The Cardiovascular System (CVS) ❤️ 🩸 - A Simple Introduction - Biology, Anatomy, Physiology
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script delves into the intricacies of the cardiovascular system, focusing on the heart's function and circulation in both adults and fetuses. It explains the journey of blood from the left ventricle through systemic circulation, the role of various heart valves, and the unique characteristics of arteries and veins. The script also touches on fetal circulation, highlighting the differences in oxygen transport between fetuses and adults, and ends with a quiz to engage viewers.
Takeaways
- 🔬 The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta through the aortic valve, distributing it throughout the body.
- 🫁 The systemic circulation delivers oxygen to cells and returns carbon dioxide to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.
- ❤️ The right atrium sends deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve, which then pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.
- 🌬️ The lungs exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen, which is carried back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
- 🩺 The left atrium pumps oxygenated blood to the left ventricle through the mitral valve, repeating the circulation process.
- 📖 The heart has four chambers (left and right atria, left and right ventricles) and four valves (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonic).
- 🔄 Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood towards the heart; this applies to both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- 👶 In fetal circulation, the placenta provides oxygenated blood through the umbilical vein, bypassing the liver and lungs via the ductus venosus and foramen ovale.
- 💡 Veins, but not arteries or capillaries, have valves to prevent backflow; the mitral valve has two cusps, while other heart valves have three.
- 🏃 Preload refers to the venous return to the heart before contraction, while afterload is the resistance faced by the heart after pumping.
Q & A
What is the main focus of the video script?
-The main focus of the video script is an introduction to the cardiovascular system for biology students.
What is the pathway of blood starting from the left ventricle in the adult circulation?
-In adult circulation, oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the aorta, travels all over the body in the systemic circulation, delivers oxygen to the cells, and collects carbon dioxide. Deoxygenated blood then returns to the right atrium via the inferior and superior vena cava.
What is the role of the mitral valve in the heart?
-The mitral valve, which has two cusps, is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It allows oxygenated blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
How does the fetal circulation differ from adult circulation?
-In fetal circulation, the lungs are not functional. The fetus receives oxygenated blood from the mother's placenta through the umbilical vein. Blood bypasses the liver via the ductus venosus, moves from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale, and from the pulmonary artery to the aorta via the ductus arteriosus, bypassing the non-functional lungs.
What are the four valves of the heart mentioned in the script?
-The four valves of the heart are the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, and pulmonic valve.
Why is the mitral valve also known as the 'bishop's hat' valve?
-The mitral valve is known as the 'bishop's hat' valve because it resembles the mitre, a hat worn by bishops, which has two cusps like the mitral valve.
What distinguishes veins from arteries in terms of their function and structure?
-Veins carry blood towards the heart and have valves to prevent backflow, with thinner and weaker walls. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to other organs, have thicker walls to withstand higher pressure, and do not have valves (except the pulmonary arteries and veins, which carry deoxygenated and oxygenated blood, respectively).
How do preload and afterload relate to heart function?
-Preload refers to the blood volume returning to the heart before it pumps (venous return), while afterload is the resistance the heart faces after pumping blood out to the arteries.
What is automaticity in cardiac muscles?
-Automaticity is the ability of the cardiac muscles, specifically the sinoatrial node, to initiate their own electrical impulses without needing external stimuli.
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?
-The ductus arteriosus connects the left pulmonary artery to the aorta in fetal circulation, allowing blood to bypass the non-functional lungs and flow directly into the systemic circulation.
Outlines
💓 Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
This paragraph introduces the cardiovascular system to biology students, emphasizing the importance of watching the videos in order to understand the material thoroughly. The speaker, Mitochondria Perfectionist, explains the journey of blood from the left ventricle through the aorta and systemic circulation, highlighting the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells. The return of deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the vena cava is detailed, followed by its passage to the right ventricle and then to the lungs for reoxygenation. The description of the heart's four chambers and valves is provided, including the mitral valve's unique feature of having only two cusps, unlike the other valves which have three. The paragraph concludes with an encouragement for viewers to pause and recount the process themselves.
