¿Qué es la globalización? | Johan Norberg - Academia Liberal C1
Summary
TLDRJohan Norberg, en su conferencia para la Liberal Academy, explora la globalización como uno de los fenómenos más discutidos en política y economía mundial. Destaca la capacidad de realizar actividades transfronterizas, tanto positivas como negativas, y cómo la tecnología y la liberalización económica han transformado el mundo. Norberg enfatiza la importancia de la comunicación y el transporte, especialmente la invención del contenedor en 1956, que revolucionó el comercio global. La globalización ha permitido a países en vías de desarrollo赶上 ('catch up') rápidamente a los países ricos al acceder a conocimientos, tecnologías y oportunidades sin precedentes. La disminución de la mano de obra infantil en Vietnam y la historia de TG, una trabajadora de una fábrica de ropa, ilustran el impacto positivo en las vidas de las personas comunes. La globalización no solo ha mejorado la economía, sino que también ha liberado a las personas de las limitaciones impuestas por la geografía y los políticos locales.
Takeaways
- 🌐 **Globalización como fenómeno**: La globalización es un tema central en la política y economía mundial, que implica la capacidad de realizar actividades más allá de las fronteras.
- 📈 **Tecnología y Comunicación**: El crecimiento de las tecnologías de comunicación y el transporte, como el cable de fibra óptica y el uso de contenedores, han sido fundamentales para la globalización.
- 🚀 **Revolución Tecnológica**: La invención del contenedor en 1956 y el desarrollo de la fibra óptica han revolucionado el comercio internacional al reducir costos y aumentar la eficiencia.
- 💼 **Corporaciones Multinacionales**: La globalización ha permitido a las empresas tener actividades en varios países, incrementando la interconexión económica global.
- 🌟 **Oportunidades y Desafíos**: La globalización puede traer tanto beneficios como desafíos, como el aumento de la cooperación y el desarrollo económico, así como el crimen y la contaminación transfronteriza.
- 📉 **Costos Reducidos**: La desregulación de la aviación y la eficiencia en el transporte han hecho que viajar y transportar bienes sea más accesible y económico.
- 🏛️ **Implicaciones Políticas**: La liberalización económica y la democratización han sido esenciales para el avance de la globalización, al abrir mercados y fomentar la participación de más países.
- 🌟 **Acceso a Conocimiento**: La globalización ha permitido a las personas tener acceso a conocimientos, ideas y tecnologías de otros lugares, mejorando su productividad y calidad de vida.
- 📊 **Crecimiento Económico**: La globalización ha llevado a un aumento significativo en el crecimiento económico, especialmente en países en vías de desarrollo.
- 👨👩👧 **Cambio de Vidas**: La globalización ha mejorado las condiciones de vida de muchas personas, como el ejemplo de la trabajadora vietnamita que pasó de labores agrícolas a trabajar en una fábrica.
- 🔄 **Reducción de la Pobreza**: La globalización ha contribuido a la reducción de la pobreza y a un aumento en los estándares de vida en muchos países.
Q & A
¿Qué es la globalización y qué ha sido su fenómeno más hablado en las últimas décadas?
-La globalización es el proceso por el cual las actividades humanas, especialmente económicas, se extienden más allá de las fronteras nacionales, lo que ha sido uno de los temas más discutidos en política y economía mundial en las últimas décadas.
¿Cuáles son algunos de los aspectos que la gente suele enfocarse al hablar sobre la globalización?
-Algunas personas se centran en la movilidad creciente de bienes y personas, mientras que otras prestan atención a las relaciones entre gobiernos, el poder de instituciones multinacionales, como las Naciones Unidas, el Banco Mundial, el FMI o la Unión Europea, y el papel de las corporaciones multinacionales.
¿Cómo describe Johan Norberg la capacidad de realizar actividades más allá de las fronteras?
-Norberg la describe como una habilidad que permite a las personas moverse, cooperar y actuar más allá de las fronteras sin estar limitados por la geografía específica de su posición y situación, lo que no solo incluye la movilidad física sino también la cooperación y el comercio.
¿Cuáles son las implicaciones tanto positivas como negativas de realizar actividades transfronterizas?
