Tobacco Control and Child Health | School of Health Colloquium with Márta Radó
Summary
TLDRDr. Marta Rau from the Karolinska Institute discusses the impact of tobacco control policies on child health, particularly in low and middle-income countries. She presents findings that smoke-free legislation leads to a decrease in infant mortality and that raising cigarette taxes is associated with lower mortality rates, especially in lower middle-income countries. Rau also explores how social networks can influence smoking behaviors and contribute to health inequalities, suggesting potential for network-based interventions.
Takeaways
- 📍 Concordia University acknowledges that it is located on unceded indigenous lands, respecting the past, present, and future connections with indigenous peoples.
- 🚭 Dr. Marta Rau's research focuses on the social factors affecting child health and health inequalities, with a particular interest in the impact of tobacco control policies.
- 👶 The case of 'Baby An' is used to illustrate the potential risks of hospitalization due to lung disease, influenced by social factors such as tobacco exposure and low household income.
- 🌍 78% of the world's population is not protected by comprehensive smoke-free policies, indicating a significant global health issue.
- 💔 Smoking is the leading preventable cause of premature mortality and morbidity, with children being particularly vulnerable to secondhand smoke.
- 📉 Smoke-free legislation has been associated with a significant decrease in both neonatal and infant mortality rates.
- 💲 Raising cigarette taxes is an effective policy measure, with a stronger impact on child health in lower-middle income countries.
- 🚗 Smoke-free car policies have been shown to reduce children's exposure to tobacco smoke, contributing to a decrease in asthma diagnoses.
- 🔄 Social networks play a significant role in the spread of smoking behaviors, with potential implications for health inequalities.
- 🌐 Dr. Rau's current projects aim to understand how social networks can be leveraged to reduce smoking prevalence and health inequalities, including the impact of new nicotine products.
Q & A
What is the significance of acknowledging indigenous lands at the beginning of the colloquium?
-The acknowledgment recognizes the historical and ongoing relationship with indigenous peoples and their custodianship of the land where Concordia University is located. It also respects the continued connections with the past, present, and future within the Montreal community.
What is the primary focus of Dr. Marta Rau's research?
-Dr. Marta Rau's research primarily focuses on understanding the social factors that influence child health and health inequalities, with a particular emphasis on the impact of tobacco control policies.
What is the importance of Baby An's health outcomes in Dr. Rau's presentation?
-Baby An's health outcomes serve as a case study to illustrate the potential risks and factors that can influence a child's health, such as living in a country without tobacco control policies and being surrounded by smokers.
What was the methodology used in Dr. Rau's study on the impact of smoke-free policies on infant mortality?
-Dr. Rau's study used a synthetic control method, where they created a 'synthetic Thailand' based on a combination of other countries that hadn't introduced smoke-free policies, and compared it to the actual Thailand after implementing the policy.
What were the findings from the study on smoke-free policies and infant mortality?
-The study found that smoke-free legislation was followed by an annual 1.6% decrease in neonatal mortality and a 1.3% decrease in infant mortality.
How effective are increased cigarette taxes in reducing infant mortality according to Dr. Rau's research?
-The research showed a strong association between increasing cigarette taxes and decreasing both neonatal and infant mortality, with a stronger effect in lower middle-income countries.
What is the potential global impact of raising cigarette taxes to the recommended 75%?
-It was estimated that raising cigarette taxes to the recommended 75% could avert over 200,000 infant deaths annually.
What is the role of social networks in the spread of smoking behavior according to Dr. Rau's research?
-Social networks can contribute to the spread of smoking behavior through popularity and social segregation, which can lead to increased smoking prevalence and health inequalities.
What are the potential interventions that can be developed based on the understanding of social networks and smoking?
-Potential interventions could aim to reduce smoking prevalence and decrease inequalities by targeting network mechanisms, such as reducing popularity-driven smoking and addressing social segregation.
What are the two new projects that Dr. Rau is leading at the Karolinska Institute?
-One project involves collecting complete social network data to understand how alternative nicotine products spread in networks, and the other uses administrative data to study how fertility behavior spreads in segregated social networks in Sweden.
Why is it important to consider ethnic groups when developing interventions based on social network studies?
-Considering ethnic groups is important because one-size-fits-all strategies may not be effective, and tailored strategies can better address the specific social dynamics and inequalities within different ethnic communities.
