Abo Blood Grouping Test Procedure

Summary

This video tutorial demonstrates the process of ABO and Rh blood grouping using a diagnostic kit containing monoclonal antibodies. It outlines the necessary materials, including a clean glass light, pricking device, and test kit with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D reagents. The procedure involves pricking a finger, applying blood drops, adding reagents, and observing for agglutination. The video concludes with interpreting the results, showcasing various blood group patterns, and encourages viewers to engage with the channel.

Takeaways

• 🧬 Diagnostic labs use monoclonal antibodies to identify ABO and Rh blood groups.
• 💧 Anti-A (blue), Anti-B (yellow), and Anti-D (colorless) are the reagents used for blood grouping.
• 📦 The diagnostic kit includes vials of antibodies and a dropper for precise reagent application.
• 🔎 A clean glass light, tile, or test plate is necessary for observing blood reactions.
• 💉 A pricking device like a lancet or pricking pen is used to obtain a blood sample.
• 🔄 Homogenize the antibody vials and let them equilibrate to room temperature before testing.
• 🩸 Sterilize the finger and prick it to collect blood drops for testing.
• 🔵 Place blood drops on the glass light and add reagents for Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D to respective drops.
• 🚫 Do not use the same mixing tool for all blood drops to avoid cross-contamination.
• ⏱️ Allow the blood and reagent mixtures to sit undisturbed for 30 seconds to a few minutes.
• 🔍 Clumping of red blood cells indicates a positive reaction and helps determine the blood group.

Q & A

What is the purpose of the diagnostic kit used in blood grouping?

The diagnostic kit is used for ABO and Rh blood grouping, which consists of monoclonal antibodies for A, B, and Rh antigens.

What are the color codes for the monoclonal antibodies in the blood grouping test kit?

Anti-A (anti-Era A) is blue, Anti-B (Anti-Era B) is yellow, and Anti-D (Anti-Era D) is colorless.

What materials are needed to perform the ABO and Rh blood grouping test?

A clean glass light, a white porcelain tile, a pricking device, alcohol swab, and a blood grouping test kit with anti-A, B, and D antibody vials are needed.

How should the anti-Era antibody vials be prepared before the test?

The contents of the vials should be homogenized by inverting each bottle three to five times and allowed to equilibrate to room temperature.

How is the blood sample collected for the test?

The tip of the middle or ring finger is sterilized with alcohol, allowed to dry, and then pricked using a lancet or pricking pen.

Where should the blood drops be placed on the glass light?

Four drops of blood should be placed on the glass light at more or less equal distances from each other, not too close to the edges.

What is the purpose of the fourth blood drop on the slide?

The fourth blood drop serves as a negative control, to which only a drop of normal saline is added.

How should the blood and reagent drops be mixed on the slide?

Each blood drop should be mixed individually with the corresponding reagent using a different toothpick, match stick, or capillary tube.

What is the expected outcome after mixing the blood and reagents?

The presence or absence of agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells (RBCs) in the mixture drops is observed after allowing the slide to sit undisturbed for 30 seconds to a couple of minutes.

How is the blood group determined based on the test results?

The blood group is determined by which of the three drops mixed with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D reagents exhibit RBC clumping.

What does the absence of clumping in the negative control indicate?

The absence of clumping in the negative control indicates that the test was performed correctly, and if clumping is observed, the experiment may need to be repeated.

Outlines

00:00

🧬 Blood Grouping Test Procedure

This paragraph outlines the process of blood grouping using a diagnostic kit that includes monoclonal antibodies for A, B, and Rh antigens. The kit features color-coded reagents: anti-A (blue), anti-B (yellow), and anti-RhD (colorless). To perform the test, a clean surface, pricking device, alcohol swab, and blood grouping test kit are required. The procedure involves pricking a finger, placing drops of blood on a glass tile, and adding reagents. After mixing, the slide is observed for agglutination or clumping of red blood cells, which indicates the blood group. The video provides a visual guide to interpreting the results for various blood groups, ending with a call to action for viewers to engage with the content.