-Las implicaciones positivas incluyen la posibilidad de hacer el bien más rápido, aumentar la cooperación y mejorar la producción económica. Las negativas pueden incluir el aumento del crimen internacional, la creación de la contaminación y el terrorismo transfronterizos.
¿Qué condiciones tecnológicas son fundamentales para la globalización?
-Las condiciones tecnológicas fundamentales incluyen el aumento de la tecnología de comunicaciones y la mejora en la capacidad de transportar bienes y personas a través de fronteras, como la eficiencia en el transporte aéreo y la invención del contenedor para el transporte marítimo.
¿Cómo afectó la invención del contenedor la economía global?
-La invención del contenedor permitió una reducción significativa en los costos de carga y descararga, lo que facilitó la especialización y la escala de producción, permitiendo a más países participar en la economía global y acceder a tecnologías y conocimientos más rápido.
¿Qué cambios políticos fueron necesarios para fomentar la globalización?
-Fueron necesarios cambios políticos como la liberalización de las economías y la tecnologías, la democratización y la apertura de mercados a un comercio más libre, lo que se vio impulsado por la revolución liberal y democrática desde los años 1970.
¿Cómo ha cambiado la participación de los países en la economía global desde el año 2000?
-Desde el año 2000, el 90% de los países de ingresos bajos y medios han crecido más rápido que los Estados Unidos, lo que indica una mayor participación y un mayor acceso a la tecnología y conocimientos de otros lugares.
¿Por qué la globalización es considerada por algunos como una revolución democrática?
-La globalización se considera una revolución democrática porque permite que el talento y el capital se muevan más libremente, encontrando oportunidades en cualquier lugar del mundo, sin importar la ubicación de nacimiento de una persona.
¿Cómo ha impactado la globalización la reducción de la mano de obra infantil en Vietnam?
-La globalización, la inversión de corporaciones multinacionales y el acceso a comercio libre en Vietnam han reducido en 2.2 millones el número de niños que trabajan en cinco años, mejorando significativamente sus condiciones de vida y ofreciendo oportunidades educativas.
¿Qué ejemplo particular de la globalización comparte Johan Norberg en su charla?
-Norberg comparte el ejemplo de Vietnam, un país que pasó de ser una dictadura comunista a abrirse y liberalizar su economía, lo que llevó a una reducción significativa en la mano de obra infantil y a una vida mejorada para muchos de sus habitantes.
¿Cómo se puede acceder a más información sobre la globalización y las sesiones futuras?
-Norberg invita a los oyentes a visitar el sitio web para obtener más información, leer más sobre la globalización y enviar preguntas si las tienen, también les da la bienvenida de nuevo para la próxima sesión en vivo.
Outlines
🌐 Introducción a la Globalización
Johan Norberg inicia la charla sobre la globalización, un fenómeno central en la política y economía mundial. Explica que la globalización se refiere a la capacidad de realizar actividades más allá de las fronteras, permitiendo a las personas moverse y cooperar sin limitaciones geográficas. Destaca la importancia de la tecnología y la comunicación en la globalización, y cómo ha permitido un mayor intercambio entre países y corporaciones multinacionales. También menciona los aspectos positivos y negativos de la globalización, como el comercio internacional de bienes y servicios, así como el crimen y la contaminación transfronteriza.
🚀 Tecnologías y Comunicación
Norberg enfoca en las condiciones tecnológicas previas a la globalización, destacando el crecimiento de las tecnologías de comunicación y el transporte. Describe cómo la eficiencia en el transporte, como el avance en la aviación y la creación del contenedor para el transporte marítimo, permitió una mayor movilidad de bienes y personas. Expone la importancia del contenedor en la reducción de costos y el aumento de la escala de producción global, y cómo la liberalización de la economía y la democratización del mundo han favorecido la globalización.
🌟 La Revolución Política y la Globalización
Se discute cómo la revolución política y la liberalización económica han influido en la globalización. Norberg recuerda que en la década de 1970, muchos creían que la democracia no tendría futuro, pero la lucha por la libertad y la inspiración de otros países llevó a la caída del comunismo y la expansión de la democracia. La globalización ha permitido a países con menos acceso a capital y tecnología comenzar a exportar y a escalar sus economías, lo que ha llevado a un mayor crecimiento económico y a la reducción de la pobreza.