Outlines
🌍 Introduction to Concordia University and Tobacco Control
The speaker begins by acknowledging the indigenous lands upon which Concordia University stands and introduces the topic of the colloquium focusing on Tobacco Control and child health. The speaker, Dr. Marta Rau, provides a background on her expertise in sociology and statistics as they relate to child health and health inequalities. She introduces a hypothetical case study of a child named Baby An, born with good health outcomes, to discuss potential risks of hospitalization due to lung disease. Dr. Rau highlights the importance of social factors such as tobacco control policies, or the lack thereof, in low and middle-income countries where smoking is prevalent and can impact child health.
🚭 Impact of Tobacco Control Policies on Child Health
Dr. Rau discusses the negative health effects of smoking, emphasizing the need for tobacco control policies to protect children who are particularly vulnerable to secondhand smoke. She points out that a significant portion of the world's population still lacks comprehensive smoke-free policies. The speaker then describes a study she conducted, which aimed to estimate the impact of tobacco control policies on child health and survival, especially in low and middle-income countries. The methodology involved creating a 'synthetic Thailand' by combining data from countries without such policies to compare with the actual impact in Thailand, which implemented smoke-free legislation.
📊 Analysis of Smoke-free Legislation and Cigarette Tax Policies
In this section, Dr. Rau presents findings from her research on the impact of smoke-free legislation on infant and neonatal mortality rates. The study showed a significant decrease in mortality after the implementation of such policies. Additionally, she discusses the effectiveness of increasing cigarette taxes as a tobacco control measure, particularly in lower middle-income countries. The research indicated a strong correlation between higher taxes and reduced infant mortality. A hypothetical scenario of globally increased taxes suggested that over 200,000 infant deaths could be averted annually.
🌐 Expanding Tobacco Control Policies to Private and Outdoor Spaces
Dr. Rau addresses the extension of tobacco control policies beyond public spaces to private and outdoor areas, such as cars and playgrounds. She reviews the current evidence, which is limited but suggests a positive impact on reducing children's exposure to tobacco smoke in cars. The speaker emphasizes the need for more research in this area to draw concrete conclusions about the effectiveness of such policies.
🔗 Social Networks and Smoking Inequalities
The speaker explores the role of social networks in the spread of smoking behaviors and how they contribute to health inequalities. Dr. Rau discusses four theoretical mechanisms by which social networks can create disparities in smoking: segregated networks, popularity of smokers, oppositional culture, and selection to file. She presents findings from a longitudinal study in Hungarian high schools that investigated how smoking and friendship formation are influenced by these mechanisms, particularly focusing on ethnic differences between Roma and non-Roma students.
📈 Future Research on Social Networks and Health Behaviors
Dr. Rau outlines two new research projects she has been granted to work on. The first project aims to understand how alternative nicotine products spread within social networks, using complete social network data collection methods. The second project will utilize detailed administrative data in Sweden to study how fertility behaviors spread within segregated social networks at a population level. Both projects aim to provide insights that could inform future policy interventions to reduce health inequalities.
🤔 Closing Remarks and Q&A
The speaker concludes her presentation by inviting questions from the audience. She emphasizes the importance of addressing health inequalities through targeted interventions and notes the quietness of the audience, suggesting a potential lack of questions. The session ends with thanks to Dr. Rau for her informative talk.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Concordia University
💡Indigenous lands
💡Tobacco Control
💡Child health
💡Smoke-free policy
💡Infant mortality
💡Social networks
💡Health inequalities
💡Ethnic minorities
💡Fixed effects regression
💡Micro-simulation
Highlights
Concordia University acknowledges its location on unceded indigenous lands and recognizes the custodians of these lands.
Introduction of Dr. Marta Rau, an assistant professor at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, and her focus on social factors affecting child health and health inequalities.
The importance of tobacco control policies in protecting children's health, especially in low and middle-income countries.
The lack of comprehensive smoke-free policies and high tobacco taxes in many countries, leaving a significant portion of the world's population unprotected.
A study estimating the effect of tobacco control policies on child health and survival, using innovative methods to create synthetic control countries for comparison.
Findings that smoke-free legislation leads to a significant decrease in neonatal and infant mortality rates.
The strong association between increasing cigarette taxes and decreased neonatal and infant mortality, particularly in lower middle-income countries.
A hypothetical scenario where increasing cigarette taxes to the recommended level could avert over 200,000 infant deaths annually.
The development of a microsimulation model to estimate the long-term health benefits of tobacco policies on child health outcomes.
