Audience, Purpose & Genre
Summary
TLDR视频脚本讨论了作为读者和作者时,了解受众、目的和体裁的重要性。受众是预期阅读你作品的特定人群,如在Facebook上写作时,你为朋友和家人而写。写作时存在一种对话,作者提出问题或观点,与读者共同寻求意义。不同受众类型包括天真的受众(需要详细解释)、困惑的受众(需要分析和解决方案)和抵抗或敌对的受众(需要强有力的论证和说服)。写作目的可能是为了通知、解释、分析、说服、反思或娱乐。体裁是具有清晰结构、设计方法和修辞的写作类型,每种体裁都有特定的读者期望和指南。从非常开放的形式到非常封闭的形式,体裁的范围很广,如简历和博客。了解这些有助于在不同话语中顺利转换,无论是在专业领域还是在学术课程中,都能使读者理解作者的意图,并使作者成为更有思想的写作者。
Takeaways
- 📚 观众(audience)是指我们预期阅读我们写作的特定人群,写作时心中有一个特定的读者群体。
- 🗣️ 写作是一种对话,作者通过提出问题、呈现观点来与读者进行交流,共同探讨主题。
- 🧐 读者的类型会影响语言的选择,如天真的读者(naive audience)需要更多的解释和定义关键术语。
- 🤔 困惑的读者带有怀疑倾向,作者需要呈现分析、解决方案,并回应读者的质疑。
- 🚫 抵抗性或敌对的读者对作者的观点持反对态度,作者需要更具说服力和辩论性。
- 🎯 写作目的影响语言选择和内容表达,目的可以是通知、解释、分析、说服、反思或娱乐。
- 📝 写作前要考虑读者的初始想法和写作后希望读者了解或思考的内容。
- 📘 文体(genre)是具有清晰结构、设计方法和修辞的写作类型,每种文体都有特定的读者期望。
- 🧩 根据文体的不同,写作的开放性从非常开放到非常封闭不等,这决定了写作的预期和限制。
- 💼 例如,简历是一种非常封闭的文体,有明确的格式和内容要求;而博客则更加开放和自由。
- 📈 了解不同文体的预期可以帮助作者更有效地传达信息,读者也能更快地提取信息。
- 🔄 能够从一种文体转换到另一种文体对于学术交流和写作非常重要,这有助于读者理解作者的意图。
Q & A
什么是受众,为什么它对写作和阅读很重要?
-受众是指我们希望阅读我们写作的特定人群。它对写作和阅读很重要,因为写作时我们心中有一个特定的受众群体,这决定了我们的写作风格和内容。阅读时,了解作者预期的受众有助于我们更好地理解文本。
在写作中,作者和读者之间存在怎样的关系?
-作者和读者之间存在一种对话关系。作者通过提出问题、呈现观点和提供论据来引导读者,这是一种双方共同寻求意义的合作过程。
什么是肯尼斯·伯克的客厅隐喻?
-肯尼斯·伯克的客厅隐喻是一种比喻,用来描述作者和读者之间的对话关系,就像在客厅中进行的一场面对面的交谈。
如何定义“天真受众”?
-“天真受众”是指对话题不熟悉的读者群体。作为作者,你需要像专家一样向他们解释主题,定义关键术语,并提供大量的解释。
在写作中,为什么受众的类型会影响语言选择?
-受众的类型会影响语言选择,因为不同的受众对信息的熟悉程度和接受程度不同。作者需要根据受众的特点调整语言风格、术语使用和论证方式,以确保信息传达的有效性。
写作的目的有哪些?
-写作的目的包括通知、解释、分析、说服、反思和娱乐。作者在写作前应明确目的,这将影响他们如何构建论点和选择语言。
什么是体裁,它对写作有何影响?
-体裁是一种具有清晰结构、设计方法和修辞的写作类型。每种体裁都有特定的读者期望和规则,作者需要遵循这些规则以有效地传达信息。
为什么理解写作中的受众、目的和体裁对读者和作者都很重要?
-对读者而言,理解这些元素有助于更快地获取信息并深入理解文本。对作者而言,这些元素有助于他们更清晰地传达思想,并使读者能够更好地理解他们的意图。
在学术写作中,摘要属于哪种体裁形式?
-在学术写作中,摘要属于介于非常开放形式和非常封闭形式之间的体裁。它有一定的结构要求,但比简历或五段式文章等封闭形式的体裁要灵活。
五段式文章有哪些特点?
-五段式文章具有清晰的引言、三个主体段落和结论,通常在引言中提出论点,每个主体段落围绕一个主题句展开,并有清晰的过渡句。它是教授写作技能的一种方式,但不应视为学术写作的唯一模式。
为什么作者在写作时需要考虑读者可能的反对意见?
