STS Module 3 - Intellectual/ Scientific Revolution Lecture Video
Summary
TLDRThis lecture explores the Scientific Revolution's impact on society, emphasizing its role in shaping modern science and thought. It highlights the Age of Enlightenment's reliance on reason and the paradigm shifts that occurred, such as the Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian Revolutions. The lecture discusses how these shifts challenged church authority, led to scientific advancements, and changed societal beliefs. It also covers the scientific method, the role of experimentation, and the theories of evolution and psychoanalysis.
Takeaways
- 🔬 The Scientific Revolution, also known as the Intellectual Revolution, laid the groundwork for modern science and thinking.
- 🌟 The Age of Enlightenment was centered around reason as the primary source of authority, heavily influenced by the Scientific Revolution's emphasis on the scientific method.
- 📈 Paradigm shifts occurred during this period, leading to widespread acceptance of scientific beliefs despite opposition from authorities like the Church.
- 🔍 Scientific Revolution was characterized by unpredictable advancements, rapid and radical innovations, and a social nature focused on solving societal issues.
- 🌐 Thomas Kuhn's concept of a paradigm shift involves a framework that defines a scientific discipline at a certain point in time.
- 🌕 The Copernican Revolution, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, shifted the model of the solar system from a geocentric to a heliocentric view.
- 🌌 Tycho Brahe's observations supported the heliocentric theory, and Johannes Kepler's work described planetary motion around the Sun.
- 🐘 The Darwinian Revolution introduced the theory of evolution and natural selection by Charles Darwin, which explained how organisms adapt and evolve.
- 🧠 The Freudian Revolution by Sigmund Freud introduced psychoanalysis, the ID, ego, and superego concepts, and the iceberg theory of consciousness.
- 🌱 Examples like the Galapagos finches and the evolution of the giraffe's neck support Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Q & A
What is the significance of studying the Scientific Revolution?
-Studying the Scientific Revolution is important because it laid the foundation for the Age of Enlightenment, emphasizing reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy. It marked a shift towards modern scientific thinking and methods, leading to advancements in various fields of science and technology.
How did the Scientific Revolution challenge the authority of the church?
-The Scientific Revolution challenged the church's authority by proposing theories and discoveries that contradicted the church's teachings. Scientists of the time were often deemed heretics for their work, which was considered contrary to the church's views on the nature of the universe and life.
What are the characteristics of the Scientific Revolution according to Nickel?
-According to Nickel, the Scientific Revolution is characterized by unpredictability, rapid and radical innovations, and a social nature. Scientists and philosophers of the time engaged in trial-and-error experimentations, leading to unique and rapid advancements that aimed to solve societal problems.
What is a paradigm shift in the context of the Scientific Revolution?
-A paradigm shift refers to a fundamental change in the basic concepts and practices that define a scientific discipline. It involves a framework that includes accepted views, methods of observation and measurement, and the interpretation of results, leading to new ways of understanding and investigating the world.
Who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, and what was the significance of this model?
-Nicolas Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, which placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center. This model was significant as it challenged the widely accepted geocentric model and laid the groundwork for modern astronomy.
How did Tycho Brahe's observations support the heliocentric theory?
-Tycho Brahe made consistent observations that supported the heliocentric theory by cataloging over 1,000 stars, proving that comets were not part of Earth's atmosphere, and showing irregularities in the moon's orbit. His work, along with the invention of observational equipment, contributed to the acceptance of the heliocentric model.
What is the Darwinian Revolution, and how did Charles Darwin contribute to it?
-The Darwinian Revolution refers to the acceptance of the theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin in his book 'On the Origin of Species.' Darwin's theory emphasized that organisms evolve and adapt to their environment over time, leading to the diversity of life we see today.
What is an example of natural selection as described by Darwin?
-An example of natural selection is the evolution of the giraffe's neck. Early giraffes had shorter necks, but as the environment changed, those with longer necks could reach higher for food, giving them a survival advantage and leading to the development of the long-necked giraffes we see today.
