Thales of Miletus
Summary
TLDRThis session delves into the philosophical and scientific contributions of Thales of Miletus, a pre-Socratic philosopher from ancient Greece. Known as the first philosopher in the Western tradition, Thales introduced material monism, proposing water as the fundamental substance of the universe. His theories on natural phenomena, devoid of mythological explanations, laid the groundwork for scientific inquiry. Thales also made significant strides in mathematics, particularly in geometry, with his theorem on circles. His ideas on the cosmos, including the belief that all things are water, and his practical applications of geometry, exemplify his pioneering role in early Greek philosophy.
Takeaways
- 😀 Thales of Miletus is recognized as the first philosopher in the Western tradition and a key figure in the development of abstract thought.
- 🌟 Thales was a pre-Socratic philosopher who sought to explain the world through naturalistic and materialistic principles rather than relying on mythological explanations.
- 📚 He is often referred to as the first scientist due to his innovative approach to understanding the world through mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.
- 🌍 Thales proposed that water was the fundamental substance of all things, a theory known as material monism, which was a significant departure from supernatural explanations.
- 🔍 He is credited with the observation that the Earth floats on water, a theory that was not disproved until the 18th century.
- 📏 Thales is known for his contributions to geometry, particularly for formulating what is now known as Thales' theorem regarding triangles inscribed in a circle.
- 🌐 His cosmological doctrine suggested that all things ultimately are water, and he believed that even celestial bodies like the Sun and stars are nourished by the evaporation of water.
- 🤔 Thales' philosophical approach was characterized by a curiosity and conjectural method, seeking rational and scientific explanations for natural phenomena.
- 🏛️ He was one of the seven sages of Greece, a group known for their wisdom, and was associated with the aphorism 'know thyself'.
- 📈 Thales' influence extended to his successors in the Milesian school, including Anaximander and Anaximenes, who continued to explore natural philosophy and the nature of the universe.
Q & A
Who is Thales of Miletus and why is he significant in the history of philosophy?
-Thales of Miletus was an early pre-Socratic philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer, born around 624 BC in the Greek city of Miletus. He is considered one of the seven sages of Greece and is often regarded as the first philosopher in the Western tradition. Thales is significant because he was the founder of the Milesian school of natural philosophy and was one of the first to seek naturalistic explanations for the world, without resorting to mythological explanations.
What is the cosmological doctrine of Thales?
-Thales' cosmological doctrine was that water was the first principle, the origin of all things. He believed that everything in the world was composed of water, from which all things emerge and to which they return. This idea was a significant departure from supernatural explanations and laid the groundwork for later scientific thought.
What was Thales' contribution to mathematics?
-Thales is known for his contributions to geometry, particularly for establishing what is now known as Thales' theorem. This theorem states that if a triangle is drawn within a circle with one side as the diameter of the circle, then the opposite angle will always be a right angle. He also made practical contributions to land measurement and was involved in the development of geometry as a discipline.
What was the Malaysian school of thought, and how was Thales involved in it?
-The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th century BC, exemplified by three philosophers from the Ionian city of Miletus: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. Thales was the founder of this school, which was characterized by a new questioning approach to understanding the universe, focusing on the nature of matter and change. Each philosopher proposed a different material as the primary principle, indicating a spirit of independent thought and critical discussion.
What was Thales' view on the nature of the earth and its support?
-Thales proposed that the earth floats on water, an idea that was ancient even in his time. He explained this theory by likening the earth to wood and other substances that can float on water. He also suggested that the earth is buoyant, similar to how ships float, and that it is supported by water like a boat.
How did Thales' ideas about the earth's shape and its causes of earthquakes compare to modern understanding?
-Thales hypothesized that the earth floats on water and that earthquakes occur when the earth is rocked by waves. While this differs from the modern understanding of earthquakes as the result of tectonic plate movements, his ideas were among the first attempts to explain natural phenomena without invoking supernatural causes.
What was the significance of the aphorism 'know thyself' in relation to Thales?
