Comment l'Europe a pu connaitre un siècle de paix ?

Épisodes d'Histoire
8 Jun 202119:58

Summary

TLDRLe script décrit la fin des guerres napoléoniennes et l'établissement d'un siècle de paix en Europe grâce au congrès de Vienne. Il détaille les ambitions des grandes puissances, les conflits tels que la guerre de Crimée et les guerres d'indépendance italiennes et grecques, et comment l'unification de l'Allemagne par Bismarck a mis fin au concert européen. Le script explore également les efforts de Bismarck pour maintenir la paix en Europe malgré les tensions croissantes qui ont conduit à la Première Guerre mondiale.

Takeaways

  • 😀 L'entrée des troupes de la coalition dans Paris le 31 mars 1814 marquait la fin des guerres napoléoniennes.
  • 🎖️ La victoire des alliés a été célébrée par un défilé triomphant à Paris, malgré les conditions météorologiques défavorables.
  • 🕍 L'époque post-Napoléon a vu une paix relative en Europe, avec peu de conflits majeurs entre 1814 et 1914.
  • 🤝 Le Congrès de Vienne (1814-1815) a été un effort concerté pour réorganiser l'Europe et établir un nouvel équilibre de puissance.
  • ✍️ Les diplomates ont joué un rôle central dans la mise en place de conditions de paix, favorisant la diplomatie sur la guerre.
  • 🏰 L'expansion territoriale de la Prusse et de la Russie, ainsi que la perte de puissance de la France et de l'Autriche, ont été des conséquences directes du Congrès de Vienne.
  • 🇪🇺 L'idée d'un concert européen visait à empêcher que nul État ne domine seul le continent, privilégiant l'égalité des puissances et la diplomatie.
  • 🔄 Les conflits qui ont émergé pendant la période du concert européen, tels que la Guerre de Crimée et les guerres d'indépendance en Grèce et en Italie, ont été de moindre ampleur que les guerres précédentes.
  • 🤺 L'unification de l'Allemagne sous l'impulsion de Bismarck a marqué la fin du concert européen et a conduit à une augmentation de la tension en Europe.
  • ⚔️ L'ambition de Bismarck et la guerre franco-prusse ont conduit à la perte d'Alsace-Lorraine pour la France et à l'indemnisation de la Prusse, changeant le cours de l'histoire européenne.

Q & A

  • Quel événement marqua le début de la fin des guerres napoléoniennes ?

    -Le 31 mars 1814, l'entrée des troupes de la coalition dans la capitale de Paris marqua le début de la fin des guerres napoléoniennes.

  • Quels étaient les principaux dirigeants présents lors de la parade triomphale à Paris après l'entrée des troupes de la coalition ?

    -Tsar Alexandre Ier, le roi de Prusse Frédéric Guillaume III et le généralissime Charles de Schwarzenberg étaient présents lors de la parade triomphale.

  • Comment s'est terminée la carrière militaire de Napoléon Bonaparte suite à l'entrée des troupes de la coalition à Paris ?

    -Napoléon Bonaparte a pris congé de ses enfants, de ses frères d'armes à Fontainebleau, marquant la fin de sa carrière militaire et de son règne.

  • Quelle était la conséquence principale des guerres napoléoniennes sur la population européenne ?

    -Les guerres napoléoniennes ont causé la perte d'au moins 4 millions de personnes et traumatisé la population européenne.

  • Quel mécanisme a été mis en place pour maintenir la paix en Europe après les guerres napoléoniennes ?

    -Le Congrès de Vienne, qui a eu lieu entre septembre 1814 et juin 1815, a été un mécanisme mis en place pour maintenir la paix en Europe en répartissant le pouvoir entre les grandes puissances.

  • Quels étaient les principaux acteurs du Congrès de Vienne ?

    -Les principaux acteurs du Congrès de Vienne étaient les diplomates des quatre grandes puissances victorieuses : l'Autriche, la Russie, la Grande-Bretagne et la Prusse.

  • Quelle était la principale préoccupation des puissances européennes lors du Congrès de Vienne ?

    -La principale préoccupation était de maintenir un équilibre de pouvoir en Europe pour éviter que l'une des puissances ne domine le continent et n'impose sa suprématie.

  • Quels étaient les principaux accords territoriaux établis lors du Congrès de Vienne ?

    -L'Autriche a annexé le Tyrol, une partie de la Pologne et le nord de l'Italie, la Russie a obtenu des territoires en Pologne et en Finlande, la Prusse a gagné en territoire vers l'ouest et a annexé la moitié de la Saxe, la Grande-Bretagne a renforcé son contrôle sur les routes commerciales et la France a conservé certains gains territoriaux de l'Empire.