How did the Freudian Revolution change our understanding of the human mind?
-The Freudian Revolution introduced the concepts of the id, ego, and superego, and the theory of psychoanalysis, which aimed to understand the inner and unconscious conflicts within personalities. This revolution shifted the focus towards the role of the unconscious mind in shaping human behavior and emotions.
What does the iceberg theory by Sigmund Freud represent?
-The iceberg theory by Sigmund Freud represents the different levels of the human mind, with the conscious mind being the small visible part above the water and the unconscious mind being the much larger part hidden beneath. The unconscious mind contains long-term memories, past experiences, and emotions that influence our behavior, often without our awareness.
Outlines
🔬 Scientific Revolution and Society
This paragraph introduces the topic of the Scientific Revolution and its impact on society. It emphasizes the importance of studying this period, which laid the groundwork for the Age of Enlightenment. The Scientific Revolution is also referred to as the Intellectual Revolution, marking a shift towards reason as the primary source of authority. During this time, there was a significant focus on the scientific method, leading to the emergence of modern science and new branches of scientific disciplines. Despite opposition from the church, which considered many scientific ideas heretical, scientists were able to make groundbreaking discoveries and inventions that transformed societal beliefs and perceptions. The paragraph also mentions the unpredictability and social nature of scientific revolutions, as they aimed to solve societal issues like food insecurity and communication.
🌌 Paradigm Shifts in Scientific Revolution
The paragraph delves into the concept of paradigm shifts within the Scientific Revolution, using Thomas Kuhn's framework. It explains that a paradigm is a set of practices defining a scientific discipline at a certain time. Paradigm shifts are significant changes in this framework that redefine accepted views and methodologies in a field. The paragraph then discusses three major paradigm shifts: the Copernican Revolution, the Darwinian Revolution, and the Freudian Revolution. It starts with a brief on the Copernican Revolution, which was a shift from the geocentric model of the solar system, proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, to the heliocentric model, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system. The paragraph also mentions the contributions of Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler to this shift.
🐍 Darwinian Revolution and Evolution
This paragraph focuses on the Darwinian Revolution, which is centered around Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin's 'On the Origin of Species' introduced the concept that organisms evolve and adapt to their environment through natural selection. The paragraph provides examples such as the evolution of the giraffe's long neck and the loss of snakes' legs due to environmental changes. It also discusses how human beings evolved from primates, changing in physical and cognitive characteristics over time. The paragraph highlights the resistance Darwin's theory faced from religious groups that believed in a supernatural origin of life, contrasting with the scientific view. It concludes by summarizing the two main points of Darwin's theory of evolution: all life on Earth is interconnected, and diversity arises from natural selection acting on variations within populations.
🧠 Freudian Revolution and Psychoanalysis
The paragraph discusses the Freudian Revolution and Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis. Freud introduced concepts such as the id, ego, and superego to explain different aspects of human personality. The id represents the pleasure principle, focusing on immediate gratification, while the ego represents the reality principle, balancing the id's desires with the constraints of the real world. The superego, on the other hand, represents the moral conscience. Freud also proposed the iceberg theory, suggesting that the conscious mind is only a small part of our total mental activity, with the majority of our thoughts, memories, and experiences residing in the unconscious mind. The paragraph explains how the unconscious mind can influence our behavior and reactions, often without our awareness, and how it can contain repressed experiences or emotions.
📚 Conclusion of Module Three
The final paragraph summarizes the topics covered in module three, which include the Scientific Revolution, paradigm shifts as described by Thomas Kuhn, and the three major paradigm shifts: Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian Revolutions. It wraps up the discussion by thanking the audience for their attention and promising more updates on upcoming topics.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Scientific Revolution
💡Intellectual Revolution
💡Age of Enlightenment
💡Paradigm Shift
💡Copernicus
💡Heliocentric Model
💡Darwinian Revolution
💡Natural Selection
💡Freudian Revolution
💡Psychoanalysis
💡ID, Ego, and Superego
Highlights
The Scientific Revolution laid the foundation for the Age of Enlightenment, emphasizing reason as the primary source of authority.