🔍 Detailed Exploration of Heart Valves and Fetal Circulation
The second paragraph delves deeper into the heart's valves, explaining the function of the mitral and tricuspid valves as atrioventricular valves and the aortic and pulmonic valves as semilunar valves. It clarifies common misconceptions about the types of blood carried by arteries and veins, using the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins as exceptions to the general rules. The paragraph also touches on the differences between adult and fetal circulation, with a focus on the role of the placenta in providing oxygen to the fetus. The unique features of cardiac muscles, including their automaticity and structure, are briefly mentioned, and viewers are encouraged to explore the topic further through related videos. Lastly, the paragraph invites viewers to support the channel and provides a teaser for upcoming content on vasculature and muscle types.
👶 Fetal Circulation and its Transition to Adult Circulation
This paragraph provides an in-depth look at fetal circulation, detailing the path of oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus via the umbilical vein and its bypass of the liver through the ductus venosus. It explains how blood moves from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium, then through the foramen ovale to the left atrium, and subsequently to the systemic circulation. The role of the ductus arteriosus in bypassing the lungs by directing deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta is highlighted. The paragraph also discusses the changes that occur at birth, as the lungs begin to function and the fetal circulatory pathways close. The summary ends with a prompt for viewers to engage with the content by answering a question about adult circulation and a reminder of available courses and discounts on the speaker's website.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Left Ventricle
💡Aorta
💡Systemic Circulation
💡Right Atrium
💡Pulmonary Arteries
💡Pulmonary Veins
💡Mitral Valve
💡Tricuspid Valve
💡Preload and Afterload
💡Fetal Circulation
Highlights
Introduction to the cardiovascular system for biology students, with a future series on cardiology for advanced learners.
Explanation of the flow of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to the systemic circulation.
Description of how cells use oxygen in metabolism, producing carbon dioxide, which is transported back to the heart via veins.
Overview of the heart's anatomy, including the four chambers: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle.
Detailed description of the heart valves: mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonic, with their locations and functions.
Clarification of the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and how it flows through the heart and lungs.
Explanation of the unique characteristics of the mitral valve, including its two cusps and comparison to the bishop's hat (miter).
Discussion on the role of veins and arteries, including the exception of the pulmonary artery and veins in carrying blood.
Introduction to the concept of fetal circulation, highlighting differences from adult circulation, such as the placenta providing oxygen.
Explanation of the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation and their roles in bypassing the liver and lungs.
Clarification of the definitions of arteries and veins based on the direction of blood flow, not the oxygenation status.
Discussion of preload and afterload concepts in cardiac function, with an analogy to running and hitting a wall.
Comparison between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, emphasizing the unique features of cardiac muscles like automaticity.
Encouragement to review the fetal circulation before continuing with the adult circulatory system topics.
Promotion of additional learning resources, including animations on Picmonic and courses on the website Medicosis Perfectionalis.
Transcripts
what's going on everybody this is
mitochosis perfectionist where medicine
makes perfect sense let's carry on our
biology playlist in the last videos we
finished the respiratory system today
we'll talk about the cardiovascular
system in an introduction this is for
biology students for the pros stay tuned
for an upcoming series called cardiology
this is my biology playlist try to watch
these videos in order you have to be
able to repeat verbatim everything i'm
going to say in this slide let's start
here in your left ventricle left
ventricle is going to pump blood to the
aorta through the aortic valve blood is
in the aorta blood is going to go all
over your body in the systemic
circulation until you give each cell
oxygen the cell is going to use that
oxygen in metabolism as you know
metabolism produces carbon dioxide this
carbon dioxide will be dumped onto veins
in the systemic circulation until you
end up here in the inferior vena cava
and here the superior vena cava from the
lower half of the body and the upper
half of the body respectively regardless
you will end here in the right atrium
which contains deoxygenated blood which
means blood that has carbon dioxide and