Research on the impact of smoke-free car policies on children's exposure to tobacco smoke and the subsequent reduction in asthma diagnoses.
The role of social networks in the spread of smoking behaviors and the potential for network-based interventions to reduce smoking inequalities.
A study examining how smoking spreads in socially and economically segregated networks and the mechanisms that contribute to smoking inequalities.
Findings that social networks contribute to health behavior inequalities due to segregation and majority group exclusion of minority individuals who do not smoke.
The potential for network-based interventions to address smoking inequalities by targeting specific characteristics within different ethnic groups.
Two newly funded projects that will extend research on social networks and smoking behaviors, including the study of alternative nicotine products and online interactions.
The use of administrative data in Sweden to construct population-level social networks and study the spread of fertility behavior in segregated networks.
The conclusion of the presentation with an invitation for questions and the acknowledgment of the importance of ongoing research in this field.
Transcripts
[Music]
all right so good afternoon everyone i'
would like to begin by acknowledging
that Concordia University is located on
unseated indigenous lands the Gan Gaga
nation is recognized as the custodians
of the lands and Waters on which We
Gather today JJ or Montreal is
historically known as a Gathering Place
for many First Nations today is home to
a diverse population of indigenous and
other peoples we respect the continued
connections with the past present and
future in our ongoing relationships with
indigenous and other peoples within the
Montreal
Community before we begin our school of
health colloquium Tobacco Control and
child health I would just like to ask
all attendees to save your questions and
enter them in the Q&A feature at the
bottom of your screen we'll do our best
to answer all questions at the end of
the talk I would now like to introduce
our speaker Dr Marta Rau who is an
assistant professor at kolinska
Institute in Sweden and a visiting
researcher here at Migel
University over to you Marta thank
youy so I will share
my
screen um do you see that my screen
changes yes we do okay super So yeah
thank you so much um a little bit about
my background so I'm I have a PhD in
sociology and I graduate degree in
statistics and U applied uh for um
understanding the social factors for
child health and health inequalities and
I will talk a little bit about this so
um uh and before I talk about it let me
introduce you baby an who is um um
was her mother attended a prenal visits
really regularly and then she was born
in April 29th so she's almost one year
old and she had really good health
outcomes born term with good weight and
everything what you want so um yeah the
big question is that what is the risk
for baby an to get hospitalized with
some lung disease and yeah her Health
outcomes are really really good um
respiratory um negative respiratory
outcomes are quite common so maybe there
is some risk but nothing alarming here
and um if I tell you some additional
information about baby an baby an is
living in a country which has no uh
Tobacco Control policy at Place uh and
uh uh in a low and middle- income
country
and surrended by people who smoke so
mother smoke father smoke the neighbor
smokes and um from a a household which
has low income uh so these are like the
social factors uh for babym and this is
the core of my interest uh beyond the
previously mentioned factors so this
might modify what we think of bbn's risk
for getting hospitalized respiratory
disease so let's see um I will talk
about two projects uh which I had the
first one was um that I conducted VI was
terasos MC in the Netherlands um and
this was about estimating the effect of
tobacco control policies on child health
and
survival and the next one is something
which I'm currently doing uh and this
projects um is about estimating the
smoke the the impact of social networks
on smoking in
activities so first the Tobacco Control
policies so this is not going to be very
surprising for you but smoking is really
really bad for the health it's the
leading preventable cause of uh
premature mortality and
morbidity and
um Beyond The Smokers there are people
who uh are also negatively impacted by
smoking and that that is um
that are childrens uh who have uh in
general low ability to control their own
exposure so we need to protect them uh
particularly them uh about uh tobacco
Contra
policies about the harm of tobacco uh
and uh Tobacco Control policies are a
really good measures for for this but um
uh there is uh still in 78% of the world
population is not protected by
comprehensive smoke report policy which
means that a smoke F policy which covers
all public um and closed places such as
hospitals
schools um governmental
buildings um and U
86% of the world population is still
living in um a country without a
sufficiently high taxes uh defined by
the World Health Organization so there
is way to go to extend these policies to
um um other countries or uh regions
which doesn't have sufficiently uh good
measures but there were uh some
knowledge gaps um in this uh topic and
the first one was um whether we saw it
in a lot of high income countries that
um these measures are really effective
for protecting child health but it was
still unknown that whether these
measures
are like working in low and middle
income countries uh where other air
pollutions uh might be higher uh where
the knowledge of tobacco related harm