📈 Crecimiento Económico y Reducción de la Pobreza
Norberg compara la globalización con la Revolución Industrial y afirma que la globalización ha tenido un impacto más grande y más rápido en la reducción de la pobreza y el aumento de los estándares de vida. Muestra cómo los países en vías de desarrollo han podido aprovechar las tecnologías y conocimientos para crecer económicamente, lo que antes les tomaba mucho más tiempo. Destaca el caso de China e India, que han logrado un crecimiento económico similar al de los países ricos, pero a una velocidad cinco veces más rápida y con diez veces más personas.
👨👩👧👦 Cambios en la Vida de las Personas
Finalmente, Norberg se enfoca en cómo la globalización ha mejorado la vida de las personas comunes. Cuenta la historia de una mujer llamada TG en Vietnam, quien trabaja en una fábrica y ha experimentado un cambio significativo en su calidad de vida. La globalización ha permitido a TG y a su familia salir de la pobreza y ha proporcionado a su hijo la oportunidad de recibir una educación, lo que antes no era posible. Norberg concluye destacando que la globalización no solo es sobre instituciones o corporaciones grandes, sino sobre cómo las personas pueden acceder a ideas y tecnologías que mejoran su productividad y calidad de vida.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Globalización
💡Tecnología de comunicación
💡Transporte de contenedores
💡Deregulación
💡Democracia
💡Mercados globales
💡Desarrollo económico
💡Ciberseguridad
💡Trabajo infantil
💡Multinacionales
💡Innovación tecnológica
Highlights
Globalization is the ability to do anything across borders more than we used to, allowing people to move and cooperate without being limited by their geographic location.
Technological preconditions for globalization include growing communication technologies and increased ability to transport goods across borders.
In 1956, the Atlantic cable could only carry 36 phone calls at once, limiting global integration and cooperation.
Fifteen years later, the efficiency of the Atlantic cable increased to allow 4,000 simultaneous phone calls.
The invention of fiber optic cables in 1956 enabled millions of calls at once and reduced costs by 99.9%, revolutionizing global communication.
The World Wide Web and Internet allow constant contact with all parts of the world, enabling international organizations and multinational cooperation.
The biggest technological shift in transportation was the invention of container shipping in 1956, which reduced loading/unloading costs by 97%.
Container shipping allowed countries to specialize and become the best at producing specific components, integrating them into the global economy.
Reform and deregulation in logistics and transport, along with communication advancements, enabled a more globalized economy with new competitors and freer prices.
Political constraints to globalization, such as lack of access to technology and restrictive regulations, needed to be addressed for globalization to flourish.
The liberal and democratic revolutions since the 1970s led to more democracy, economic liberalization, and opening of markets, benefiting globalization.
Globalization sets people free by allowing them to access knowledge, ideas, and technologies from anywhere in the world, regardless of their location.
Globalization enables economic catch-up, as poor countries can now grow faster by leveraging ideas, research, and technology from richer nations.
Since 2000, 90% of low and middle-income countries have grown faster than the US, a significant shift from the pre-2000 era.
Globalization has reduced poverty, improved living standards, and had a bigger impact on humanity than the Industrial Revolution.
The biggest change globalization brings is freeing people from the limits imposed by geography and local politicians or despots.
Capital can now find talent almost anywhere, regardless of出生地 (place of birth), thanks to open borders and the movement of capital, technology, and businesses.
The story of Vietnam's economic liberalization since the 1990s and its impact on individuals like the factory worker TG illustrates the transformative power of globalization.
Globalization means access to ideas, technologies, and factories that make people more productive and connect them to global markets, improving their lives.
The most significant change globalization brings is the opportunity for common people to access ideas and technologies that were previously limited to a global elite.