The Scientific Revolution is also known as the Intellectual Revolution, marking the emergence of modern science and current scientific thinking.
During the Scientific Revolution, there was a significant paradigm shift in various scientific fields.
Despite opposition from the church, scientists made significant advancements in science and technology.
Characteristics of the Scientific Revolution include unpredictability, rapid and radical innovations, and a social nature.
Thomas Kuhn's concept of a paradigm shift involves a framework that contains accepted views and practices defining a scientific discipline.
Copernicus' heliocentric model was a significant shift from Ptolemy's geocentric model of the solar system.
Tycho Brahe's observations supported the heliocentric theory and led to advancements in observational equipment.
Johannes Kepler discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at the center.
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection suggests that organisms adapt to environmental changes to survive.
The Galapagos finches example illustrates how species evolve through natural selection.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory introduced concepts of the id, ego, and superego to understand unconscious conflicts.
Freud's iceberg theory suggests that the unconscious mind holds the majority of our beliefs and experiences.
The Scientific Revolution's impact on society includes advancements in food security, communication, farming, and industry.
The Copernican Revolution challenged the church's authority and changed our understanding of the solar system.
Darwin's theory of evolution met resistance but has become a cornerstone of biology.
Freud's theories have had a profound impact on psychology and our understanding of the human mind.
Transcripts
welcome back to our class last time you
were able to discuss the historical
antecedents of science technology and
society today we'll be discussing about
the Scientific Revolution and Society
now before we proceed our topic I would
like to ask a question what do you think
is the importance of studying Scientific
Revolution or intellectual Revolution
please comment down your answers or
write your answers on the comment
section I'll be giving you some time to
do that
all right so the Scientific Revolution
laid the foundation for the Age of
Enlightenment which actually centers on
the reason as the primary source of
authority and legitimacy this just
simply means that during the Scientific
Revolution they gave so much importance
on scientific method now here's a bird's
eye view on one side what scientific
revolution is scientific revolution is
actually known also as intellectual
Revolution and this refers to series of
events which led or that led to the
emergence of modern science and more
current scientific thinking and this
actually uh falls on different field of
specialization you know during this
period uh there are already different
branches of science like biology
chemistry physics mathematics and
Delight now I would like to emphasize
that it is also in this period where
Paradigm shifts occurred which I will be
further discussing in a while it is
where it is also in this period where
scientific beliefs have been widely
embraced and accepted by people due to
constant
um challenges and opposed uh despite the
different challenges and oppositions you
know it was during this period that
church is very strong in fact the
authority during this period is the
church itself now
um any belief or particularly scientific
studies or revolutions or even
discoveries during this time are deemed
contrary to the church therefore they
were considered as Heretics during that
time that but but despite all of the
oppositions from the church uh
scientists during this period were able
to establish a lot of series loss and
even invention that actually led to uh
the advancements of Science and
Technology and in return changed
people's perception and believe so there
was a strong sense of Scientific
Revolution during this time now here are
some of the characteristics of
Scientific Revolution now for the first
part according to Nickel scientific
revolution is actually unpredictable you
know during this period scientists and a
lot of philosophers of course try to
make use of several experimentations
observations which occurs mostly through
trial and error of course most of these
scientific Innovations are unique and
they're also rapid they were also very
radical or aggressive you know in in
creating
um procedures principles and even uh in
studying different uh in in ensuring
that uh the principles they have
discovered are actually evident through
several experimentations so on top of
that uh the one of the characteristic of
scientific revolution is that it is
social in nature let us bear in mind
that the main focus of science and
technology is to become orders to answer
you know several problems and issues uh
in the society so they are very keen in
trying to discover uh so several
