Kurikulum Merdeka Rangkuman PPKN Kelas 8 Bab 3 Tata Negara dan Pemerintahan

Summary

This educational video delves into the structure of Indonesia's government, explaining the three branches: legislative, executive, and judiciary, and how they function through a system of checks and balances. It also covers Indonesia's historical shift from a parliamentary to a presidential system and the evolution of local governance, particularly through decentralization laws. The video highlights the classification of government affairs into absolute, concurrent, and general categories, and discusses the unique status of special administrative regions in Indonesia's constitutional framework, providing viewers with a comprehensive understanding of the political and governance systems in the country.

Takeaways

• 😀 Indonesia has three state institutions: Legislative (DPR), Executive (President and Vice President), and Judicial (Supreme Court and Constitutional Court).
• 😀 The Constitution of Indonesia (UUD 1945) was amended to ensure checks and balances between these three branches of government.
• 😀 Before the amendments, Indonesia faced issues with executive power, particularly in the president's prerogative to issue emergency decrees without clear guidelines.
• 😀 The presidential system in Indonesia was initially replaced by a parliamentary system during the Republic of Indonesia's transition, but political instability led to a return to the presidential system in 1959.
• 😀 The term 'presidential constitutional system' describes the arrangement where the president's powers are defined and limited by the constitution, both as the head of state and head of government.
• 😀 Indonesia underwent significant reforms during the Reformasi period, transitioning from a highly centralized government to one that granted more power to regional governments.
• 😀 Laws such as Law No. 22/1999 and Law No. 32/2004 facilitated decentralization, giving local governments more autonomy to manage their affairs.
• 😀 Decentralization is implemented through principles of devolution, delegation, and assistance, with different levels of government taking responsibility for various administrative tasks.
• 😀 Indonesia’s local governance system categorizes government affairs into three types: absolute, concurrent, and general government affairs, with specific divisions of responsibility between central and local governments.
• 😀 Special regions in Indonesia, known as Daerah Istimewa, are granted unique privileges due to their historical significance, as outlined in the Indonesian Constitution.

Q & A

What are the three main state institutions in Indonesia?

The three main state institutions in Indonesia are the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches. The Legislative branch is represented by the People's Representative Council (DPR), the Executive branch is headed by the President and Vice President, and the Judicial branch includes the Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) and the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi).

Why was the 1945 Indonesian Constitution amended?

The 1945 Constitution was amended to introduce mechanisms for checks and balances among the three branches of government, especially because the original constitution lacked a clear system for oversight and accountability, which led to an imbalance of power favoring the Executive.

What is the difference between the presidential and parliamentary systems?

In a presidential system, like Indonesia's, the President serves as both the head of state and head of government, providing clear authority and stability. In a parliamentary system, the head of state and head of government are separate, and the Prime Minister is typically appointed from the legislative body, which can lead to frequent changes in government.

Why did Indonesia switch back to the presidential system in 1959?

Indonesia switched back to the presidential system in 1959 due to the political instability caused by the parliamentary system, which resulted in frequent cabinet changes. This instability led to the issuance of a Presidential Decree by President Sukarno, re-establishing the presidential system to ensure more stable governance.

What is the concept of 'check and balances' in the context of Indonesia's government?

'Check and balances' refers to the mechanisms that ensure no single branch of government—Legislative, Executive, or Judicial—becomes too powerful. After the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, these mechanisms were introduced to ensure that the powers of each branch are balanced and each can oversee the actions of the others.

How did the decentralization process in Indonesia affect local governance?

The decentralization process gave more autonomy to local governments, allowing them to manage their own affairs without undue interference from the central government. This was made official through the passing of laws such as the Regional Government Law (UUD No. 22/1999) and its revision in UUD No. 23/2014.

What is the principle of regional autonomy in Indonesia's government?

Regional autonomy allows local governments to independently manage their own regions, especially in areas like education, health, and infrastructure, while still being part of the unitary state of Indonesia. This system ensures that regions can address local needs more efficiently.

What are the categories of government affairs in Indonesia after decentralization?

Government affairs in Indonesia are divided into three categories: **absolute affairs** (under the central government's control), **concurrent affairs** (shared between the central government and local governments), and **general affairs** (which can be handled by the local government but may involve the central government in certain cases).

What are the characteristics of a special autonomy region in Indonesia?

A special autonomy region in Indonesia has distinct political and administrative privileges, often due to its historical, cultural, or geographical significance. These regions, such as Aceh and Papua, have unique governance arrangements that recognize and preserve their cultural heritage and historical governance systems.

How does the division of powers between the central and regional governments work under UUD 23/2014?

Under UUD 23/2014, the division of powers is structured based on the nature of the government affairs. Some affairs are handled exclusively by the central government (absolute affairs), others are shared between central and local governments (concurrent affairs), and some are managed by local governments (general affairs). This division ensures that each level of government manages its responsibilities more effectively.