-The aphorism 'know thyself' is attributed to Thales and reflects his philosophical approach to self-awareness and introspection. It encapsulates the idea that understanding oneself is a fundamental part of wisdom and is a key theme in his philosophical teachings.
What practical contributions did Thales make to society?
-Thales was known for his practical contributions in various fields. He was involved in business, politics, and was reportedly involved in negotiations that secured favorable terms for Miletus. He also made significant contributions to mathematics and astronomy, and his theorem is still taught today.
How did Thales' ideas influence later philosophers and the development of science?
-Thales' ideas laid the foundation for the development of natural philosophy and the scientific method. His search for naturalistic explanations and his methodical approach to understanding the world influenced later philosophers, including his students Anaximander and Anaximenes, and contributed to the emergence of scientific thought in ancient Greece.
What is the significance of Thales' belief that all things are composed of water?
-Thales' belief that all things are composed of water was significant because it represented an early attempt to find a single, unified principle for the diversity of natural phenomena. This idea of a single substance as the origin of all things was a precursor to later theories in physics and cosmology and marked a shift towards a more systematic and rational approach to understanding the world.
Outlines
📜 Introduction to Thales of Miletus
This paragraph introduces Thales of Miletus, a pre-Socratic philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer, who is considered one of the first philosophers in the Western tradition and the founder of the Milesian school of natural philosophy. Born in Miletus around 624 BC, Thales is known for his abstract thoughts on the nature of the world and human life. He is also credited with the idea of material monism, suggesting that all things derive from a single substance, which he identified as water. Thales' contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy are highlighted, as well as his status as one of the seven sages of Greece. His life, though sketchy in detail, includes anecdotes about his involvement in business, politics, and his prediction of a solar eclipse that halted warfare. The paragraph concludes with his death in 546 BC and the difficulty in separating historical facts from legend regarding his life and works.
🌐 Thales' Cosmological Doctrine and Contributions to Philosophy
Thales is recognized as one of the first Western philosophers to seek naturalistic explanations for natural phenomena, rejecting supernatural or mythological interpretations. He proposed that water was the primary substance from which all things originated and to which they would return, a view that influenced later philosophers. Thales also speculated on the physics of objects, the nature of life, and the characteristics of the earth, including its support and the cause of earthquakes. His ideas about the cosmos, including the belief that the earth floats on water, were groundbreaking. Thales' moral and political views are also mentioned, advocating for a just society and a form of benevolent tyranny. His contributions to geometry, particularly Thales' theorem regarding triangles inscribed in circles, and his innovations in astronomy are highlighted. The paragraph concludes with Aristotle's acknowledgment of Thales as the founder of natural philosophy and the scientific method.
🌊 Thales' Hypothesis on the Nature of Water and the Universe
This paragraph delves into Thales' hypothesis that water is the fundamental substance of the universe, capable of transforming into all other elements. It discusses how Thales' theory was supported by observations of natural phenomena such as evaporation and the formation of islands from water. The paragraph also addresses the challenges Thales faced in convincing others of his theory, including the need to explain how water could support the earth and the various states of water. Thales' ideas about the earth's shape, size, and the causes of earthquakes are also mentioned, along with his anticipation of problems that would arise from his theories. The paragraph concludes with the recognition that Thales' ideas were not proven wrong until much later, highlighting the enduring influence of his thoughts.
📚 The Milesian School and Thales' Legacy in Mathematics
The Milesian school, founded by Thales, is discussed in this paragraph, emphasizing its role in the development of philosophy and science. The school was associated with three philosophers from Miletus: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, each of whom proposed different primary substances for the universe. The paragraph highlights Thales' practical contributions to geometry, particularly his application of geometric principles to solve real-world problems. It also mentions the practical skill of land measurement, which Thales observed in Egypt and brought back to Greece, contributing to the development of geometry. The paragraph concludes by summarizing Thales' legacy, including his search for knowledge, the scientific method, practical methods, and the development of general principles from specific observations.