Transcripts
welcome my name is Johan Norberg and
this is my first lecture for the Liberal
Academy called
what is globalization and introduction
globalization is one of the most
talked-about
phenomena in the last few decades in
world politics and world economics but
what is most people focus on one of the
things that begin to travel across
borders more than they used to do often
it's about different relations between
various governments in the world some
people focus on the growing clout and
interest in multinational institutions
like the United Nations the World Bank
the IMF or the European Union and some
focus on multinational corporations the
fact that more companies now have
various activities in many different
countries I think those are some of the
phenomena that we can talk about when it
comes to globalization but what it's
really about is the ability to do
anything across borders more than we
used to the ability for people to move
and to do things and to cooperate across
borders not to be limited by the job
specific Geographics of your position
and of your situation not to have your
faith decided by the place where you
were born and when we talk about that we
must focus on the reasons for this
globalization what is it that is meant
given people the opportunity to do those
things for good and for bad because when
you do things cross borders you can do
good things quicker you can also do bad
things you can increase cooperation you
can increase the value that you produce
in the economy but you can also engage
in international crime or create
pollution across borders or or terrorism
across borders so it's really in a way
value neutral but the fact that we can
do
more things across borders is important
and it means a big great shift from what
the world used to be like let me first
focus on the technological preconditions
for globalization in our world which is
a result of growing communications
technologies and an increase in the
ability to to transport things people
goods across borders it is about the
growing efficiency of different
transport technologies like the a
growing efficiency of air flight the
deregulation of air flight which has
meant that the price of traveling across
borders is now so low that poor students
can travel to fly away to another
country and protest against deregulation
of air flight and other things that it's
a big shift it used to be called the jet
set the small elite that was so wealthy
that they were able to fly on jet planes
to other places but the two most
important technical technological shifts
that were important for globalization's
I would like to focus on are both we can
both take as a starting point the year
of 1956
because in 1956 it was a totally
different work when it comes to
communication let us start with
communication in 1956 the telephone
cable under the Atlantic Ocean could
only carry 36 phone calls at the same
time 36 phone calls that makes it quite
difficult to integrate markets to be
able to cooperate with others to be able
to get your goods from another place or
synchronize prices or anything like that
to source labor from another country
from another continent only 36 calls at
the same time could be made between
Europe and the Americas which meant that
if you were a student in another country
it was difficult to get access to the
Atlantic cable and be able to call home
but it was also difficult to
National Economic Cooperation going
fifteen years later it was possible to
have four thousand phone calls going on
at the same time because of an
increasing the efficiency of the
Atlantic cable but the big shift came
with fiber optics cables making it
possible to have millions of calls at
the same time and also lower in the
price by something like 99.9% suddenly
then it's possible to be in constant
contact with other places to learn about
what is going on to learn about the
shifting prices to learn about what they
are able to do that might help you out
and with the world wide web with the
internet it was suddenly possible to
stay in touch with all parts of the
world at the same time which makes it
possible with international
organizations multinational companies
and the world kinds of cooperation
across the borders
so that's communications which is very
important but also the ability to move
things around to move goods across
borders and there the biggest change of
all the technologies is the creation the
invention of the container of container
shipping the big metal box that was
actually invented in 1956 the very same
year that the Atlantic cable could only
carry some few phone calls in 1956 that
it this suddenly happened before the
container what you had to do was to put
all the things that you wanted to ship
to another part of the country or to
another country all together you had to
carry them from the factory to the truck
you had to offload it manually you had
to lift it into the the ship the boat
that is going to another country it took
a lot of time a boat had to stay in the
hopper for for something like a week it
was incredibly expensive you took a lot
of muscle power it was a heavy load and
it was also something that meant that
you couldn't really scale it up to a
really large scale but in 1956 the
trucker the American trucker Malcolm
attained he had the idea of having a
metal box that you could just hold onto
the truck and then hoist it straight
into the cargo
full of the other truck overnight he
lower the cost of loading and offloading
a boat by something like 97 percent this
makes a huge difference because it's
difficult to be the best in all kinds of
things to be able to produce a computer
angle together with all its components
and have everything in one place in one
country even what a company so only a
few countries only a few economic
centers in the world before 1956 were
able to really have a high technological
production goal but suddenly with the
container was possible to specialize and
just perhaps be able to be the best when
it came to one specific part of the
computer one specific component and just
put it into the container and send it to
the other side of the planet and then
suddenly more countries were able to be
a part of the global economy more