  • Comment le Congrès de Vienne a-t-il contribué à la paix en Europe pendant une grande partie du 19e siècle ?

    -Le Congrès de Vienne a contribué à la paix en Europe en établissant un système de concert européen qui privilégiait la diplomatie et la coopération entre les grandes puissances pour résoudre les conflits.

  • Quelle a été la stratégie de Bismarck pour unifier l'Allemagne ?

    -Bismarck a utilisé la guerre et la diplomatie pour unifier l'Allemagne, en particulier en menant des conflits avec le Danemark, l'Autriche et la France, et en négociant des alliances avec les États du Sud.

Outlines

00:00

🏰 La paix après les guerres napoléoniennes

Le 31 mars 1814, les troupes de la coalition entrent dans Paris, et malgré les mauvaises conditions météorologiques, de nombreux Parisiens assistent au défilé des Cosaques russes et des Grenadiers autrichiens. Dans l'ombre des Champs-Élysées, le Tsar Alexandre Ier, le Roi de Prusse Frédéric Guillaume III et le général Charles de Schwarzenberg célébrent leur victoire. À Fontainebleau, Napoléon Bonaparte prend congé de ses troupes. La fin des guerres napoléoniennes marque le début d'un siècle de paix en Europe, marqué par des conflits rares et limités. Le Congrès de Vienne, qui se tient entre septembre 1814 et juin 1815, réunit des diplomates pour établir la paix en Europe. Les grandes puissances, en particulier l'Autriche, la Russie, la Grande-Bretagne et la Prusse, jouent un rôle prépondérant dans les décisions. Les négociations sont tendues, notamment à cause des ambitions russes et prussiennes en Pologne et en Saxe. Finalement, la Prusse obtient des gains territoriaux, la Russie s'agrandit en Pologne et en Finlande, l'Autriche annexe des territoires en Italie et en Pologne, et la Grande-Bretagne renforce son contrôle sur les routes commerciales. La France, quant à elle, conserve certains gains territoriaux et maintient un rôle diplomatique grâce à Talleyrand.

05:00

🎻 Le Concert européen et les conflits limités

Le Concert européen, issu du Congrès de Vienne, a fonctionné efficacement au cours des cinquante premières années, limitant les conflits entre les grandes puissances. Trois principaux conflits se produisent : la Guerre d'indépendance grecque, où la France, la Grande-Bretagne et la Russie soutiennent la cause grecque contre l'Empire ottoman; la Guerre de Crimée, où la Russie cherche à étendre son influence en Balkans et en mer Noire, provoquant l'intervention de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne; et la Deuxième Guerre d'indépendance italienne, où la France et la Sardaigne luttent contre l'Autriche pour la domination de la péninsule italienne. Ces conflits sont courts et ne concernent que brièvement les grandes puissances, témoignant de l'efficacité du Concert européen. Cependant, l'ambition d'un homme, Otto von Bismarck, commence à miner cette stabilité.

10:04

⚔️ L'unification allemande et la fin du Concert européen

Otto von Bismarck devient le chancelier de Prusse en 1862, au moment où le pays est en crise politique. Il soutient le roi William I dans son conflit avec le parlement et impose sa volonté, ce qui le rend rapidement populaire. En 1863, la crise de Schleswig-Holstein offre à Bismarck l'opportunité de démontrer sa force, en formant une alliance avec l'Autriche contre le Danemark. La victoire prussienne renforce la position de Bismarck, qui pousse ensuite à la guerre contre l'Autriche en 1866, remportant rapidement la victoire et imposant la dissolution de la Confédération germanique. L'unification de l'Allemagne semble inévitable, mais Bismarck rencontre des oppositions, notamment de la France qui craint une unification allemande. En 1870, une crise liée à la succession en Espagne déclenche la guerre franco-prusse, où la France apparaît agressive et est rapidement vaincue. La France cède l'Alsace et la Lorraine et paie une indemnité de guerre. L'Empire allemand est proclamé en 1871, marquant la fin du Concert européen et l'unification de l'Allemagne.