Keywords

💡Diagnostic lab

A diagnostic lab is a specialized facility where various tests are conducted to analyze biological samples, such as blood, for medical diagnosis. In the context of the video, a diagnostic lab is where blood grouping is performed using specific reagents and techniques to determine a person's blood type. The video script describes the process of blood grouping in a diagnostic lab setting, emphasizing the use of monoclonal antibodies and other diagnostic tools.

💡Rh blood grouping

Rh blood grouping is a critical part of blood typing that identifies the presence or absence of the Rh factor (RhD antigen) in a person's blood. It is essential for safe blood transfusions and organ transplants. The video script mentions Rh blood grouping as one of the tests performed using monoclonal antibodies, specifically anti-RhD, to detect the Rh factor in blood samples.

💡Monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced molecules designed to mimic the immune system's ability to recognize and neutralize specific antigens. In the video, monoclonal antibodies against antigens A, B, and RhD are used as reagents in the blood grouping test. These antibodies are color-coded (blue for anti-A, yellow for anti-B, and colorless for anti-RhD) to facilitate the testing process.

💡Anti-Era A and Anti-Era B

Anti-Era A and Anti-Era B refer to the monoclonal antibodies specific to the A and B antigens in the ABO blood group system. These antibodies are used to identify the presence of A and B antigens in blood samples. The video script describes the use of these antibodies in the form of blue and yellow colored liquids, respectively, to perform the blood grouping test.

💡Anti-Era D

Anti-Era D, also known as anti-RhD, is a monoclonal antibody used to detect the presence of the RhD antigen in blood samples. It is crucial for determining Rh blood grouping. The video script mentions the use of this colorless reagent in the blood grouping test, where its reaction with the blood sample indicates the Rh factor's presence.

💡VDRL test plate

A VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test plate is a type of glass slide used for blood testing. In the video, a clean glass light or a white porcelain tile, similar to a VDRL test plate, is used as a surface for performing the blood grouping test. This provides a clear and controlled environment for observing the reaction between blood samples and reagents.

💡Pricking device

A pricking device, such as a lancet or pricking pen, is a medical instrument used to puncture the skin to draw a small amount of blood for testing. The video script instructs the use of a pricking device to obtain blood samples from the finger for the blood grouping test, emphasizing the importance of using a new pricking needle for each person to maintain hygiene.

💡Alcohol swap

An alcohol swap, or a cotton ball moistened with rubbing alcohol, is used for surface sterilization before drawing blood. In the video, it is mentioned as a step to clean the fingertip before pricking, ensuring that the blood sample is not contaminated by bacteria or other microorganisms, which could affect the test results.

💡Toothpicks or match sticks

Toothpicks or match sticks are used as mixing tools in the blood grouping test to mix the blood drops with the reagents. The video script specifies the use of different toothpicks or match sticks for each blood drop to avoid cross-contamination, ensuring accurate test results by preventing the mixing of blood samples.

💡Negative control

A negative control in a blood grouping test is a blood drop to which normal saline is added instead of the test reagents. It serves as a baseline to compare against the test samples. The video script describes adding normal saline to the fourth blood drop as a negative control to ensure that any observed clumping is due to the presence of antigens and not a result of non-specific reactions.

💡Agglutination

Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cells (RBCs) that occurs when they come into contact with specific antibodies. In the video, the presence or absence of agglutination is used to determine the blood group of the sample. The script explains that clumping indicates a positive reaction with the corresponding antibody, which helps in identifying the blood type.

Highlights

Diagnostic lab uses monoclonal antibodies for ABO and Rh blood grouping.

Anti-A (Anti-Era A) is a blue liquid reagent, Anti-B (Anti-Era B) is yellow, and Anti-RhD (Anti-Era D) is colorless.

Color codes for reagents are universal standards in blood grouping tests.

Required materials include a clean glass light, pricking device, alcohol swap, and blood grouping test kit.

Blood grouping test kit should be homogenized and equilibrated to room temperature before use.

Sterilize the finger tip with alcohol before pricking for blood collection.