🔍 Thales' Scientific Method and Contributions to Greek Philosophy
This final paragraph reflects on Thales' role as the first scientist and his practical contributions to philosophy. It discusses his mathematical features, particularly his theorem and its applications. The paragraph also covers the cosmological doctrine of Thales and the teachings of the Milesians. It concludes by summarizing Thales' contributions to ancient Greek philosophy, emphasizing his curiosity, conjectural approach, and the scientific method. The paragraph ends with a prompt for further reading and a thank you note, inviting the audience to another session on a different topic.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Thales of Miletus
💡Pre-Socratics
💡Material Monism
💡Natural Philosophy
💡Cosmological Doctrine
💡Scientific Method
💡Thales' Theorem
💡Anaximander
💡Anaximenes
💡Seven Sages of Greece
💡Polytheism
Highlights
Thales of Miletus is considered the first philosopher in the Western tradition and a pioneer in abstract thought.
Thales was a pre-Socratic philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer, and one of the seven sages of Greece.
He founded the Milesian school of natural philosophy, which sought to explain the world through naturalistic principles rather than mythological ones.
Thales proposed that water was the primary substance from which all things in the universe were derived, a theory known as material monism.
His cosmological doctrine suggested that the earth floats on water and that earthquakes occur when the earth is rocked by waves.
Thales is credited with the first known geometric theorem, known as Thales' theorem, which concerns the properties of a circle and a triangle.
He is said to have predicted a solar eclipse, demonstrating his understanding of astronomy.
Thales' ideas about the nature of matter and his search for universal principles earned him the label 'the first scientist'.
His philosophical approach was characterized by a curiosity about natural phenomena and a desire to find rational explanations.
Thales believed that all things have souls or divinities, suggesting a pantheistic view of the universe.
He was known for his practical applications of geometry, such as in land measurement and architecture.
Thales' political views favored a benign tyranny over democracy, reflecting his belief in the rule of the wise.
His moral philosophy included the aphorism 'know thyself', which has become a cornerstone of Western philosophy.
Thales' contributions to mathematics and astronomy laid the groundwork for future scientific inquiry.
The Milesian school, which Thales founded, was characterized by critical discussion and the development of new ideas.
Thales' theories were rational and scientific, setting a precedent for future philosophical and scientific discourse.
His ideas about the earth's support and shape were some of the earliest attempts to explain geographical phenomena.
Thales' legacy includes the development of the scientific method and the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake.
Transcripts
[Music]
you
hello and welcome to the session on
Thales of Miletus
[Music]
abstract thought about the ultimate
nature of the world and of human life
began to appear in cultures all over the
world during the sixth century BC as an
urge to move beyond superstition towards
explanation in this unit we focus on its
embodiment among the ancient Greeks
whose active and tumult a social life
provided ample opportunities for the
expression of philosophical thinking the
first thinkers of antiquity are referred
to as the pre-socratics even though some
of these thinkers were in fact
contemporaries of Socrates the first
podcast in the series look at the
beginnings of Greek philosophy in the
sixth century BC in the city of Miletus
on the coast of Asia Minor their tails
and the successors in XE Manta and in XE
means develop theories refer to as
material monism deriving the entire
visible cosmos from a single staff or
principle of water the infinite and air
tales of millilitres 624 to 546 BC was
an early pre-socratic philosopher
mathematician and astronomer he was one
of the so-called seven sages of Greece
and many regard him as the first
philosopher in the Western tradition he
was the founder of the Malaysian school
of natural philosophy and the teacher of
Annex amantha he was perhaps the first
subscriber to materialist and naturalism
in trying to define the substance or
substances of which all material objects
were composed which he identified as
water his innovative search for a
universality in the disciplines of
mathematics astronomy and philosophy
have earned him the label the first
scientist tales was born in the Greek
city of Meletis on the Ionian coast of
modern-day Turkey in about 624 or 625 BC
the third century AD historian died
genus lesser Eaters reported that his
parents were eczemas and
Leo ballina of the noble million family
of LED and descended from agna or Cadmus