countries were able to to use their
labor to use their ideas to be a part of
the world and then at the same time we
had a reform deregulation of logistics
of transports generally so that it was
suddenly possible for one company in
Shanghai in China to to make an
agreement with one company and say we
want these goods shipped to a specific
address in San Francisco and then that
company was suddenly able to hire all
the trucks the boats the railways
everything and send it over there and
give just one invoice to this company in
Shanghai that makes a big difference
then everybody even if their inland they
can use imported components they can
also export to other parts of the planet
so this combination of communication and
of transport made it possible to begin
to have a more global economy we had new
competitors we had freer prices we had a
possibility for more countries to
participate it was possible for
countries without much access to capital
and technology to start exporting
clothes toys simple manufacture
but when you start a factory which
produces toys you can also you have to
also have a factory that's able to
produce high technology in the future if
you have harbors and containers that
ship simple goods like garments clothes
then you can in the future also use
those harbors to exports cell phones or
iPhones to another part of the planet so
these technological preconditions are
incredibly important for what we call
globalization but there were also
important political constraints to
globalization that had to be reformed
that had to be dealt with it does not
help much having access to this
technology if you cannot use it the
Internet is a great thing but what if
you live in Cuba or in North Korea and
you're not allowed to have access to it
the container is an amazing thing but if
you live in Zimbabwe the cost of just
sending that drug with a container
across the border with vegetables or
something some kind of good in it is the
cost in terrorists in in license
requirements in corruption in taxes is
actually higher than sending it all the
way from simba South Korea South Africa
to Sweden or the Americas so you also
need liberalization of the economy
liberalisation of these technologies and
the democratic revolution and the
liberal revolution that the world has
seen since the 1970s has made that
possible it's difficult to remember now
but in the mid-1970s many people thought
that we wouldn't see more of liberal
democracy in the world the u.s.
ambassador to the United Nations Daniel
Patrick Moynihan said in 1975 that he
thought that democracy was increasingly
tense to the condition of the monarchy
in the 19th century a holdover form of
government one which persists in
isolated a peculiar part of the planet
and he concluded that it has simply no
relevance for the future because at that
time the Soviet empire was
wrong and began to expand into Vietnam
Cambodia Laos and Latin America was
ruled by military dictatorships the
central in Eastern Europe was ruled by
dictators India even India experienced
the period home dictatorship at that
time but then it happened because people
fought for the freedom because more
well-educated and richer people they
demand more freedoms in their own lives
and also because they were inspired by
others communications technologies and a
new global media told the world about
what was happening in other places and
in the nineteen eighties communism
collapsed the Soviet Union was dissolved
military and fascist regimes collapsed
apartheid was abolished in South Africa
with more democracy in Africa January
and the big gigantic economies of India
and China that used to be live under
self-imposed isolation from the rest of
the world they began to liberalize their
economies and reach democracies also
open their markets to more free trade
and open financial markets to the rest
of the world in the year 1900 more than
100 years ago around zero percent of the
world's population lived in a real
democracy with one man and woman one
vote because women was most often
excluded even in those places few places
where they had the franchise minorities
ethnic minorities or the poor were
excluded from elections by 1950 31 % of
the world's population lived in
democracies and by 2050 8 % of the world
population did according to Freedom
House the Civil Liberties watch stopped
today even the remaining dictators have
to pay lip service to democracy as an
ideal and hold staged elections and they
even though they try to control the
discussion and censor the internet
people know more about what is going on
in the world than ever before and they
have begun to liberalize their markets
even in the most controlled state
capitalist or socialist economies
because they've realized that they can
gain so much by parties
in the global economy so what does all
this mean if we have this technological
change that makes it possible for more
people to do more things across borders
and also a political revolution and
liberalisation that is given even though
it's not perfect it hasn't reached
everybody it has meant more
opportunities for people to do things to
get access to the knowledge the ideas
the technologies of other places what
does this mean well let's look a little
bit at how globalization in many
instances sets people free because more
people can now participate communicate
and cooperate across borders than ever
before and therefore they can also learn
more from others than they used to do
they are not limited to the ideas and
the technologies that were developed
close to them in by their own
nationalities suddenly means that people
can have access to the latest knowledge
and they can use that to improve their
businesses their culture their research
their societies that is what
globalization the biggest potential of
globalization being able to use the
brain the talent the hard work of people
even though they do not live in your
vicinity one of the biggest changes is
that it means an economic catch-up it's
easier for poor countries to catch up
with richer because they can now use and
get access to the ideas the research the
technology that it took other countries
much longer time to to get access to
between 1960 and the end of the 1990s
