
62 men women and children this was the
first calculated killing of civilians by
Tamil militants and a line had been
crossed before the rise of the Tigers
roughly half the population of jaffna
had been Senegalese and had coexisted
peacefully for Generations throughout
the areas that the Tigris had labeled as
their future Homeland were scattered
Senegalese and Muslim Villages alongside
tumult ones for more than 20 years the
Tigers raided these Villages as Weiss
describes it they hacked bludgeoned shot
burned and hanged civilians in a long
series of massacres the majority of
those killed with Senegalese but a
disproportionate number were Muslim
children were slaughtered alongside the
elderly in dozens of small-scale
incidents in response the government
alternated between moderation and blind
Force using mostly singly soldiers from
the south who bit by bit became an army
of occupation in the tunnel areas of the
north and east of the island they were
poorly trained and didn't speak the
language so were completely unequipped
to judge the situation that they found
themselves in a typical pattern would go
like this a tiger attack would kill a
few soldiers or police when the Army
arrived they would find no gorillas just
frightened civilians who knew that if
they gave any information they would
probably be killed by the Tigers who
lived amongst them the army soldiers
were understandably triggered by seeing
their dead comrades and these impassive
civilians who wouldn't help and would
retaliate by burning houses and often
raping and killing civilians and that
would become the cycle in 1985 in
anuradapura the Tigers killed 146
civilians in 87 they stopped to bust and
killed 34 people most of them young boys
training to be monks in 1990 the Tigers
killed 147 men and boys while they were
worshiping in a mosque and in 1991 they
killed 109 Muslim men women and children
they had particular animosity for
captured soldiers and policemen and
Eastern Sri Lanka they executed 600
police officers around the town of
kalmanai and in mulaitivu they overran a
military camp and killed 1200 soldiers
they bombed trains planes and buses in
1986 a bomb went off prematurely on a
plane at the airport in Colombo killing
21 people including 13 foreigners they
car bombed Colombo's pet a market and
killed 113. their bombing of the Central
Bank in Colombo killed 91 and injured
1400 people these attacks against
Senegalese civilians extended the fight
to the cities of Southern Sri Lanka in
the Tigers view this was a response to
the awful damn image being inflicted by
the Army and Tamil areas but it also
dissipated any sympathy that non-tamils
might have for their cause in Colombo
especially it created a sense that
anyone could be randomly killed in an
attack at any time for almost 30 years
explosions became a part of Colombo's
routine the most famous of all were the
suicide bombers the Tigers venerated
death and filled cemeteries with Martyrs
to be mourned itself breaking with the
Hindu tradition of cremating the dead
these images of self-sacrifice were
pressed into fundraising with the Tamil
expatriate Community as a way of saying
look at what we are sacrificing for our
people thanks to the massive immigration
of tamils after the riots and ongoing
atrocities there was a huge diaspora to
tap as well there were 50 000 tunnels in
Switzerland and 200 000 in Canada in the
UK there were over a hundred and ten
thousand tamils who would regularly
March through London in support most of
the Sri Lankan Hindu temples in Britain
and Canada were controlled by the Tigers
in London for example the Tigers agents
would go around the Tamil homes each
family was expected to pay 200 pounds a
year and each business two thousand by
2009 at the end of the war Britain's
tamils were sending 250 000 pounds a
month to the tunnel Tigers it was the
diaspora that was the main thing that
funded the Tigers providing 90 of their
budget we have to remember that tiger
repression and ruthlessness didn't stop
at the borders of Sri Lanka most of
these overseas tunnels had family in Sri
Lanka and all the Tigers had to do was
remind them that back there the Tigers
were in charge the Tigers established a
fundraising Network that spread
throughout the world in Europe motorists
refilled their cars and petrol stations
that sent their profits directly to the
group they had representative offices in
40 countries their network of front
companies offshore accounts and ngos
made funds impossible to track and that
money was used to buy arms to be
channeled into the fight in 1984 very
early in the conflict Swiss police
estimated that tunnels were responsible
for bringing in 20 percent of the heroin
into the country tamils were in the
heroin trade in Montreal and Canada and
were prominent in Italy as well
according to Gordon Weiss National
Liberation religious fundamentalist and
criminal organizations shifted
seamlessly between each other's worlds a
computer model of these networks reveals
clusters around organizations as diverse
as the Kosovo Liberation Army the Hell's