15:08

🌐 L'isolement de la France et la préparation de la Première Guerre mondiale

Bismarck, conscient des erreurs commises lors de la guerre franco-prusse, s'efforce d'isoler la France pour protéger l'unité allemande. Il encourage les républicains en France et cherche à s'allier avec d'autres puissances européennes pour limiter l'influence française. Il crée l'Alliance des trois empereurs avec l'Autriche et la Russie, puis l'entente tripartite avec l'Italie, excluant la France. Malgré ses efforts, la France se rapproche de la Russie et de la Grande-Bretagne, tandis que l'Allemagne se retrouve isolée. La politique de Bismarck permet d'éviter les conflits entre les grandes puissances jusqu'à 1914, mais elle crée également des tensions qui conduiront à la Première Guerre mondiale. L'issue de cette guerre et le traité de Versailles prépareront le terrain pour une future et encore plus meurtrière Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Congrès de Vienne

Le Congrès de Vienne est un événement historique majeur qui s'est tenu entre 1814 et 1815. Il a réuni les diplomates d'Europe pour redéfinir les frontières et établir un nouveau système de paix après les guerres napoléoniennes. Dans le script, le congrès est présenté comme un moment crucial où les grandes puissances ont cherché à équilibrer leurs ambitions et à prévenir de futurs conflits, en particulier en signant le Traité de Paris.

💡Napoléon Bonaparte

Napoléon Bonaparte est un personnage central de l'époque, souvent mentionné comme l'Empereur des Français et le 'tyran' ou 'l'ogre corse'. Son influence et ses conquêtes ont profondément marqué la période, et sa chute a été un facteur déclencheur du congrès. Dans le script, son abdication et ses adieux symbolisent la fin d'une ère et l'ouverture d'une période de paix.

💡Concert européen

Le concept de 'Concert européen' fait référence à l'idée de maintenir la paix et la stabilité en Europe en équilibrant les forces entre les grandes puissances. Le script illustre cette notion par la coopération entre la France, la Grande-Bretagne, la Russie et l'Autriche pour résoudre des conflits et prévenir les guerres, malgré les tensions sous-jacentes.

💡Guerre de Crimée

La Guerre de Crimée, qui a eu lieu en 1853, est un exemple de conflit mentionné dans le script qui a vu la Russie entrer en guerre contre l'Empire ottoman, avec l'intervention ultérieure de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne. Cette guerre est un exemple concret de la manière dont le Concert européen a fonctionné pour résoudre des conflits potentiels.

💡Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck est présenté comme une figure clé de la politique européenne de la seconde moitié du 19e siècle. Le script décrit son rôle en tant que chancelier prussien et son influence sur la politique extérieure, notamment par sa stratégie de la guerre pour unifier l'Allemagne et sa gestion des relations internationales.

💡Guerre franco-prussiennes

La Guerre franco-prussiennes est un conflit décisif mentionné dans le script qui a opposé la France et la Prusse en 1870. Cette guerre a été un tournant pour la formation de l'Empire allemand et a conduit à la chute de l'Empire français et à la création de la République française.

💡Traité de Frankfurt

Le Traité de Frankfurt est un accord signé en 1871 qui a marqué la fin de la Guerre franco-prussiennes. Dans le script, il est mentionné comme un événement qui a abouti à la cession de l'Alsace et de la Lorraine à l'Allemagne et à l'imposition d'une lourde indemnité de guerre à la France.

💡Conférence de Berlin

La Conférence de Berlin de 1885 est un événement mentionné dans le script comme un exemple de la manière dont Bismarck a orchestré la diplomatie européenne pour maintenir la paix et l'équilibre des puissances. Elle a permis de régler des questions coloniales et de prévenir des conflits.

💡Empire allemand

L'Empire allemand est une entité politique mentionnée comme le résultat de l'unification des États allemands sous la direction de Bismarck. Le script souligne l'importance de cette unification pour la stabilité future de l'Europe, malgré les tensions et les défis qui ont suivi.

💡Première Guerre mondiale

La Première Guerre mondiale est brièvement abordée dans le script comme le conflit qui a mis fin à la période de stabilité en Europe établie par les efforts de Bismarck. Elle est présentée comme le résultat des tensions non résolues et des alliances complexes qui ont émergé au cours du siècle précédent.

Highlights

Le 31 mars 1814, les troupes de la coalition entrent dans la capitale et, malgré le mauvais temps, de nombreux Parisiens assistent au grandiose défilé des Cosaques russes et des grenadiers autrichiens.

Sous l'ombre des Champs-Élysées, le Tsar Alexandre Ier, le Roi de Prusse Frédéric Guillaume III et le généralissime Charles de Schwarzenberg méditent leur victoire triomphale sur l'insolent garçon, l'ogre corse, le tyran, l'antéchrist.

À Fontainebleau, Napoléon Bonaparte, le petit caporal, l'épée de la France, le père de la Patrie, prend congé de ses enfants, de ses frères d'armes, et son discours est noyé dans les larmes de ses soldats.