rich countries grew faster than the poor
on only 30% of low and middle-income
countries grew faster than the United
States was still a world where people
were limited to most often to the
technologies the businesses that were
close to them but since the year 2000
ninety percent of the low and middle
income
have grown faster than the United States
on average by three percent and this is
a huge change which adds up to poverty
reduction to an increase in living
standards in a way globalization is the
biggest thing that has happened to
mankind at least when it comes to the
quantitative change then it's even
bigger than the Industrial Revolution
because what was the Industrial
Revolution of the late 18th and early
19th century really about it was about
around 200 million people in Europe and
North America which and it about 200
million people and it took around 50
years on average to double their income
China and India has now done the same
thing five times faster with ten times
more people China and India alone and
then we have all the other low and
middle-income countries that have done
that so they done it five times faster
with ten times more people that adds up
to a change that is 50 times bigger than
the Industrial Revolution and the
biggest change is not the economy it's
not how it grows that's an important
thing but the biggest thing about that
is that it sets people free from the
limits that geography and often local
politicians or despots put onto their
lives Bill Gates of Microsoft Fame put
it thus recently if I had to pick a
place in the 1950s where I was born if I
could choose between being of average
talent in a small American city and
being a genius in one of the low and
middle-income countries around the world
I would have preferred to be of average
talent in a small American see because
there you had access to all the things
that made you more productive and make
your life easier and better you had
access to capital technology education
businesses that could provide you with
know how the technology to make your
life more productive so that you could
gain and get a higher wage today he says
I'd rather be that genius in an Asian
country an African a Latin American
South American or Eastern European
country because now when borders are
more open when capital and technology
and businesses can move about the world
and people can move then it's possible
for capital to find talent almost
wherever it hides and that's a
democratic revolution a democratic
revolution that means that it's no
longer the place that you're born that
makes the biggest change to the life
that you can live it's possible to get
access to brains the talent the ideas of
other people even though you live
somewhere else when I think of
globalization I think of one particular
journey that I made to Vietnam that is
still formerly a communist dictatorship
but has begun to open up has begun to
liberalize since its economy since the
1990s and that is made made a huge
change it has opened up to more of
competition in the economy and as made
it possible to begin to export large
scale many companies have invested in
Vietnam and started production of
garments and clothes
I met one young woman TG who lived there
she worked in one of those factories
producing for other markets sometimes
it's called a sweatshop it's we talk
about it as a low skill lower with low
wages and bad working conditions and
that's true if we compare it to the kind
of workplaces that we have in parts of
the world where we have we've had an
industrial development going for a
longer period than 20 years but to
compare to the life that she used to
live and the kind of life that some of
our neighbors and relatives still make
this is a tremendous change it has made
all the difference in her life it has
given her
a much higher wage he earns now five
times more than she used to be as if
they turn her family out of poverty but
it's also meant that she doesn't have to
work day in and day out in the rice
fields which is something she did since
she was a young girl 10 to 14 hours a
day in the burning Sun or in the intense
rain she now has a job
indoors producing shoes for Western
markets she can afford now and this is
the biggest change to forego her son's
income in all previous generations of
Vietnamese they had to put their
children to work from an early age not
because they were mean or evil because
they dependent on they were dependent on
their labour income for their own
survival now with this kind of income
she can afford to give her son an
education instead and to make sure that
she will get bigger opportunities in the
future nearly all the children in her
own generation used to work few do in
her son's generation because during the
1990s Vietnam experienced rapid growth
and increased exports and in just five
years with the increase of globalization
and investments from multinational
corporations and access to free trade
across the planet in just those five
years the number of child labourers in
Vietnam was reduced by 2.2 million
people and when I talk to teacher about
her son's future
she thinks that she has the potential to
become a doctor in the future so when I
think of globalization I do not think of
the big multinational institutions or
the big multinational companies or any
of those large-scale developments those
are important they are also part of
globalization but what it really means
is the axis for common people to ideas
technologies that make them more
productive access to factories with
machines and know-how that makes them
more productive access to other markets
where they can sell their goods because
that is where it starts that is what we
didn't have before we've always had a
tiny elite that could travel
the planet we always add the jet-set but
now we have teaching and her son's
generation that grow up in a globalized
world and it makes all the difference to
them so when I think of globalization I
think of teaching that's it for me today
thank you for your attention and please
go to the website and read more and send
questions if you have them and welcome
back next week for the next live session
thank you
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