-考虑读者可能的反对意见有助于作者构建更全面的论证,通过反驳这些观点来加强自己的论点,使文章更具说服力。
对于一个有敌意或抵触情绪的受众,作者应该如何写作?
-对于有敌意或抵触情绪的受众,作者需要采取更有说服力和论证性的语言风格,清晰地表达观点,并可能需要使用更多的证据和例证来克服读者的抵触情绪。
Outlines
📚 理解受众、目的和体裁的重要性
第一段视频脚本讨论了受众、目的和体裁对读者和写作者的重要性。受众是指写作者心中预设的特定人群,比如在Facebook上写作时,你是为了你的朋友和家人而写。写作是一种读者和写作者之间的对话,可能包含一个论点或对某个问题的讨论。Kenneth Burke的客厅隐喻用来说明阅读和写作是如何成为一种对话的。视频中提到了不同类型的受众,包括不熟悉主题的天真受众、持怀疑态度的困惑受众以及持反对意见的抵抗或敌对受众。这些受众类型会影响写作者的语言选择。此外,视频还强调了写作目的的重要性,无论是为了通知、解释、分析、说服还是娱乐。最后,讨论了体裁的概念,即具有明确结构、设计和修辞的写作类型,每种体裁都有读者预期的特定指南。
📝 体裁的类别、限制和期望
第二段视频脚本继续探讨了体裁的概念,并介绍了从非常开放的形式到非常封闭的形式的五个类别。例如,简历是一个非常封闭的形式,对雇主阅读时包含的内容、格式、长度等有明确的限制和期望。而博客则位于非常开放的形式一端,允许更多的自由度来表达个人想法。视频还提到了介于两者之间的体裁,如摘要、给编辑的信件、杂志文章、报纸文章等。在开放形式的写作中,作者试图加深或探索问题,建立非常个人化和反思性的联系。而在封闭形式的写作中,如五段式文章,读者期望看到一个清晰的论点、易于跟随的结构、明确的段落主题句和清晰的过渡句。视频强调了从一种话语流畅过渡到另一种话语的重要性,并鼓励读者理解写作中的受众、目的和体裁,以便更深入地分析文本。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡受众
💡目的
💡体裁
💡肯尼斯·伯克的客厅隐喻
💡天真受众
💡困惑受众
💡抵抗性受众
💡语言选择
💡五段式文章
💡开放形式与封闭形式
💡体裁的期望和限制
Highlights
观众、目的和体裁对于读者和作者都非常重要
观众是指我们希望阅读我们写作的特定人群
写作是一种作者和读者之间的对话
在某些写作中存在论点,意味着作者在提出问题或观点
肯尼斯·伯克的客厅隐喻解释了阅读和写作是如何成为一种对话
存在不同类型的观众,如天真的观众、困惑的观众和抵抗或敌对的观众
观众的类型会影响你的语言选择
写作总是有一个目的,比如通知、解释、分析、说服、反思或娱乐
体裁是具有清晰结构、设计、方法和修辞的写作类型
每个专业领域都有其特定的体裁和规则
互联网迷因也是一种新的数字体裁,有其特定的规则
体裁的可能性、限制和期望是作者需要学习和理解的
简历是一种非常封闭的体裁,有明确的限制和期望
博客则是一种非常开放的体裁,约束较少
五段式文章是一个教学工具,用来教授写作技能
这些技能将转移到你的学术写作中,超越这个课堂
理解写作的观众、目的和体裁对于作者和读者都很重要
能够从一种话语顺利转移到另一种话语对于作者来说很重要
作为读者,理解写作在观众、目的和体裁方面的运作也很重要
Transcripts
hello today we're going to discuss
audience purpose and genre is important
to you as a reader and a writer first
what is audience audience means the
group of people whom we want to read our
writing not just
anybody we write for a specific group of
people in mind
for example when you write on facebook
you're writing for your friends and
family and that applies to any kind of
writing there's an intended audience in
mind whenever we write something
and it's a conversation between the
reader and the writer and
there's this thesis
in some kinds of writing that implies a
counter argument meaning
i'm arguing some sort of question i'm
presenting an idea and i'm you know
giving an opinion about something which
means that there is some overarching
question being asked by the writer to
the reader so that's where this
conversation idea comes into play
and it's a joint venture to seek meaning
meaning that the writer is taking the
reader on this adventure
to kind of make sense of their topic
through examples and outside sources and
putting together of information to come
to some sort of agreement about the
topic
and all of this is based on kenneth
burke's parlor metaphor i want you to
pause the video here and go to to see
these two youtube videos that explain
what this means and how reading and
writing is a conversation let's talk
about the different kinds of audiences
that we have
the first one is what we call a naive
audience meaning that they are
unfamiliar with your topic and it is
your job to explain to them as the
expert what it what your topic is to
define key terms for them and this
requires a lot of explanation
and you'll learn a little later on that
there are certain kinds of grammatical
themes attached to this idea
of
having a naive audience
usually adjective clauses are most
prevalent in this kind of audience
because you're explaining and defining
so many terms and ideas um there's a
puzzled audience with skeptical
tendencies where you're on an equal
status meaning you're you're not the
expert here but it is your job to
present an analysis a solution to a
problem
looking at both sides of an argument and
you know coming to
a you know some sort of end point where
you answer a lot of the reader's
skepticism through the counter arguments
the counter views that there are about
your topic and the last one is a
resistant or hostile audience where you
are writing for someone who
clearly opposes your idea and you have
to be very argumentative and very
persuasive
now why do these matter
audience matters because the type of
audience you have will influence your
language choices
and we'll explore that a little bit
later on in the semester
but keep in mind that these choices are
connected to what you learn in your
language analysis class and it also
determines what you say and how you say
it so very important to keep your
intended audience in mind every time
that you write all right the next thing
we're going to talk about is purpose and