Angels the moro National Liberation
Front the Sendero luminoso the Italian
indrangetta the IRA the pkk and
Californian Vietnamese street gangs
connected by their ability to supply
given markets in or to Source goods from
their Geographic locations they
dominated they had a fleet of merchant
ships called the sea pigeons that
operated legally as well as many that
operated illegally smuggling people guns
blood diamonds and drugs the sea pigeons
even operated a kind of base on an
island off the coast of Burma called
tuante na nicely located near the Golden
Triangle with its trade in heroin and
weapons though it frustrated the hell
out of the Sri Lankan government the
governments of the liberal democracies
were these tiger operations were found
it difficult to stop given that the
activities tended to be restricted to
the close-knit Tamil Community local law
enforcement didn't stand a chance of
penetrating it so they mostly left it
alone another vital component was the
internet websites emails and chat rooms
incubated the Revolutionary identity of
tunnels across the world by 2005 the
Tigers could broadcast their National
Television of Tamil ilam via satellite
throughout Europe the Middle East
southeast Asia India and southern Africa
they had their own Stars such as shoba
who was a singer songwriter and news
presenter for the propaganda wing of the
ltte
the Tigers took their propaganda very
seriously they filmed their suicide in
military attacks when possible and
edited them into slick packages with
soundtracks they had a special division
called the truth Tigers who created the
content made to drum up support and who
especially trained how to film the
attacks they're going to attack they do
not stand behind here
the death rate amongst these tiger
cameramen was extremely high
everything
[Music]
the truth tigers are expected to be in
the first wave of any attack every unit
of 100 Fighters is accompanied by two
truth Tigers armed only with video
cameras and suicidal bravery all the
camera operators seen here died in these
battles
over the past decade the 120 strong
truth tiger unit has lost 51 kill and
more than a hundred seriously wounded
we're looking for two aspects one the
person has the potential the courage to
undertake this training the second film
The Fighting beautifully with artistic
talent every detail of the planning and
preparation is also recorded after the
fighting every order every move is
analyzed it's this attention to detail
that makes the Tigers one of the most
ruthlessly efficient Guerrilla armies in
the world
[Music]
thank you
[Music]
foreign
all of this helped attract donations
that funded the tigers fight it also was
very useful in stirring up International
Sympathy for the tunnel cause so for a
long time despite the attacks by the
Tigers on civilian targets they were
treated pretty leniently by Foreign
governments all this created a Siege
mentality in the Sri Lankan government
which would crucially shape the actions
in the later phases of the conflict
using these funds the Tigers built an
Army Navy Special Forces and even a tiny
air force as well as the sea pigeons the
sea Tigers were the Tigers Navy who sunk
Sri Lankan Naval vessels in the early
2000s they even built the world's first
Insurgent Air Force composed of some
smuggled light aircraft from the Czech
Republic and they built Landing strips
throughout their territory on the night
of the 29th of April 2009 while Sri
Lanka was playing Australia in the final
the international cricket competition in
Barbados the air Tigers attacked Colombo
government forces fired back foreign
carriers canceled their flights to show
longer until the government could sort
out a more organized response the Tigers
were considerably creative and called on
some serious expertise in the
Laboratories perfecting weapons and
cooking up new explosives they even had
a little submarine the historian William
delrimple writes in the guardian how he
was able to visit one of the tiger camps
and interview a senior Commander he
smiled our camps are all equipped with
videos War films are shown three times a
week and are compulsory we often consult
predator and Rambo before planting
ambushes none of us are trained soldiers
we've learned all we know from these
films later he showed me the Tigers
video library they hit complete sets of
Rambo Rocky and James Bond all the
schwarzeneggers including Conan the
Barbarian most of the Vietnam films and
no less than three versions of The
Magnificent Seven their Elite suicide
Fighters were called the black tigers
who swore personal loyalty to
prabhakaran the supreme leader to be
selected for the black tigers was the
highest honor because only the most
important missions were given to them
before a mission they would share a meal
with Rebecca run and a photo would be
taken to be sent around the globe
through the Tiger's propaganda networks
one young female black tiger described
it in an interview with Time magazine in
2006. they put everyone's name in a
Tombola they swirl them round then the
leader pulls out two names reads them