may be lower and there are different
cultural aspects about toing smoking
also so this was one question and the
other question was uh that we always
looked into uh enclosed public places
and these are this is the definition of
comprehensive small free policy based on
the wh but there are a lot of countries
uh including Canada which started to
introduce uh
policies um uh uh smoke free policies to
private or outdoor places for example to
uh private cars or
playgrounds so um there there were some
evidence but the systematic
overview was missing so this is what we
we did so first this is
a uh one of our publication about small
cry policies in infant on the impact of
small cry policies on infant mortality
in multiple middle inome countries and
um here are the two uh senior authors on
the project yper and
Frankland and um basically what we did
uh what we should do if we wanted to
estimate this
policy ideally what we would do is that
we would have a country like Thailand
and investigate this country uh with the
legislation and then have the same
country at the same time without
legislation well I don't need to detail
why this is impossible so we cannot have
a country at the same time at the same
uh country uh observing it with and
without uh legislation so we could have
another strategy uh we could randomly
select countries and in introduce uh the
legislation in these countries and then
um the other countries don't introduce
this policies so this is a like conduct
a randomized uh try uh but this is also
not really feasible um I cannot really
tell to countries that you should uh
introduce this policy or not even the
evidence uh it's really hard but let
alone just for the sake of research so
this is a not really feasible and not
even
ethical so the second thing is that we
could have Thailand which introduced the
policy and comate with an other country
without the policy but again this is not
truly feasible uh because um yeah
because there is no other country like
Thailand we cannot really find like uh a
comparable country CH China and Malaysia
let's say they are a bit similar but
still not the same so the next strategy
and that's what we did actually is that
we um had a country which introduced the
policy that's Thailand and we had um
bunch of other countries which didn't
introduce this policy and based on them
like Bangladesh China Bhutan and
Malaysia and based on them we created a
synthetic Thailand which is like 20%
Bangladesh 50% Malaysia and
the uh 30% China let's say uh so then we
had the real Thailand uh which
introduced the policy and a synthetic
Thailand based on countries which uh
haven't introduced this policy uh and
this is just to say it in an other way
mathematically so the synthetic uh
Thailand would be the weighted
combination of the control
countries and then we would compare this
Thailand and the synthetic Thailand in
the post legislation period uh and see
how they um differ and that would be the
policy impact so this is what we did
here and we did this not only for
Thailand but for 34 uh countries
um which introduced The Smoke free
legislation and we could find a good
synthetic control for 20 two of them and
here in figure one you can see the
findings so what you see here is that
there is the mortality in one of the
axes and the time from implementation in
the other axis this vertical line is
when the polic was
introduced uh the red red lines are
infant mortality uh the blue lines are
neonatal mortality and the solid line is
um uh
the in interv the average of the
intervention countries which introduced
the policy and the dash line is the
average of the synthetic control
countries uh so you can see that in the
pre legislation period they don't differ
a lot they are the same this is how we
set up the syntic control countries and
in the post legislation period they
start to uh defer and this is what we
call the policy impact So based on this
we estimated that the Smoke free
legislation was followed by an annual
1.6% decrease in Neal
mortality uh so this uh annually and U
uh
1.3% decrease in infant morality
annually so this was about smoke
registration um but there are other
policies and uh probably the the most
effective one is uh raising uh cigarette
taxes so we had this uh paper also which
looked in into the global impact of
increasing cigarette taxes with um
colleagues from Imperial College
um
and uh yasper ban from Rasmus
MC uh and what we did here is that we
did fixed effect B regressions and we uh
looked how much uh increasing 10% um the
cigarette taxes is associated with uh
lower nealan infant Mor
um and we find that there was a strong
Association uh for both decreasing
neonatal and infant
mortality and uh this ass Association
was stronger in lower middle income
countries um and there was a dose
response effect um and uh all of there
was all of the taxes the type of taxes
so specific tax ADV imported all of them
were associated with the decrease in
infant and un mortality and then we we
estimated that what would happen in a
hypothetical world where all of a sudden
all countries increased the their taxes
to the recommended
75% and we find that annually based on
our estimation Ann annually over 200 uh
um infant death could have been averted
so that's lot if they do
this uh yes and then we had the a micro
simulation this was U also done by asper
Bane and Tim more
Faber and the the idea here was that um
we estimated the impact of tobacco taxes
for different
outcomes uh but in the overall and
longterm health benefit
U uh was missing so uh previous micro
simulation models uh mostly looked into
adult Health outcomes so we calibrated