La fin des guerres napoléoniennes restaure la paix en Europe et les soldats de la Grande Armée reviennent chez eux, mais ces conflits ont causé la perte d'au moins 4 millions de vies et traumatisé la population européenne.

Le congrès de Vienne, entre septembre 1814 et juin 1815, réunit des diplomates européens pour établir les conditions de la paix, influencés principalement par les quatre grands vainqueurs : l'Autriche, la Russie, la Grande-Bretagne et la Prusse.

Les conflits entre les puissances, notamment autour de la Pologne et de la Saxe, mènent à une crise qui implique la France, rendant la diplomatie post-1814 complexe.

Le congrès de Vienne aboutit à un partage des gains territoriaux, avec des avancées significatives pour la Prusse, la Russie et l'Autriche, tandis que la Grande-Bretagne se concentre sur le contrôle des routes commerciales.

L'idée d'un concert européen est introduite pour maintenir la paix en Europe, en organisant le continent de manière à ce qu'aucune puissance ne puisse dominer seule.

La Grèce lutte pour son indépendance contre l'Empire ottoman, avec l'appui de la France, de la Grande-Bretagne et de la Russie, qui aboutit à la victoire en 1827 à Navarin.

La guerre de Crimée en 1853 voit la Russie en conflit avec l'Empire ottoman, pour protéger les chrétiens orthodoxes et étendre son influence en Balkans, ce qui est contré par la France et la Grande-Bretagne.

La Deuxième Guerre d'indépendance italienne en 1859 oppose les armées franco-sardes et autrichiennes, marquée par les victoires de Magenta et Solferino, ouvrant la voie à l'unification italienne.

Otto von Bismarck devient le chancelier de Prusse en 1862, avec l'objectif de renforcer l'autorité royale et de réformer le système militaire.

Bismarck mène la Prusse à la victoire dans la guerre contre le Danemark en 1864, renforçant son autorité et la fierté nationale.

La guerre de 1866 contre l'Autriche voit la Prusse gagner des territoires en Allemagne et imposer la dissolution de la Confédération germanique, marquant la fin du concert européen.

La guerre franco-prusse de 1870-71 aboutit à la chute de l'Empire français et à la proclamation de la République, avec la Prusse gagnant des territoires stratégiques et une indemnité de guerre.

La proclamation de l'Empire allemand en 1871 symbolise l'unification allemande, avec Bismarck jouant un rôle central dans la diplomatie européenne.

Bismarck cherche à isoler la France pour protéger l'unité allemande, en encourageant des alliances et des traités comme l'accord des trois empereurs.

La politique de Bismarck permet d'éviter les conflits entre les grandes puissances de 1871 à 1914, mais son renversement par Guillaume II et la rupture avec la Russie préparent le terrain à la Première Guerre mondiale.

Transcripts

play00:02

On March 31, 1814, the coalition troops entered the capital and, despite the bad weather,

play00:08

many Parisians attended the grandiose parade of Russian Cossacks and

play00:13

Austrian grenadiers.

play00:14

In the shadow of the Champs Elysees, Tsar Alexander I, King of Prussia Frederick William

play00:19

III and Generalissimo Charles de Schwarzenberg contemplate their triumphant victory over the

play00:23

insolent boy, the Corsican ogre, the tyrant, the antichrist.

play00:27

In Fontainebleau, Napoleon Bonaparte, the little corporal, the sword of France, the father

play00:33

of the Fatherland, bids farewell to his children, his brothers in arms, and his speech is

play00:38

drowned in the midst of their tears.

play00:40

With the end of the Napoleonic wars, peace was restored in Europe and the soldiers

play00:44

of the Grand Army finally returned home, these conflicts caused the loss of at least

play00:48

4 million souls and traumatized the European population.

play00:51

It is then a century of peace which opens on the old continent, between 1814 and 1914

play00:58

the wars are rare, and those which break out are of a reduced scope.

play01:01

Yet many crises shake this new Europe, despite everything, the powers

play01:06

favor diplomacy in war.

play01:08

In this episode, we will see who are the actors and the reasons for this century of

play01:12

peace in Europe.

play01:20

In 1813, the Tsar and the King of Prussia agreed to hold a congress

play01:32

to discuss the fate of Europe after Napoleon's defeat, and when the

play01:36

Treaty of Paris was signed , the Austrians, the British and the French

play01:39

also support this idea.

play01:41

Thus, between September 1814 and June 1815, diplomats from all over Europe met

play01:46

in Vienna to draw up and sign the conditions of peace.