out and the 48 who aren't chosen are all
crying but the two who are chosen they
are very happy and the people around
them raise them on their shoulders and
are all clapping and celebrating between
1987 and the end of the conflict in 2009
the tiger sent
273 suicide attackers on 137 missions 47
of them were women and the youngest is
believed to be 18 years old in 1992 a
suicide bomber killed the head of the
Sri Lankan Navy in 93 a tiger suicide
bomb assassinated the Sri Lankan
president
first and only sitting president in the
world to be killed by a suicide bomber
and of course there was the female
suicide bomber who killed Rajiv Gandhi
the body counts have been so distorted
by politics but all in all the number of
dead civilians from tiger attacks is
certainly in the thousands but
then there's the Sri Lankan Army in no
way should this be interpreted as a
justification excuse or an absolving of
just how grotesquely awful the Tigers
were but the number of Tamil civilians
killed by the Sri Lankan Army was almost
certainly much much more the university
teaches for human rights a respected NGO
in Sri Lanka calculated that in 1990
just one year and in just two districts
of Eastern Sri Lanka around 3 000
tunnels were massacred over the course
of a couple of weeks hundreds of Tamil
men were allegedly rounded up and burned
alive as retribution for Tiger killings
of soldiers and police officers remember
that there is an asymmetry here tiger
atrocities against Senegalese were
carefully counted and publicized by the
government but it is highly unlikely
that we will ever truly know the scope
of government-sanctioned killing of
Tamil civilians and every single Source
I have ever read is in full consensus
that the number of Tamil civilians
killed by the security services is
vastly more than the civilians of of any
ethnicity killed by the Tigers in all of
this you can see why the tunnels were
radicalized and how their movement
fought back so ferociously
but you can just as easily see how the
Senegalese were brutalized as well their
leaders were being mowed down and even
for civilians miles from the front lines
death could come at any moment this made
it inevitable that the war and its
conclusion
will be brutal
absolutely brutal
[Music]
thank you
[Music]
[Music]
I left particular heading up to
trincomalee the east coast is lined with
a string of towns like these with
occasional strips of farms and scrub
and of course there were the ubiquitous
lands for fuel the result of Sri Lanka's
financial crisis of mid-2022.
[Music]
trinko is a city of fishermen and deer
and you're never far away from either
[Music]
it's a quiet place and I couldn't quite
work out where its real Santa was but I
always found myself back at the beach
yeah
the Headland like many coastal cities in
Sri Lanka has a big Colonial Fort though
most of it is now an army camp
[Music]
inside the fort is actually a Hindu
temple where people come to worship and
make offerings looking over the sea
[Music]
foreign
[Music]
the Wither packed it in and I took
Refuge with a bottle of orange barley in
a little cafe that serves the soldiers
oh
my God
[Music]
with the Wither as it was there was
nothing for it but to return to the
hotel where I found the storm had beaten
me to it
[Music]
[Music]
foreign
[Music]
fishermen are everywhere in trinco you
find them holding in their catch on the
beach in the morning and you can buy
dried and salted fish from stores on the
main road
[Music]
foreign
[Music]
[Music]
that afternoon I got a boat out to
Pigeon Island
[Music]
I had met a German guy called Victor at
my hotel and together we had decided to
go snorkeling
[Music]
unfortunately my underwater camera broke
after only a couple of minutes and this
is the last video it will ever take
luckily Victor had his GoPro so he could
capture these Turtles and the shark
[Music]
thank you
foreign
[Music]
land Victor I had met some guys who
invited us to join their football game
[Music]
check out the Joker Bonita skills
[Music]
thank you
yep
[Music]
after the game some of the guys asked
Victor and me to go with them to the gas
station you see while there were fuel
shortages throughout the country due to
the financial crisis Sri Lanka was also
absolutely desperate for foreign
currency from tourism so I was trying to
make the tourist experience as normal as
possible that meant that if a local
needed the fuel in order to serve a
tourist then they go straight to the
front of the line instead of waiting
five hours or five days the first time
it didn't work because our guys couldn't
prove they were tour operators because
of course they weren't however Victor
and his dude snuck around the back and
after seeing his white face and perhaps
with the smallest monetary incentive our
guy was able to fill up his entire 30
liter tank which was frankly unheard of
our friends were very pleased
in the next video we look at the Civil
War itself where it was fought how it
was fought and the way that it ripped
apart Sri Lankan Society
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