this micro simulation model for
estimating the overall long-term impact
of uh um uh tobacco policies on child
health outcomes and basically what this
model does is that we follow up a
synthetic population from fetal life to
Childhood so the child the the fetus
first has a a risk to burn pret term uh
or term or born dead and then uh they
have a risk for die uh in the first 30
days or um uh go to the
Pediatric part of the model where they
have a certain risk for getting admitted
uh to hospitals for asthma or
respiratory their respiratory track
infection and and this risk based on
whether they were born pre- term or
term and uh here is a bit about the the
finding so um we estimated the number of
the deaths and the number of total
hospitalizations uh okay and then the
last question is that I talked a little
bit about that um this smoke rep
policies are usually estimated for
unclosed public uh uh places but there
are other places which are extending to
private and outdor places but the
systematic uh overview was missing so
this is what we did and here fol and was
the other lead author author
here um and um we identified basically
11 studies and seven uh fit uh for the
uh prespecified criteria
uh five of them investigated smoke free
cars uh one of them investigated a smoke
free school policy and uh one
comprehensive policy covering multiple
areas including outter places so we
could based on this um were the results
in meta analysis for the Smoke free Car
policies and uh and their impact on um
tobacco smoke exposure in children for
children in the car and uh uh we find a
considerable reduction when we
considered all of this evidence
here um and then we translated this uh
we estimated how uh that this translate
to uh uh 0.2 to a 2.4% decrease in
asthma diagnosis uh this level of
tobacco smoke exposure in cars which
doesn't sound a lot but given the high
uh Global burden of U asthma this is
considerable effect and there were some
studies for out policies but not enough
to uh come uh for any conclusion
regarding
them okay so this was um my poog project
in um at arasmus MC and U now kolin
Institute and um I lead a project about
um social networks and uh what's the
role of social networks in um PA in
acuities uh and basically what um what I
showed you before is that these
population level uh uh policies were
really good at decreasing uh smoking
inequality decreasing smoking prevalence
and um increasing uh child improving
child health outcomes but they were not
that good in uh decreasing smoking
inequalities so they were mostly
effective among the uh High income
population and um yeah there are
different reasons why this could be I
investigated one uh uh Factor uh the
meso factors so the social
networks and um basically uh here what
we did is that we knew that smoking
spreads in the network but there were
but it was still unclear how smoking
spreads in a social economically
segregated
network uh so this is what we looked at
and this is very important because there
are um this network-based interventions
which use this uh social network studies
to intervene and they were mostly
successful so there is this sis try is I
think the one of the most uh um famous
one but uh it even this assist tribe
which looked at how um an netor based
intervention can um decrease smoking
prevalence among adolescence they didn't
look into how it could reduce smoking
inequities and um that's the motivation
to inform a policy
intervention and uh show this so what we
did is we tried to disentangle Social
Network meis mechanisms uh to develop an
um po intervention and this is the first
paper what we had here which was
published not too long ago in
addiction uh but I will present um a new
finding about ethnic inabilities this
was about social income in
acilities so the theoretical background
basically uh uh social networks can
create uh inequalities in smoking in
four ways so um it could uh increase
inequalities if smoking spreads in a
segregated neck fare smoking can spread
in two ways first if um I influence I'm
a smoker and I influence you to smoke
then smoking will spread the other thing
is that um uh the way how it could uh um
spread in the network if I'm a smoker
and I'm extremely popular so others want
to be uh popular too so they will start
a smoke so this is basically the two
mechanisms the segregated networks means
that um people from similar background
social economical background ethnic
background will uh interact with each
other more often or befriend each other
more often so if these two uh things
stands then we know that inequalities
will accelerate the other thing which
hasn't been um investigated for health
outcome is a so-called oppositional
culture theory which was developed for
um mostly for um uh academic outcomes
but it could be applied for health in
acces also so this one States uh
basically that if a minority students
start to study well or do something
which is against the school Norm like uh
not smoke or not not to drink alcohol
then the minority group will exclude
them so this is a another way
how it could happen and the fourth one
is what we call selection to fil this
just PR assume that people who meet more
often like they smoke together uh has
higher chance to interact and uh be
friend and this could also accelerate
smoking in aties if uh this smoking is
the bridge only brid between majority
and minority students so what we had is
that we collected longitudinal network
data in 52 uh high schools in Hungary uh
we investigated the one of the outcome
was friendship the other was smoking um
and the individual characteristics which
we um looked into was smoking ethnicity