play01:49

In itself, this congress depends almost exclusively on the four big winners, if the Austrians,

play01:54

the Russians, the British and the Prussians agree on a subject, all

play01:58

the other powers have no other choice but to comply. to their requirements.

play02:01

Fortunately for the latter, the big four often find it difficult to agree,

play02:06

especially because the Austrians and the British are worried about Russian

play02:09

ambition , Europe even borders on war during the negotiations.

play02:12

Poland and Saxony are at the center of these conflicts, Tsar Alexander I and King

play02:16

of Prussia Frederick William signed a secret agreement in 1814 in which they agree

play02:21

that Poland falls under Russian authority and that Saxony is integrated into Prussia.

play02:25

The Austrians and the English want to prevent Russia from having control over

play02:30

all of Poland, and the French seek to safeguard Saxon autonomy to

play02:34

block the road to a unification of Germany, an idea which was supported by a good number

play02:38

of small German sovereigns who line up behind the French position.

play02:41

But the Tsar, far from appreciating the situation, ordered the reunion of the Kingdom of Saxony with

play02:46

Prussia and reinforced the Russian presence in Warsaw, Poland.

play02:49

The Austrians and the British were then ready to use force, but the Austrian army

play02:54

not being powerful enough to oppose the two powers alone,

play02:57

it sought French support.

play02:59

This crisis allows the loser of 1814 to once again become important on the diplomatic scene,

play03:04

the congress would henceforth consist of five.

play03:07

Tensions escalate quickly but war is avoided with the content of a

play03:11

conference between the big five.

play03:13

The Prussians gain there an expansion of their territory towards the west and the annexation

play03:17

of half of Saxony, while Poland is once again divided between Russians,

play03:21

Prussians and Austrians.

play03:22

Finally, the congress takes place without a conflict breaking out, if we ignore the parenthesis

play03:27

of the Hundred Days.

play03:28

During this, the British and the French defend the idea of ​​a European concert

play03:32

to maintain a lasting peace in Europe.

play03:34

This idea seeks to organize Europe in such a way that no power

play03:39

can alone dominate the continent and impose its hegemony on it, overall, the

play03:43

big five must be of equal power and diplomacy must be privileged,

play03:47

the Authors who deal with this idea also speak of the possibility of waging

play03:48

just wars to restore peace in self-defense.

play03:49

This idea of ​​a European concert is essential during the congress, although the Russian,

play03:52

Prussian and Austrian ambitions put it in danger.

play03:54

To maintain this European balance, concessions have been made to each state

play03:58

: Prussia, as we have seen, obtains territorial gains, these allow it

play04:02

to regain a territory equivalent to that which it had in 1805, before Napoleon

play04:07

does not crush him.

play04:08

Russia is also gaining territories, not only does the Tsar become king of the

play04:12

vital part of Poland, but it also annexes Finland and gains enormous prestige with

play04:17

its victory over Napoleon.

play04:18

Austria annexed Tyrol, part of Poland and northern Italy, and took

play04:23

the head of a new confederation of German states.

play04:25

The British themselves, as usual, are focusing on the economic point.

play04:30

They strengthen their control over trade routes by taking Malta, the Ionian Islands,

play04:34

Heligoland, and colonies in Africa.

play04:35

It also ensures French impotence by integrating Belgium and

play04:39

Luxembourg into the Netherlands and by strengthening the kingdom of Piedmont.

play04:42

France, it retains some territorial gains of the Empire such as the Comtat

play04:47

Venaissin and Mulhouse, but it manages above all to safeguard a diplomatic role

play04:51

in Europe, especially thanks to the maneuvers of its Minister of Foreign Affairs

play04:55

Talleyrand.

play04:56

The idea of ​​the European concert will work very well since no major war

play05:00

will shake the Europe of the five during the next half-century.

play05:16

The fact is that the putting into practice of the European concert works, during the first 50 years which follow the Congress of Vienna, the conflicts in which several of the big five

play05:24

participate are rare and have nothing to do with the Napoleonic wars.

play05:27

We can cite three: The first is the Greek War of Independence, from 1821

play05:32

the Greeks revolted against the Ottoman power, despite certain victories, the repression

play05:36

was violent, and the massacres perpetrated by the Turks, in particular the massacre of the island.

play05:41

of Chios, which saw at least 20,000 Greeks lose their lives and at least 50,000 others

play05:45

enslaved, moved European nations.

play05:48

Faced with popular pressure, France and Great Britain and Russia took up position

play05:52

alongside the Greeks and crushed the Ottoman fleet, without losing a single ship, at

play05:57

Navarin in 1827.

play05:58

After the landing of French troops in Morea, the Turks folded and accept Greek

play06:02

independence .