Place four drops of blood on a glass light, ensuring they are spaced for easy mixing.

Add one drop each of Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-RhD reagents to the first three blood drops.

The fourth blood drop serves as a negative control with normal saline added.

Avoid touching reagent dropper tips to blood samples to prevent contamination.

Mix each blood drop with its corresponding reagent using separate toothpicks or matchsticks.

Leave the slide undisturbed for 30 seconds to a couple of minutes to observe RBC clumping.

Clumping or agglutination indicates a positive reaction to the corresponding antigen.

The negative control should not show clumping, indicating proper test procedure.

Blood group is determined by which reagent causes RBC clumping in the test.

Example result: Clumping only with Anti-RhD indicates blood group O positive.

Video provides a photo collage of various agglutination patterns for different blood groups.

Encouragement to like, subscribe, and share the video for educational purposes.

Invitation to join the channel membership or Patreon for additional support.

Transcripts

in a Diagnostic lab the and Rh blood

grouping is done using a diagnostic kit

that consists of monoclonal antibodies

for a b and Rh antigens monoclonal

antibodies against antigen a also called

anti-era a comes as a blue colored

liquid reagent in a small bottle with a

dropper monoclonal antibodies against

antigen B also called antier B comes in

yellow color while the anti-rhd

monoclonal antibodies against rhd

antigens also called anti-era D is a

colorless reagent all the color codes

are Universal standards to perform the

and Rh blood grouping test you'll

need the following

a clean glass light or a white porcelain

tile or a vdrl test plate pricking

device such as a lanet or pricking pen

alcohol swap or a cotton moistened with

rubbing alcohol toothpicks match sticks

or capillary tubes blood grouping

test kit consisting of anti-era a b and

d antibody vials to begin the test first

remove the blood grouping test kit

from the refrigerator homogenize the

contents of the anti-era antibody vials

by inverting each bottle three to five

times and allow them to equilibri to

room

temperature meanwhile take the pre-

clean glass light and place it on a

white sheet of paper or porcelain tile

next surface sterilize the tip of the

middle or ring finger using a alcohol

swap allow the alcohol to dry and then

gently but briskly prick the finger

using the lanet or the pricking pen

always remember to use a new lens set or

pricking needle for each person you may

or may not wipe off the first Blood ooze

now gently place four drops of Blood on

the glass light at more or less equal

distances from each other do not place

the two Corner drops too close to the

edges of the slide as it might pose some

inconvenience when mixing later with the

mixing stick then open the vials and

Place One Drop each of the anti-er a

anti-er b antier d reagents

in quick succession to the first second

and third drops of blood respectively to

the fourth blood drop which is the

negative control add nothing else but a

drop of normal saline during reagent

addition always take extra care not to

touch the tips of the reagent droppers

with any of the blood samples once the

three antisera and normal saline have

been added to the test and control blood

samples respectively quickly and

thoroughly mix the four blood drops

individually using four different

toothpicks or match sticks do not and

never use the same mixing stick to mix

all four drops once you have

individually mixed all the reagent blood

drops leave the slide undisturbed for 30

seconds to a couple of minutes at the

end of this time period check for

utenation or clumping of rbcs in the

four mixture drops for quick reference

clumping or utenation looks something

like the photo on the left as compared

to the photo on the right which shows no

glutin the negative control is not

expected to show clumping in which case

the experiment need to be repeated the

blood group of the tested blood sample

will now depend on which of the three

drops on the slide exhibit RBC clumping

this is a photo collage of the various

utenation patterns that can be seen on

the slide for the various and Rh

blood

groups in the blood sample that we have

tested in this video agglutination or

clumping could be seen only in the third

blood drop which is the one mixed with

the anti-er D or anti-rhd antibody

reagent this clumping pattern can

therefore be interpreted as the blood

group O positive based on the image

collage previously shown hope this video

helped if so please don't forget to like

subscribe and share with friends

colleagues and students also please do

consider joining me on my channel

membership or in patreon you can also

send a super thanks of any amount any

time thanks again for tuning in see you

soon with a brand new video

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