problems like in food insecurity and
communication in farming in industry and
in agriculture and
um because of this advancements no there
were several methods and principles
established in the society which
actually helps Society to thrive and to
evolve now I would like to focus on the
third point which is
um are Khan actually uh proposed a
scientific revolution or which is
actually a paradigm shift now when we
talk about Paradigm Shift please bear in
mind that paradigm shift or Paradigm
itself is actually a framework and this
framework just like what you see on
their screen right now which is the con
cycle now this is actually a framework
that contains the accepted views about
certain Fields including the subject of
observation and measurement and question
asked about these subjects which are
actually investigated and of course from
their investigations results were
interpreted and they were able to
identify instruments that can be used in
the measurement of their principles
theories and loss so they are very keen
in ensuring that their evidence has are
factual not just factual but there are
based on the facts and that there are
actually data that will support their
claims now the philosopher Thomas Khan
actually created who created this cycle
suggested a paradigm which includes the
practices that defines a scientific
discipline so this is the entire
framework the cycle of Khan and if you
see these are actually practices that
defines a scientific discipline at a
certain point in time so of course uh
these advancements and this uh
Innovations took time okay before they
were established now this paradigms
allow us to actually determine a result
which belongs to a certain field or not
so the cycle or the framework of Khan
which is a paradigm shift uh through
that they were able to identify if a
certain discoveries were related to
certain specific Fields like let's say
if it is for chemistry for biology for
environment for Ecology and whatsoever
now
um this paradigm shift for this
particular topic will be focusing on
three Paradigm shifts which includes
copernican revolution darwinian
revolution and of course the Freudian
Revolution now we're actually familiar
or you're I'm pretty sure that you're
already familiar with the copernican
revolution since you have already
studied this when you were in high
school now let's have a recall of this
particular concept now the copernican
Revolution was actually established by
Nicolas Copernicus who was actually
considered to be the father of modern
astronomy now during the time of
Copernicus there were actually two
existing models about the solar system
the first model was actually proposed by
Claudius Ptolemy and according to
Claudius Ptolemy the Earth is the center
of the solar system and he called this
model the geocentric model however uh
Copernicus or Nicolas Copernicus
actually proposed a different model or
Theory wherein it is not the earth that
is the center of the solar system but it
is actually the Sun
now if you look at this figure you'll
see immediately the difference between
the two as I've said geocentric model is
actually this at the center of the
universe in the geocentric model is the
earth however in the heliocentric model
which was proposed by Nicolas Copernicus
the center of the solar system is
actually the sun now if you look closely
at this particular illustration or or
the the image on the screen you'll see
that
um the model of of uh Nicolas Copernicus
was influenced by several intellectual
person one of which is Taiko braje now I
would like you to uh bear in mind that
type of made consistent observations
which supported the heliocentric theory
and these observations were made using
only a compass and a substance
cataloged over 1 000 stars and one of
the Stars he observed is actually the
Cassiopeia and he also proved that
comets were not just components of
Earth's atmosphere but actual objects
traveling through space
also showed irregularities in the moon's
orbit and discovered a new star as I've
mentioned that started he discovered was
kashiopeia now braje also please take
note of this brahe also invented many
instruments such as the titanium
quadrant which were widely copied and
led to the invention of observational
equipment which actually LED also to the
discovery of
um telescopes
I think were friends or they were
colleagues during that time and Johannes
Kepler uh uh join hand with taikobrahe
and they actually discovered that
planets move in elliptical orbits and
the Sun is the center if you could
recall in your science in in your high
school
um the sun plays a very important role
in the gravitational pull of the earth
remember the theory of Sir Isaac Newton
the law of gravitation this was actually
influenced by the sun because of its
magnetic pull because of the Sun the
planets are held in place in their orbit
and they are not crashing or crashing to
each other so the sun really plays an
important role in of course keeping the
orbit of the planet and at the same time
maintaining the different gravity of