play06:03

The second conflict is the Crimean War, in 1853 Russia declares war on the Ottoman

play06:09

Empire, officially in order to protect the Orthodox Christians of the Empire, but

play06:13

in reality Russia seeks to extend its influence in the Balkans and around

play06:17

the Black Sea, which would have called into question the European balance.

play06:20

To avoid this, Great Britain and France entered the conflict alongside the

play06:23

Turks and won the Battle of Alma before laying siege to Sebastopol,

play06:27

where the Russian fleet was anchored.

play06:29

Russia finally surrendered in 1856 and the neutrality of the Black Sea was signed in

play06:34

Paris the same year.

play06:35

The second Italian War of Independence is the third of these conflicts, it sees

play06:40

opposing the Franco-Sardinian armies and the Austrian army in 1859 for the domination of

play06:44

the Italian peninsula.

play06:45

The war ends with the Franco-Sardinian victories of Magenta and Solferino, which allows

play06:50

the Sardinians to take Lombardy and open the voice of Italian unification.

play06:54

During these conflicts France, which is the only major player to participate in each

play06:59

of them, lost around 110,000 men, which is less than during the Russian

play07:02

Campaign alone .

play07:03

In total, the big five are at war with each other for less than five

play07:07

years between 1815 and 1865, all these wars combined were therefore shorter than

play07:12

the Napoleonic wars, the war of Austrian succession or even that the American

play07:16

War of Independence.

play07:17

It is then easy to realize that the European concert works, the great

play07:21

European powers favor diplomacy in war, but despite this success,

play07:27

it will quickly be undermined by the ambitions of one man.

play07:39

On September 22, 1862, Otto Von Bismarck made his entry into the castle of Babelsberg, to the conservatives, which assured the Prime Minister a majority in the chamber.

play07:49

it was King William I of Prussia who invited him to attend.

play07:52

The monarchy is then in crisis, the king seeks to reform the military system of the country

play07:56

but clashes with the parliament, with liberal majority, which controls the budget of the state

play08:01

and is opposed to the reforms.

play08:02

Some soldiers then advise the king to crush the constitution and impose

play08:06

his power, but he refuses to do so, faced with the political impasse he thinks about abdicating,

play08:10

Bismarck is then his last chance.

play08:12

At the end of their meeting, the king covers Bismarck with the functions of Prime Minister

play08:17

and Minister of Foreign Affairs, the latter undertakes to support the sovereign

play08:22

in his fight against parliament.

play08:23

The minister quickly made himself very unpopular in the press and came into direct conflict

play08:29

with the parliament he despised.

play08:30

To impose himself, he suspends and transfers officials who speak too liberal, he

play08:35

also provides money to certain newspapers to ensure their support

play08:38

and produces an edict which limits the freedoms of the press.

play08:42

In 1863 the King of Denmark, Frederick VII, announced the integration of the Duchy of Schleswig

play08:48

into the kingdom, this announcement went against a European treaty that had been signed

play08:52

ten years earlier.

play08:53

Bismarck does not miss this opportunity to assert his authority, he signs an alliance with

play08:57

his Austrian neighbor and poses an ultimatum to Denmark, which is refused.

play09:01

The German troops then entered the campaign and made the Scandinavians bend in less than a

play09:05

year, the victories filled the Prussians with pride and public opinion applauded

play09:09

its Prime Minister, while the parliament approved some of his proposals in

play09:13

a patriotic spirit.

play09:15

After many months of negotiations, Prussians and Austrians share the

play09:19

Danish duchies.

play09:20

Despite this alliance of circumstance, crises followed one another between the two

play09:24

German rivals , Bismarck repeatedly accused the Austrians of violating their agreements,

play09:28

and William I rallied to the opinion of his minister, measures were then taken

play09:33

in Prussia to that the army is ready in the event of conflict.

play09:35

At the same time, Bismarck made contact with the Italian government and promised them

play09:40

Veneto in exchange for a military alliance, an exceptional treaty was then signed,

play09:45

which was only valid for three months, it then seemed obvious that the Prime Minister

play09:48

seeks to quickly declare war.

play09:50

Austria raises its troops in Bohemia and Italy, which Bismarck does

play09:54

not hesitate to point out as a provocation, and war finally breaks out in June 1866,

play09:59

but Austria, having to fight on two fronts, bends under the assaults. Prussians and

play10:04

agreed to sign the peace only two months after the start of the conflict.

play10:07

Prussia wins the Danish duchies and certain territories in Germany, it also imposes

play10:12

the dissolution of the German confederation and the establishment of a confederation

play10:16

of northern Germany under its authority, Austria also loses the Veneto

play10:19

to the profit from Italy.