why when we write we write with a
purpose
you know even in this class okay you're
writing because i'm asking you to but
there's a there's a bigger purpose for
everything that you write whether it's
to inform to explain
to analyze an idea to persuade somebody
to reflect on something to entertain me
with like a
newspaper magazine article
and something to think in mind as as
you're reading is what does the author
hope to change about the reader's
thinking
why did they write this
and you should ask yourself these
questions too as a writer you know
before my paper what do my readers think
and then after my paper what do i want
them to think or know all right let's
talk about genre because all of this is
connected to genre genre is a type of
writing with clear structure design
approach and rhetoric and every
conversation you enter into has has
specific guidelines based on the genre
that readers expect
you know if i'm reading a magazine
article i have certain expectations
just like if i'm going to read a
newspaper article there are certain
expectations
and this applies to your majors as well
every major has their own genre and
these are the guidelines that must be
followed if you wish to enter that
conversation if you wish to enter the
parlor
and be able to share ideas with others
in your field you need to know what
those expectations are and the same
applies to um internet memes
you know what if i told you memes are a
new digital genre
there are specific guidelines for those
too they follow a certain
style that make them a meme so you need
to learn genre possibilities limits
constraints and expectations and here
are
five categories
ranging from very open form to very
closed form and what that means is that
if we take an example of say the resume
which is a very closed form
there are very clear limits and
expectations when employers read your
resume as to what you should include on
it how it should be formatted
um
how long it should be and then on the
other side of the spectrum on the very
open form
taking like for example a blog
there's not as many constraints it's
more open to say what you want to say
how you want to say it
so
broad spectrum of the scale and and then
you have a couple things in between like
abstracts which we'll look at in
academic writing and um
you know letters to the editor magazines
articles
newspaper articles things like that and
all this means is that when you're in a
very open
very open side of things it's
unpredictable
you're trying to heighten or deepen a
problem
very human connection
that's very personal it's very
inquisitive and reflective and on the
opposite side is what we have what we
call closed form
which
has again those very rigid expectations
that i'm going to see a clear thesis
within your introduction
an easy to follow structure
i'm going to see paragraphs with clear
topic sentences i'm going to see clear
transitions linked sentences it's easy
for my reader to read
and the best example of this is the five
paragraph essay
which is really just a guideline that
you will not write in this class
there will be no five paragraph essay a
lot of the
expectations of the essay will be there
but
the five paragraph essay is used just to
teach you these skills but these skills
are what you're going to transfer to
your academic writing in this class and
beyond this class as well so
why do we care well it's important that
you're able to move from discourse to
discourse smoothly meaning from
conversation to conversation whether
it's a conversation
um
in your major or in another kind of
academic class
and in this class that you're able to
join the conversation so your reader can
understand you what you're trying to
convey and then you can transfer all
these skills to your academic classes
but as a reader it's important that you
understand what a writing is doing in
terms of audience purpose and genre who
is the author writing for why are they
writing and what are those constraints
that once you can start to understand
the
limits and expectations of a kind of
writing you can look for those
devices
as a way of pulling information more
quickly and you're going to be a more
thoughtful writer if you think about
who are you writing for why are you
writing and what are the conventions
that you have to follow in order to be
understood thank you for watching
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