less oxygen we are here in the right
atrium right atrium is gonna push blood
to the right ventricle through the
tricuspid valve deoxygenated blood is
here in the right ventricle right
ventricle is gonna pump this
deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary
trunk and then right pulmonary artery
left pulmonary artery will carry the
deoxygenated blood to the lungs the
lungs will take that carbon dioxide
breathe it out
and breathe oxygen in
this lovely oxygen is gonna go to the
blood and end up here in the pulmonary
veins two from the right lung two from
the left lung eventually the end up in
the left atrium now the left atrium
contains oxygenated blood left atrium is
gonna pump that oxygenated blood to the
left ventricle through the mitral valve
so we have four chambers in the heart
left atrium left ventricle right atrium
right ventricle we have four valves in
the heart mitral valve between left
atrium and left ventricle aortic valve
between left ventricle and aorta
tricuspid valve between right atrium and
right ventricle pulmonic valve between
right ventricle and pulmonary artery
please pause the video and try to tell
the story to yourself let's do it again
oxygenated blood leaves the left
ventricle through the aortic valve into
the aorta the aorta will take that
oxygenated blood all over your body give
oxygen to the cell take carbon dioxide
from the cell deoxygenated blood is
going to go to the inferior vena cava
and superior vena cava ending up in the
right atrium right atrium will give the
deoxygenated blood to the right
ventricle through the tricuspid valve a
valve with three cusps right ventricle
is gonna pump the deoxygenated blood to
the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonic
valve which also has three cusps
pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs
the lungs will get rid of the carbon
dioxide and provide you with oxygen
oxygenated blood is going to end up here
in the pulmonary veins into the left
atrium left atrium will give the
oxygenated blood to the left ventricle
via the mitral valve why do you call it
the mitral valve because this is lamitra
what's the meter this is the bishop's
hat which as you see here has like two
cusps mitral valve also has two cusps
that's why they called it mitral mitral
valve is the only valve with two cusps
everything else has three cusps or three
leaflets all of this was the adult
circulation but how above the fetal
circulation we talked about this in a
separate video in this biology playlist
it was epic the left side of the heart
contains oxygenated blood the right side
of the heart contains deoxygenated blood
and of course you remember that in
adults the lungs are functional but in a
fetus the lungs are not working but
where does the fetus get the oxygen from
from his mother's placenta doofus valves
the heart has valves vessels have valves
i'm talking about veins how about
arteries they don't have valves how
about capillaries they don't have valves
only veins do the heart has four valves
mitral valve tricuspid valve aortic
valve and pulmonic valve all of them
have three cusps except the mitral valve
which only has two cusps remember the
head of the bishop the miter la mitre my
french is on fleek the mitral valve is
between the left atrium and the left
ventricle here tricuspid valve is
between right atrium and right ventricle
here these are
atrioventricular valves between the
atrium and the ventricle between the
atrium and the ventricle love it their
anatomical location is here above them
is the aortic and pulmonic valve we call
these semilunar valves some people call
them ap valves if your aortic p is for
pulmonic mitral and tricuspid lie below
aortic and pulmonic four chambers four
valves and four pulmonic veins you know
that arteries are supposed to carry
oxygenated blood right the pulmonic
artery is an exception it's an artery
but it carries deoxygenated blood you
also know that veins are supposed to
carry deoxygenated blood except those
pulmonary veins they are veins but they
do carry oxygenated blood some people
are so naive to the point of believing
that an artery has to carry oxygenated
blood no that's not the definition of an
arch an artery is a vessel that takes
blood from the heart to another organ in
other words away from the heart and
towards the organ a vein is the exact
opposite it's a vessel that takes blood
from an organ to the heart towards the
heart away from the organ that's the
definition and this is true whether
you're talking about an adult or an
embryo in adults arteries carry
oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
but in an embryo the artery carries
deoxygenated blood as we have discussed
before example here is the umbilical
artery it's a branch of the internal
iliac artery of the embryo
takes that deoxygenated blood and gives
it to mommy's placenta in adults veins
carry deoxygenated blood except
pulmonary veins but in embryo veins are
vessels that carry the oxygenated blood
fresh from mommy's placenta towards the
baby's heart love it if my channel
helped you this year please consider
buying me a coffee go to buy me a coffee