play10:21

Thus, Bismarck becomes the hero of Prussia, during the war he organizes elections

play10:26

for the parliament, under a patriotic spirit the people offer almost half of the seats

play10:35

With this war Bismarck signs the end of the European concert, since the other nations

play10:39

are not not intervened to defend the peace.

play10:53

With the Austrian defeat, Bismarck has dreams of greatness, he imagines that, carried by an iron will, refuse to capitulate.

play11:02

unifier of Germany.

play11:03

But this project has opponents, starting with the southern German states which are

play11:08

not enthusiastic about the Prime Minister's policy, and France which, as always,

play11:14

seeks to avoid this unity, or at least to monetize it for a gain. territorial.

play11:17

In 1866, Bismarck forced the southern states to conclude treaties of alliances

play11:23

with Prussia, he thus succeeded in strengthening relations with the latter, but at the same time

play11:28

he eliminated the option of unifying Germany by arms. , he made this choice

play11:33

because, for him, unity must go through a war with France.

play11:37

From 1866, Napoleon III claimed the Duchy of Luxembourg in compensation for the expansion

play11:43

of Prussian influence over northern Germany.

play11:47

Unfortunately, the emperor made this request too late, and Bismarck took the opportunity to present

play11:51

France as a threat to Parliament, finally Napoleon III's request was unsuccessful

play11:57

and Bismarck's power was further strengthened.

play12:00

Faced with this diplomatic failure, the emperor convinced himself that a conflict with Prussia

play12:05

was inevitable, he then sought allies through Austria and Italy,

play12:10

but although they agreed on the need to an alliance the parties dispute are

play12:14

unable to find an agreement that would satisfy them all.

play12:17

Finally, a succession crisis in Spain will allow Bismarck to start his

play12:24

long-awaited war, following a military coup, the new masters of

play12:29

the Iberian Peninsula are looking for a sovereign, their choice stops on Léopold de Hohenzollern ,

play12:34

a member of the Prussian royal family.

play12:37

Napoleon III cannot accept to see Spain fall under Prussian influence, he is opposed

play12:42

to this choice and public opinion supports him, while the parliament and the press are

play12:47

seized with a war fever against Germans.

play12:49

The King of Prussia, wishing to avoid war, agrees to withdraw the Prussian candidacy,

play12:55

but Bismarck, far from putting up with this conciliatory policy, publishes a press release

play13:01

in which he makes everyone believe that the French ambassador was humiliated in Berlin .

play13:06

Faced with this announcement, French popular opinion flares up and everyone is calling

play13:11

for war.

play13:12

The next day, France decreed general mobilization, and five days later she declared

play13:17

war on Prussia, thus appearing as the aggressor in the eyes of the

play13:22

whole of Europe

play13:23

. However, the price of this aggression is heavy because the German states of the south do

play13:27

not hesitate to honor their treaty of alliance with Prussia, which offers a strong

play13:32

numerical superiority to the Germans, while the Austrians and the Italians refuse to intervene

play13:37

alongside France.

play13:38

The battles quickly turn into German victories, and Napoleon III is

play13:42

captured in Sedan less than two months after the start of the conflict, the Second Empire collapses

play13:48

at the same time and the Republic is proclaimed in Paris, a Republic that does

play13:51

not count. capitulate, which surprises Bismarck.

play13:54

The latter then wishes to reestablish the empire in France, but Napoleon III refuses to be

play13:59

reinstated at the cost of territorial loss for his country.

play14:02

The Prime Minister does everything to shorten the war in order to avoid an external

play14:08

intervention , but he comes up against the staff who want to crush the enemy and the French

play14:17

Carried away by his frustration, Bismarck multiplies the massacres as in Ablis on the 8th October.

play14:18

Peace was finally discussed on February 20 in Versailles and on May 10, with

play14:23

the Treaty of Frankfurt, France ceded Alsace and Northern Lorraine as well as a

play14:28

gigantic war indemnity .

play14:30

The German Empire is proclaimed on January 18 in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles,

play14:36

in the form of a federal state in which the small German monarchies retain

play14:41

broad powers.

play14:42

German unity is allowed thanks to the common victory of the German states over

play14:46

France, as Bismarck had foreseen.

play15:03

Bismarck quickly realizes that he made mistakes in his war, not only does

play15:08

the conquest of Alsace-Lorraine stir up a spirit of revenge in France, which

play15:11

could encourage a new conflict that would endanger the very young unit

play15:16

German, but in addition the new French republic takes barely more than two years

play15:20

to pay the reparations of wars to Prussia, a speed which worries the Prime

play15:25

Minister.