different planets now
moving on we have darwinian Revolution
now darwinian Revolution
um of course we know that the father of
evolution is Charles Darwin and he
published the book on the origin of of
species which emphasizes that organism
are the result of evolution and um in
his theory natural selection according
to him uh the organism actually adapt to
the environment to the changes in the
environment and evolve uh in order for
them to survive so part of the natural
selection is also the uh the theory of
part of the natural selection is the
theory of evolution where he theorized
that species of organisms arise and
develop through the natural selection of
small inherited variations so as the
environment change these organisms adapt
and several changes manifest onto them
one typical example that is used fully
cited by several books is of course the
giraffe according to theories
the giraffe evolved before giraffes were
known to have
um short neck I mean they don't have
that long neck feature that we see uh
from the giraffes today according to a
record or according to scientists
because of the changes in the
environment and because of the need for
them of course to eat and to reach for
their food they were able to develop uh
long necks on top of that one Theory
also and actually supported by claims
right now according to scientists
they've discovered that snakes actually
had feet uh back then so they could
stand on their on their feet and that
they are four-legged however because of
the changes in the environment and the
cost of the situations where they are
they need to adapt to their environment
and therefore lost the ability to walk
and eventually their feet strength now
another particular example is human
beings now we human beings have this
tail this tailbone
um according to the theory of Charles
Darwin we originated from uh from
chimpanzees now from monkeys and as time
passed by we evolved and developed no um
according to records early human beings
are hairy not because of the environment
because of the climate or because of the
temperature perhaps and as you can see
you know the the jaws of the human
beings back then were big and and their
brain of the early human beings or Homo
sapiens for example are kind of small
compared to our brain right now or yeah
kinda small compared to our brain right
now but because human beings started to
think and started to discover
particularly fire and the use of several
stones to hunt now human beings were
able to adapt and become uh much more
logical or uh we we tend to have this
reasoning skill already so uh the
darwinian evolution actually emphasizes
um two main points but I want to
emphasize first and please take note of
this that the natural selection often
describes survival of the fit that's
where fitness refers to the ability to
survive and reproduce now just like
Copernicus please bear in mind that
Darwin's theory of evolution also met
resistance during the society or during
the early period now critics see the
theory of evolution to be contradictory
to the church's teachings that the
source of life is actually God no a
super I mean a supernatural being the
theory of natural selection emerge at a
time when most of the population
believed and accepted the biblical
version of Earth's creation so this
caused a lot of conflict among people
and while some believe that the theory
explained the origin of Life please take
note that the religious and faithful
contradicts it now this cause of debate
between science and so that's that
actually I don't know if that's the
start but I I definitely am sure that
back then the the science and religion
are always arguing so back to Natural
Selection uh as you can see on the
screen there are two main points of the
theory of evolution one is that all life
on Earth is connected and related to
each other and of course second the
diversity of Life came about because of
the modification in the in populations
that were driven by natural selection a
commonly cited example is the Galapagos
uh finches now as you can see on the
screen now the early Galapagos finches
have bigger beats and according to
studies or according to researchers they
actually need this beaks in order to
crack some
um some foods or their source of food
But as time passed by and as the
environment changes they tend to search
for fruits or insects and other sources
of food which doesn't need or require
bigger beaks now that's the reason why
the Galapagos means just now have
smaller bits compared to those in the
earlier times and this claim actually
supports the theory of natural selection
by of course Charles Darwin and the last
one
is the Freudian Revolution we are all
familiar with the Freudian Revolution
this was actually
um
are postulated by Sigmund Freud and one
of the most common or most famous uh
development LED which was created by
Freud is actually the theory of
psychoanalysis now psychoanalysis please
bear in mind is the scientific method of
understanding inner and unconscious
conflicts embedded within personalities