so there are the biggest minority in
Hungary ethnic minorities are Roma
students and
um they had data about whether some
somebody is Roma or non Roma and gender
and we conducted the longitudal network
analysis using multi-group uh methods
this method basically produce something
very similar to a regression model but
it's simultaneously um uh model has two
outcomes so in the one hand we look into
how uh smoking smoking Behavior changes
in the individual and the other hand we
are looking into whether friendship type
formation changes
um based on uh this is based on
structural characteristics Network
characteristics for example um we know
that if I um befriend vendy then vendy
will have higher risk to befriend me too
um this is one structural characteristic
which we consider and individual factors
and here we consider two type individual
Factor so the person the ego who sends
the tie and the person who is the alter
who received the tie and we looking to
whether the for example the alter
characteristic could be whether the
alter is a smoker is he or she's going
to receive more ties so this is the
outcome but I will explain it a bit so
you can see that there is a friendship
Dynamic part and the smoking diic part
of the mother here are the structural
effects and here are the uh
characteristics of the people so this is
pretty similar to uh our aggression just
instead of one person you have two
people's characteristics and this part
is really similar to the the smoking
Dynamics part is really similar to a
fixed effect
model so basically what we find is that
smoking spreads uh smoking
uh uh spreads because um smokers are
popular we also found that uh SE the
network is segregated so Roma people
have um um higher risk to nominate other
Romas and non- Romas tend to nominate uh
non- Romas as
friends there is a very good news we
didn't find opposition oppositional
culture and I say that it's very very
good uh because it's very very hard to
change it with policy
measures but we find something else we
find that uh actually it's the uh
non-ras who exclude uh Romas who don't
smoke so this is a bit of evidence for
this selection to Fore so maybe smoking
is the one which can breach ethnic
divide and if a Roma doesn't smoke then
they are left excluded so this is what
we find here that um non Romas tend to
nominate Romas this is just uh instead
of interpreting the three Bay
interactions this is just a table to
explain so here is what we
find uh the the the results shows that
social networks contribute to
inequalities in health
behaviors uh and um we find that it's
contributes because the network is
segregated and because a majority group
excludes minority people who don't
smoke uh and these are uh
characteristics uh which could be
addressed by uh um potential netbase
intervention and we could develop
netbase interventions which not only aim
to reduce smoking in smoking prevalence
in general but also decrease in acuities
and it's very important to emphasize
that one one size may not fit all ethnic
groups um so we need to have a smart
strategy for this and um most recently I
got um two grants uh uh to extend this
word so I will just talk very very
briefly what what are this projects
so what we uh the first one is from um
fora which is a Swedish Grant
agency uh basically what we we did
before and what I just presented is that
we always looked into help smoking
spreads in the
network uh but there are new alternative
nicotine products and uh um there hasn't
been any complete social network data
collection to my knowledge which
distinguish between these two and
complet social network data is very
important to be able to distinguish the
network mechanisms uh complete complete
social network data means that we know
the relationship between each member of
the
population so uh this is one and the
other is that there uh has been only uh
some studies for complete social network
data for uh uh looking into online
interactions also uh but these were for
University students so this is what we
will do we will collect uh um data from
online and we will distinguish uh
different network
mechanisms and um so we will collect
these data in Sweden and then analyze
them with social network analysis
methods and the other project is that um
we know that uh that there there is an
other type of complete social network
and this is embedded in the population
level networks uh so in Sweden the
administ there is very detailed
administrative data so we know exactly
uh where people live so I can tell who
is who is neighbor with whom and this is
for the whole population of Sweden we
know who is the family members so we can
construct U the family Network we know
um who works together so we can
construct a call colleag network but I
even know who goes to the same prison so
we can construct even a prison Network
and we will use this population level
social networks to understand how um
fertility Behavior Uh spreads in
segregated social networks so this is
the second project which I got funded
and uh thank you so
much B okay thank you so much um so now
uh well take questions so if anyone has
any question uh since we're a small
group if you want you could just raise
your hand uh or if you're more
comfortable you can enter your question
in the Q&A
feature I guess it was a very clear talk
I don't see any questions we can wait uh
a few more a couple more minutes um but
uh if not uh Martha I just want to thank
you very much for your presentation
today and uh
I guess uh for everyone else who's very
quiet and has no questions have a great
afternoon thank you ly thank you
[Music]
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