play15:26

He came to the conclusion that, to safeguard German unity, he had to isolate

play15:29

France so that it would be incapable of provoking a new war, destroyer

play15:34

of the European concert, Bismarck, with his new role as Chancellor. of the Reich, will then

play15:39

become the most fervent defender of European peace.

play15:42

For this, he begins by encouraging the republicans in their struggle against the monarchists,

play15:47

a France led by a republic would be hard pressed to find an ally in a

play15:51

Europe full of sovereigns.

play15:53

He will also seek to seize the potential allies of Paris, he begins

play15:58

by founding the agreement of the three emperors with François-Joseph of Austria and Tsar

play16:02

Alexander II, this one foresees that the three sovereigns will have to consult together and not not

play16:07

take military action against each other.

play16:09

Despite everything, from 1875 Berlin was worried about the rapid recovery of France and

play16:15

the military reforms that it was carrying out, Bismarck then launched a

play16:19

press campaign against the dangers of French recovery while the German General Staff

play16:23

seriously proposes the idea of ​​a preventive war.

play16:25

But international opinion does not support the Chancellor, the British let it be known

play16:30

that a new French defeat is unacceptable and the Russians share this

play16:33

idea.

play16:34

In addition, the understanding of the three emperors is fragile, and a crisis in the Balkans places

play16:39

Austria and Russia on a war footing, Bismarck takes advantage of this crisis to make

play16:43

the Reich the diplomatic center of Europe, he makes hold a congress in Berlin in 1878

play16:48

where Russians, Austrians and British managed to separate the Balkans.

play16:53

Despite everything, the Tsar considers himself the big loser of this congress, he protests

play16:57

against the policy of Bismarck, the latter dissatisfied with the situation favors his relations

play17:02

with Austria and signs with the emperor Franz Joseph an alliance, the duplicate,

play17:07

in 1879.

play17:08

This provides that the Reich will bring its support to the Austrians in the event of Russian

play17:12

aggression , the chancellor intends to put pressure on Russia with this treaty to encourage

play17:17

a three-party diplomacy.

play17:18

The death of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 favors this, the same year the agreement of the three

play17:23

emperors is reestablished, the Reich and Austria-Hungary also allied with Italy in 1882,

play17:29

thus founding the Triplice.

play17:30

At the same time, Bismarck encourages French colonial expansion, he seeks to divert it

play17:35

from Europe and hopes that this will cause tensions with Great Britain, avoiding

play17:40

a rapprochement between the two nations.

play17:42

In 1885, the Berlin conference was organized during which the European powers

play17:47

separated from Africa.

play17:48

Bismarck also organizes a Mediterranean agreement between the English, Italians, Austrians and Spaniards,

play17:55

this agreement aims to limit Russian influence in the sea, without forgetting that France

play17:59

is excluded from it.

play18:00

This treaty further aggravates relations between Russia and Germany.

play18:16

Despite everything, Bismarck is not immortal.

play18:19

The new Emperor, William II, gets rid of this old chancellor whom he considers a little

play18:24

too cumbersome in 1890, and takes back the foreign policy of his empire in hand, starting

play18:30

by breaking the agreement with Russia.

play18:32

This reversal of the jacket throws the Empire of the Tsars into the arms of Republican France,

play18:37

despite their gigantic differences, there is no source of conflict between the

play18:40

two nations, and concern for the Reich encourages this alliance.

play18:44

Great Britain also rallies to this idea, it does not appreciate the economic

play18:48

competition of Germany and operates a rapprochement with France, without

play18:52

signing an alliance.

play18:53

Anyway, the policy of Bismarck, although it destroyed the European concert

play18:58

set up by the Congress of Vienna, made it possible to avoid all the potential conflicts

play19:02

between the big five from 1871 to 1914, that is to say 43 years of uninterrupted peace.

play19:08

In total, the great European powers will have shared only six wars with each

play19:13

other, or less than seven years of conflict, in a century.

play19:16

This stability is an anomaly in the history of Europe, it will end with the outbreak

play19:22

of the deadliest conflict in its history, the First World War, including the Treaty

play19:26

of Versailles, far from taking the example of the Congress of Vienna, will prepare Europe

play19:30

for an even more deadly war.

Rate This

5.0 / 5 (0 votes)

関連タグ
Histoire européennePaix de VienneNapoléonBismarckCongrès de VienneGuerres napoléoniennesDiplomatieConcert européenPremière Guerre mondialeImpérialisme
英語で要約が必要ですか?