Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam di Indonesia

Summary

This video explores the rich history of Islamic economic thought and practices in Indonesia, from the 6th century arrival of Islam to the Islamic kingdoms of the 13th century, through to the colonial era and early 20th century. It highlights the role of trade, zakat, and Islamic governance, including key figures and economic models. The video discusses the influence of Islamic scholarship, such as the works of Nur Adin Araniri and Syekh Abdul Rauf Al Singkili, and the rise of movements like Sarekat Islam, which shifted from economic empowerment to political activism, laying the foundation for Indonesia’s independence.

Takeaways

• 😀 Islam first entered Indonesia in the 6th century CE, with the establishment of the first Islamic kingdoms like Perlak in the 13th century.
• 😀 The arrival of Islamic kingdoms coincided with the decline of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, with trade routes from the Middle East and India playing a key role in the spread of Islam.
• 😀 Aceh's Sultan Iskandar Muda is noted for implementing customs duties based on religion, with Muslims paying lower taxes compared to non-Muslims, resembling the `ushr` system.
• 😀 Zakat was managed by the state, particularly in Aceh, and was seen as a humanitarian measure to alleviate poverty rather than just a religious obligation.
• 😀 The Islamic kingdoms of Indonesia, such as Aceh, implemented comprehensive financial systems including Baitul Mal (state treasury) to manage zakat, trade revenues, and taxes.
• 😀 Islamic scholars, like Nur Adin Araniri and Syekh Abdul Rauf al-Singkili, contributed important economic texts, such as Kitab Bussalatin and Miratul-Tulab, which addressed Islamic commercial law and economic transactions.
• 😀 The 16th to 19th centuries saw a decline in Islamic economic development due to the impact of Western colonialism and the imposition of capitalist systems.
• 😀 Despite colonial challenges, Islamic intellectuals in Southeast Asia began advocating for a revival of Islamic economic thought, influenced by reformist movements from the Middle East.
• 😀 The Sarekat Islam, initially a trade association founded in 1911, later expanded into a political and social movement advocating for the rights of Muslims in Indonesia, under the leadership of HOS Cokroaminoto.
• 😀 Islamic socialism emerged as a key political ideology in response to both Western colonialism and the rise of communist ideologies, blending Islamic principles with modern political thought.

Q & A

How did Islam first arrive in Indonesia?

Islam first entered Indonesia in the 6th century CE, and by the 13th century, several Islamic kingdoms began to thrive in the archipelago, following the decline of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms.

What were the first recorded Islamic kingdoms in Indonesia?

The first recorded Islamic kingdom in Indonesia was the Kingdom of Perlak in Aceh, established around 840 CE, followed by other prominent kingdoms like Samudra Pasai, Ternate, Gowa, and Demak.

What role did trade routes play in the spread of Islam in Indonesia?

Trade routes, particularly those from the Middle East, India, and other regions, played a significant role in the spread of Islam, as the Malay language became common for transactions, and Muslim traders dominated the economy.

What was the economic approach of Sultan Iskandar Muda in Aceh?

Sultan Iskandar Muda implemented a system where customs duties (bea cukai) were differentiated based on religion. Non-Muslims faced higher customs tariffs, reflecting similar practices in early Islamic empires, such as during the rule of Caliph Umar bin Khattab.

How was zakat treated in the Aceh Sultanate?

In Aceh, zakat was seen as a form of tribute or tax collected from the Muslim population, with the aim of alleviating poverty and supporting humanitarian efforts. It was considered different from typical taxes, as it was intended for social welfare.

What were the key components of the economic administration in Aceh during the Sultanate?

Aceh's economic administration included two key departments: Baitul Mal (for managing state finances, including zakat and jizya) and Balai Furudhah (which handled trade and commerce). Additionally, the government issued its own currency, symbolizing its sovereignty.

What contributions did Islamic scholars make to economic thought in Indonesia?

Islamic scholars like Nur Adin Araniri and Syekh Abdul Rauf al-Singkili wrote important works on Islamic economic principles, such as 'Kitab Bussalatin' and 'Miratul Thullab,' which addressed commercial transactions, muamalat (economic interactions), and Islamic jurisprudence.

What is the significance of the book 'Miratul Thullab' by Syekh Abdul Rauf al-Singkili?

'Miratul Thullab' is considered the first complete Malay fiqh book on Islamic commercial law. It covers topics such as trade regulations, contract laws, and ethical business practices in Islam, offering guidance on various forms of economic transactions like buying, selling, and partnerships.

How did the Dutch colonial era affect Islamic economic thought in Indonesia?

During the colonial era, Westernization and exploitation by the Dutch led to a stagnation in the development of Islamic economic thought in Indonesia. However, it also sparked a sense of national consciousness and Islamic revivalism, which contributed to the emergence of new economic ideas later on.

What role did the Sarekat Islam play in the economic and political development of Indonesia?

Initially founded to protect Muslim traders in Solo from competition with Chinese merchants, the Sarekat Islam shifted from an economic organization to a political one. Under the leadership of HOS Cokroaminoto, it began advocating for the rights of indigenous Indonesians, expanding its focus to include social, political, and economic justice.