O que é Vigilância Epidemiológica? Como surgiu? Vigilância em saúde

Enfermundo - O mundo da enfermagem

21 Nov 202207:33

Summary

TLDRThe video explores the origins and evolution of epidemiological surveillance, a crucial practice in public health. It discusses how ancient civilizations like Rome, Egypt, and Persia tracked populations and disease outbreaks. The narrative highlights key historical milestones, including quarantine measures, the development of mandatory disease notifications, and early 20th-century efforts to combat epidemics in Brazil. The World Health Organization's formalization of the term 'epidemiological surveillance' in the 1960s is covered, along with Brazil's establishment of its own surveillance systems. The script emphasizes the continuous adaptation of these practices to address new public health challenges.

Takeaways

📅 The term 'epidemiological surveillance' is relatively recent but reflects historical transformations in health events over the centuries.
📊 Epidemiological surveillance is based on information about the occurrence and distribution of diseases and health conditions in populations.
🏛️ Ancient civilizations, such as Rome, Egypt, and Persia, recorded population data, including births, deaths, and disease outbreaks like the bubonic plague.
🔒 The first health surveillance measures involved quarantining and isolating sick individuals to control the spread of disease.
📋 In the 19th century, Brazil's surveillance focused on population counts, especially of slaves for commercial purposes, and monitoring infectious diseases.
⚕️ Early 20th century Brazil faced severe epidemics of smallpox, bubonic plague, yellow fever, and cholera, leading to significant public health interventions.
🧬 Commercial interests, migration, technological advances, and improved working conditions were key factors in implementing health control measures, which reduced mortality, especially among the wealthier populations.
🌍 In the mid-20th century, the concept of epidemiological surveillance expanded beyond infectious diseases to include other public health concerns.
📚 Brazil's National Epidemiological Surveillance System was established in the 1970s, with the first manual on epidemiological surveillance published in 1977.
⚖️ The 1990 law defined epidemiological surveillance as a set of actions for detecting and preventing changes in the health status of individuals or populations, aimed at recommending preventive measures and controlling health threats.

Q & A

What is the origin of the term 'epidemiological surveillance'?
-The term 'epidemiological surveillance' is relatively recent, reflecting changes in health events observed over the centuries. It is based on the occurrence and distribution of diseases within populations.
How was population data used in ancient civilizations for health monitoring?
-Ancient civilizations like the Roman Empire and Egypt used population data, such as birth and death records, for health monitoring. These records helped track the spread of diseases, particularly infectious ones.
What early health measures were associated with epidemiological surveillance?
-Early health measures included quarantine and the isolation of sick individuals. Over time, more comprehensive measures were introduced, such as mandatory disease reporting and the monitoring of those in contact with infected persons.
How did epidemiological surveillance evolve in Brazil during the 19th century?
-In 19th century Brazil, the primary focus of epidemiological surveillance was population counting, especially of slaves for commercial purposes, and the description of infectious diseases to analyze health and living conditions.
What were the key public health challenges in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century?
-Brazil faced major epidemics of smallpox, bubonic plague, yellow fever, and cholera, which impacted agriculture and the emerging industrial sector. Efforts were made to improve health conditions to protect production and economic growth.
Who were the key figures in disease control efforts in Brazil, and what were their focuses?
-Oswaldo Cruz led disease control efforts in Rio de Janeiro, focusing on yellow fever, smallpox, and the bubonic plague, while Carlos Chagas led efforts to control malaria in the interior of São Paulo.
How did commercial interests influence epidemiological surveillance in Brazil?
-Commercial interests, migration, technological advances, and improvements in working conditions influenced the implementation of sanitary measures, which led to a reduction in mortality rates, particularly among the wealthier population.
When did the World Health Organization (WHO) adopt the term 'epidemiological surveillance'?
-The World Health Organization adopted the term 'epidemiological surveillance' in 1965 to describe activities related to the monitoring of communicable diseases.
How did the concept of epidemiological surveillance expand over time?
-By the second half of the 20th century, the concept of epidemiological surveillance expanded beyond monitoring infectious diseases to include any health-related issues of public interest, including non-communicable diseases.
What was the significance of Law 6.259 of 1975 in Brazil’s epidemiological surveillance system?
-Law 6.259 of 1975 and the related decree established Brazil’s National Epidemiological Surveillance System, leading to the creation of mandatory reporting of certain communicable diseases and the publication of technical guidelines.

Outlines

00:00

🧪 Origins of Epidemiological Surveillance

This paragraph introduces the concept of epidemiological surveillance, which, though a recent term, reflects centuries of evolution in health-related practices. It traces the history of data collection concerning births, deaths, and disease outbreaks in ancient civilizations like Rome, Egypt, and Persia. Early measures to control diseases such as quarantine and isolation gradually developed into more formalized practices like mandatory disease reporting and health monitoring. In 19th-century Brazil, public health initiatives targeted infectious diseases amidst poor living conditions and outbreaks of smallpox, bubonic plague, and yellow fever. This period saw major efforts to protect commercial interests, such as those led by Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro and Carlos Chagas in São Paulo, which contributed to reducing mortality rates.

