Perkembangan Politik & Ekonomi Bangsa Indonesia Pada Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Masa Demokrasi Liberal

Summary

This transcript outlines Indonesia's political and economic history from its independence until the 1950s. It discusses the shift from a presidential system to a parliamentary system, marked by the creation of several cabinets and the challenges of coalition politics. The role of Soekarno in pushing for 'guided democracy' and the establishment of the Djuanda Cabinet is highlighted. It also covers Indonesia's economic struggles, especially due to its colonial legacy, including challenges in managing debt, exports, and national finances. The transcript provides insights into the nation's efforts to shift from colonial economic structures to a national economy.

Takeaways

• 😀 Indonesia transitioned through two different political systems in the 1950s: the presidential system and the parliamentary system.
• 😀 The parliamentary system was implemented in 1945 with the formation of the first parliamentary cabinet, led by Syahrir as the Prime Minister.
• 😀 The implementation of the parliamentary system was based on the 1950 Constitution, which made Indonesia a parliamentary democracy.
• 😀 The frequent cabinet changes during the period from 1950 to 1959 were due to political disagreements and the differing interests among political parties.
• 😀 President Sukarno sought to replace the parliamentary democracy with a 'guided democracy,' which he felt better aligned with Indonesia's national spirit.
• 😀 The Djuanda Cabinet (1957-1959) introduced the Pancasila program, including national development plans and reclaiming Western New Guinea.
• 😀 The 1950s saw the revision of Indonesia's territorial waters, increasing the limits from three miles to 12 miles from the outermost islands.
• 😀 The Djuanda Declaration (1957) significantly reshaped Indonesia's maritime laws, later recognized globally in the UN Law of the Sea in 1982.
• 😀 The 1955 general elections were Indonesia's first, showing significant progress in democratic practices with multiple parties gaining seats in the parliament.
• 😀 Indonesia's economy in the 1950s faced significant challenges, including high public debt, inflation, and reliance on colonial-era economic structures, but efforts were made to shift to a national economic system.

Q & A

What was the political system in Indonesia immediately after its independence in 1945?

Immediately after independence, Indonesia initially adopted a presidential system, which was soon replaced by a parliamentary system in 1945, marked by the formation of the first parliamentary cabinet led by Sjahrir.

Why did Indonesia switch from a presidential system to a parliamentary system?

The switch occurred due to the desire for a system that better reflected the political dynamics of the newly independent country. However, this shift was not accompanied by a change in the Constitution.

What was the Constitution that supported Indonesia's parliamentary system in the 1950s?

During the parliamentary period, Indonesia was governed by the Interim Constitution of 1950, which established a parliamentary system where the cabinet was formed based on the party composition in the parliament.

What is meant by the term 'democratic liberalism' in the context of Indonesia's political system?

Democratic liberalism in Indonesia during this period meant that the system allowed for the formation of cabinets based on the political party power in parliament, and the cabinets could be dissolved by a vote of no confidence from the parliament.

What were the characteristics of the political landscape during Indonesia's 'democratic liberal' period?

The political landscape was marked by frequent changes in the cabinet, due to the differing interests of the various political parties, which led to instability and a lack of unity in governance.

How did President Sukarno view the parliamentary system, and what did he propose instead?

President Sukarno believed that the democratic liberal system was incompatible with Indonesia's national spirit and was an imported system. He proposed replacing it with a 'guided democracy' which he saw as more suitable for the nation.

What was the 'Kabinet Karya' (Working Cabinet), and what were its goals?

The Kabinet Karya, formed in 1957 under Prime Minister Juanda, was aimed at implementing a strong, non-partisan government to carry out significant national tasks, including the establishment of a national council, economic development, and the return of Irian Barat (Western New Guinea) to Indonesia.

What were the major economic challenges faced by Indonesia in the 1950s?

Indonesia faced numerous economic challenges, including high inflation, a large national debt, reliance on colonial-era export commodities, and political instability, which hindered economic growth and led to a worsening financial situation.

What was the significance of the Djuanda Declaration in 1957?

The Djuanda Declaration in 1957 marked a crucial moment in Indonesia's assertion of its sovereignty over its maritime boundaries, extending its territorial waters from 3 to 12 miles, and solidifying its status as an archipelagic state.

How did the Indonesian government attempt to address its economic issues in the 1950s?

To address its economic challenges, the Indonesian government implemented the 'Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun' (Five-Year Development Plan) and attempted to shift from a colonial economy to a national economy, although these efforts faced considerable difficulties due to internal and external factors.