dot com slash medicosis left ventricle
pumps oxygenate blood to the aorta here
is the ascending iota here is the aortic
arch and here is the descending aorta in
the chest or the thorax it's called the
descending thoracic aorta after it
descends below the diaphragm we call it
the abdominal aorta abdominal aorta
carries oxygenated blood from the heart
towards other organs but the inferior
vena cava which is next to the aorta
carries deoxygenated blood from organs
to the heart of course these organs are
in the lower half of the body notice the
difference between the thickness of the
wall of these vessels arteries have
stronger walls thicker walls they can
withstand higher blood pressure veins on
the other hand have weaker walls lower
pressure and therefore more easily
compressed we will talk about this point
in great detail in an upcoming video
titled the vasculature another concept
to understand is preload versus
afterload free means before after is
after
before the heart we're talking about the
venus return which is the blood coming
back to the heart after load is the
resistance that the heart is gonna face
after it pumps so after i pump oops i
have resistance here in the vessels
imagine that someone is running behind
you and then you hit a wall the person
who is behind you is the predate the
wall that is after you is the afterload
the heart has to live with both
skeletal muscles versus cardiac muscles
versus smooth muscles was a topic of a
separate video and you can search
youtube for skeletal muscles versus
cardiac muscles versus smooth muscles
and you will see my videos cardiac
muscles are striated branching
involuntary you need nucleated automatic
you cannot say to your heart hey pump
faster or slower you just can't the
heart can initiate its own nerve
impulses it does not need outside forces
the cyanoatrial node of the heart has
automaticity cardiac muscles have
troponin they have gap junction also
known as nexus now we will use the slide
to review the fetal circulation please
do not review this before you watch my
fetal circulation video first let's go
theta circulation here is the placenta
the placenta is providing the baby with
pure oxygenated blood oxygenated blood
is gonna go here we're talking about
umbilical vein which is going to the
heart what's the definition of a vein a
vessel that takes blood from an organ to
the heart thank you and this is carrying
oxygenated blood we're talking about the
fetus here here is a vein that is
carrying oxygenated blood this
oxygenated blood is gonna go up and
we're gonna bypass the liver how do you
bypass the liver through the ductus
venosus and then we are here in the
inferior vena cava we will go to the
right atrium
between the right atrium and the left
atrium there is a foramen known as the
foramen ovale here is the foramen blood
is gonna go from the right atrium to the
left atrium through the foramen ovale
which is open in the fetus but it's not
open in adults blood will go from left
atrium to the left ventricle from left
ventricle to the aorta from aorta
throughout your body this is the
systemic circulation back through
inferior and superior vena cava to the
right atrium blood is coming here from
the upper part of the body right this is
deoxygenated blood it's gonna go from
here to the right ventricle pulmonary
trunk pulmonary arteries and there is
ductus arteriosus which is a duct
between two arteries that's why it's
called arteriosus it's between the left
pulmonary artery and the aorta and this
is carrying
deoxygenated blood from the left
pulmonary artery to the iota why are we
doing this because we are bypassing the
lungs why are we bypassing the lungs
because this is a fetus the lungs are
not functioning yet deoxygenated blood
will leave the left pulmonary artery
goes to the iota and this deoxygenated
blood will end up in something called
umbilical artery which carries
deoxygenated blood towards mommy
placenta mommy's placenta is gonna get
rid of the carbon dioxide give us pure
lovely oxygenated blood back to the
umbilical vein and you repeat the cycle
for more lovely animations like these go
to pigmonic.com vip hookup slash
medicosis these are not just still
pictures these are animated videos as
well question of the day regarding the
adult circulation not fatal we're
talking adults here choose the correct
answer among these we're talking about
portal vein hepatic vein hepatic artery
pulmonary artery pulmonic vein which one
is oxygenated deoxygenated etc for
example if you chose a you agree that
the portal venous deoxygenated hepatic
is the oxygenated hepatic arteries
oxygenated pulmonary arteries
deoxygenated pulmonary venous
deoxygenated you know it goes this way
it also goes this way so let me know the
answer in the comment section you'll
find the correct answer in the next
biology video if you like this video
check out my cardiac pharmacology course
on my website
medicosisperfectionalist.com
i also have a kidney physiology course
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be safe stay happy study hard this is
mitochosis perfixinatus where medicine
makes perfect sense
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