that's why
um Freud was able to conceptualize now
three important Concepts the Eid the ego
and the superego now I would like you to
remember when we talk about e this is
more of the pleasurable uh principle so
it adapts the pleasurable principle now
according to Sigmund Freud we developed
this uh this personality that's it uh
once we were still doing this because um
one of the features of babies are of
course sucking milk
um sleeping uh then again eating
sleeping resting and whatsoever so we
tend to
um go uh focus more on the Eid during
that time now as we grow uh when we are
in the elementary period we now
developed the second one which is ego
now according to Sigmund Freud this is
actually the the reality principle okay
uh the ego balances the ID and the super
ego and since I've mentioned it's more
of the reality principle According to
Freud it is the ego which Acts actually
needs to be developed in order for us to
become a well-functioning individual now
the last one is the superego so we have
the ID which is the uh which is the
pleasure which which holds the Pleasure
Principle and then the second one which
is the ego which holds the reality
principle and the last one is the
Supreme ego which holds the conscience
principle so it's more of
um of uh obeying your conscience and
knowing what is right and wrong now if
we uh develop too much our super ego the
tendency is that we will become very
judgmental because of that sense of
righteousness but when we tend to over
develop our in what will happen is that
we will become very impulsive and uh
that's just one of the attributes that
we could develop now being impulsive
like for example when you go to
groceries and uh when you're just about
to buy let's say a milk but when you uh
try to roam around the grocery you were
able to see some food or perhaps some
some items that you really like and
without even thinking you tend to buy
all of that so that's uh impulsive
buying and we tend to develop that when
we focus more on the in so uh another
one or another concept that Freud uh
proposed aside from the psychoanal
psychoanalytic theory and the aid ego
and super eagle we also have here the uh
the uh the iceberg Theory which uh which
uh which Freud actually used the iceberg
to uh to illustrate what's on our mind
according to Sigmund Freud uh we have
the conscious the subconscious or the
pre-conscious and the unconscious now
according to Sigmund Freud if you really
want to discover who you really are you
don't you should focus on your
unconscious mind because it holds 95
percent end of your belief of your
long-term memory which also includes
your past experiences your traumatic
experiences or phobias your fear and
your emotion but when we talk about the
conscious mind these are actually
short-term memories these are uh the
things that we you can actually remember
the things that you have just let's say
attended to for example uh here in our
class we we consider this to become to
be part of your conscious mind because
this is actually a working a working
scenario or a working situation you're
learning and particularly the conscious
mind holds information that you can
easily access let's say for example the
name of your family members the name of
your uh of your teachers this semester
so all of those belong to the conscious
mind so if we uh if we try to compare it
to the iceberg you'll see that
um from when we look at the surface okay
okay you'll see that the the ice is
actually quite smaller compared to
what's underneath and according to
Sigmund Freud when we try to dig the
unconscious we'll be able to discover
more about ourselves so and but but the
reality is it's quite hard to access the
unconscious mind because uh the tendency
of human beings to to uh let's say hide
you know the the the things that are
unpleasant let's say memories or
experiences
experiences like let's say us abuse no
physical verbal or sexual abuse no the
mind uh we go now our coping mechanism
is that we try to hide this this
information this experiences in our
unconscious mind however please bear in
mind that despite being buried in the
unconscious mind it will still surface
somehow not through some true actions
and behaviors or responses or reactions
that are uh that are observed by the
people around us and and most of the
time we become unconscious of this uh of
these feelings of these behaviors
because of the uh unconscious uh mind
because of the things that we have kept
you know in our unconscious mind so this
are all about the the third module these
are the topics under the third module
again so we were able to discuss
Scientific Revolution and uh the
Paradigm Shift by Khan and the three
important Paradigm shifts that we
magnified earlier is the uh copernican
Revolution the darwinian Revolution and
the uh Freudian Revolution so that's the
end of module three thank you very much
for listening and stay tuned for more
updates regarding our next topic so I'll
see you next time bye bye
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