05:00

📜 Evolution of Brazil's Epidemiological Surveillance System

This paragraph continues by detailing the formalization of epidemiological surveillance in Brazil during the 20th century. The poliomyelitis outbreak led to its inclusion in the country's disease notification system, and by 1975, the National Epidemiological Surveillance System was established by law. The system was further refined with the creation of a comprehensive list of notifiable diseases in 1977 and the publication of the first epidemiological surveillance manual. In 1990, the legal definition of epidemiological surveillance was expanded to include the detection and prevention of any changes in health conditions. The concept continues to evolve in response to changes in Brazilian society, especially with the ongoing epidemiological and demographic transitions.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Vigilância epidemiológica

Epidemiological surveillance refers to the systematic collection, analysis, and dissemination of health data to monitor and control diseases. In the video, it is described as a method for understanding the occurrence and distribution of diseases, particularly infectious diseases, and is key to public health actions like quarantine and disease notification.

💡Doenças transmissíveis

Transmissible diseases are illnesses that can be spread from person to person, or through other vectors like animals or the environment. The video emphasizes their historical significance in shaping public health measures, such as the control of diseases like smallpox, bubonic plague, and yellow fever in Brazil.

💡Quarentena

Quarantine is the practice of isolating individuals who have been exposed to a contagious disease to prevent its spread. The video discusses quarantine as one of the earliest public health measures for controlling infectious diseases, particularly before modern medicine, such as antibiotics, was available.

💡Isolamento de doentes

Isolation of the sick involves separating individuals diagnosed with contagious diseases from the healthy population. This method was one of the first strategies in epidemiological surveillance, aimed at preventing the spread of diseases like the bubonic plague.

💡Notificação de doenças

Disease notification is the mandatory reporting of certain health conditions, particularly infectious diseases, to health authorities. The video highlights how this practice became essential in controlling the spread of diseases, allowing health authorities to monitor and respond to outbreaks more effectively.

💡Oswaldo Cruz

Oswaldo Cruz was a prominent Brazilian public health figure who led campaigns against diseases such as yellow fever, smallpox, and the plague in Rio de Janeiro. The video refers to his contributions to early epidemiological control measures in Brazil, which were crucial for public health advancements.

💡Carlos Chagas

Carlos Chagas was a Brazilian physician who played a key role in combating malaria in the interior of São Paulo. His work is mentioned in the video as part of the broader efforts to control infectious diseases in Brazil, marking a significant step in the development of public health surveillance.

💡Transição epidemiológica

Epidemiological transition refers to the shift in disease patterns within a population, typically from infectious diseases to chronic, non-communicable diseases. The video touches on this concept, noting the changes in Brazilian society that have influenced patterns of illness and mortality.

💡Peste bubônica

The bubonic plague is a deadly infectious disease caused by the bacterium *Yersinia pestis*. The video mentions the plague as an example of a disease that shaped early public health efforts, such as quarantine and mandatory disease notification, in historical contexts like ancient Persia and medieval Europe.

💡Lei 8.080 de 1990

The Brazilian law 8.080 of 1990 defines the framework for public health in the country, including the concept of epidemiological surveillance. The video explains how this law formalized the structure for monitoring and controlling health risks in Brazil, emphasizing the need for ongoing prevention and control of diseases.

Highlights

The term 'epidemiological surveillance' is relatively recent but reflects historical transformations in health events over centuries.

Epidemiological surveillance is based on information about the occurrence and distribution of diseases and health-related conditions in populations.

Historical records from civilizations like the Roman Empire, Egypt, and Persia show early forms of population tracking and disease recording, such as birth and death registrations.

Quarantine and isolation of sick individuals were the first health surveillance measures introduced.

In the 19th century, Brazil focused on counting populations, especially slaves, for commercial purposes, while also tracking infectious diseases to analyze public health.

The early 20th century in Brazil was marked by epidemics like smallpox, bubonic plague, yellow fever, and cholera, which affected both agriculture and emerging industries.

To ensure economic growth and social order, health conditions in Brazil's capital were improved, with a focus on controlling infectious diseases.

In Rio de Janeiro, Oswaldo Cruz led control efforts for yellow fever, smallpox, and the plague, while Carlos Chagas led similar efforts against malaria in São Paulo.

Commercial interests, migration, technological advancements, and improved working conditions played key roles in reducing mortality, especially among the wealthier populations.

By the mid-20th century, the concept of epidemiological surveillance expanded beyond just observing suspected or confirmed cases of infectious diseases.

In 1965, the World Health Organization (WHO) used the term 'epidemiological surveillance' to describe the activities of the Division of Communicable Diseases.

In 1968, the 20th World Health Assembly broadened the definition of epidemiological surveillance to include diseases and health conditions of public health interest, not just infectious diseases.

Brazil created the Center for Epidemiological Investigations in 1968, consolidating basic measures like weekly disease reporting.

In 1975, Brazil instituted the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance, formalized by Law 6,259, and its implementation was strengthened with legislation in 1976.

The 1990 law (8,080) defined epidemiological surveillance as a set of actions to monitor and detect changes in health determinants to recommend and implement preventive measures.