of ancient Thebes Greece details of his
life are sketchy and often contradictory
some reports suggest that he married and
had a son
SCI business some anecdotes suggest that
tails was involved in business and
politics and at one point bought up all
the olive presses in Meletis after
predicting a good harvest for a
particular year his involvement in local
politics is also rather anecdotal in
nature but tails apparently impressed
both sides of the ongoing conflict
between the Lydians Medes and Persians
over the fate of the region of Ionia
when he predicted an eclipse of the Sun
which brought fighting to a standstill
he was also reportedly involved in the
negotiations which followed the
hostilities and managed to obtain
favorable terms for Meletis tails is
said to have died of dehydration while
watching a gymnastics contest in 546 BC
at the age of 78 the writings of things
in retrospect it is difficult to
separate history from legend but he is
usually considered one of the seven
sages or seven wise men of ancient
Greece a group of seventh and early 6th
century bc philosophers statesmen and
law givers who became renowned in the
following centuries for their wisdom the
aphorism know thyself has been
attributed to tales much of what we know
of tales philosophy has come down to us
from Aristotle and so may be somewhat
distorted by Aristotle's own views some
sources say that he left no writing
others say that he wrote at least two
works on the Solstice and on the equinox
tales try to define the substance or
substances of which
all material objects were composed as
new modern scientists even today
hence tales is sometimes described as
the first scientist he searched for the
physics of objects and caused them to
behave in their characteristic way he
was one of the first Western
philosophers who attempted to find
naturalistic explanations of the world
without reference to supernatural or
mythological explanations such as the
Greek anthropomorphic gods and heroes
he explained earthquakes for example by
hypothesizing that the earth floats on
water and that earthquakes occur when
the earth is rocked by waves his most
famous belief was his cosmological
doctrine that water was the first
principle it is roughly equivalent to an
X a means later idea that everything in
the world was composed of air he claimed
that water was the origin of all things
that from which all things emerge and to
which they return and moreover that all
things ultimately are water
he probably drew this conclusion from
seeing moist substances turn into air
slime and earth and he clearly viewed
the earth as solidifying from the water
on which it floated and which surrounded
it while considering the effects of
magnetism and static electricity he
concluded that the power to move other
things without the mover itself changing
was a characteristic of life so that a
magnet and Amber must therefore be alive
in some way in that they have animation
or the power to act if so he argued
there is no difference between the
living and the dead if all things were
alive they must also have souls or
divinities and the end result of this
argument was an almost total removal of
mind from substance opening the door to
an innovative non Divine Principle
of Acts
fales recognized a single transcendental
god Manas in' who has neither beginning
nor end but who expresses himself
through other gods polytheism his idea
of justice included both the letter of
the law and the spirit of the law
for example adultery and perjury about
it in code are equally bad he had some
common sense moral advice that we should
expect the same support from our
children that we give to our parents
that we should not let talk influence us
against those we have come to trust and
that we should not do ourselves that for
which we blame others
he believed that a happy man was one who
was healthy in body resourceful in soul
and of a readily teachable nature his
political views were generally in favor
of a benign tyranny rather than
democracy
he believed that men were naturally
better than women and that Greeks were
better than barbarians non-greeks tails
was known for his theoretical and
practical understanding and innovative
views of geometry specially triangles he
established what has become known as
tails theorem way by if a triangle is
drawn within a circle with the long side
as a diameter of the circle then the
opposite angle will always be a right
angle as well as some other related
properties derived from this he was also
an important innovator in astronomy and
he had an effective theory of the path
of the Sun from solstice to solstice and
supposedly correctly predicted a solar
eclipse some sources have attributed him
with the discovery of the seasons of the
year and the 365 day year his
questioning approach to the
understanding of heavenly phenomena
arguably marked the real beginning of
Greek astronomy fails us
marry principal Aristotle defined wisdom
as knowledge of certain principles and
casas he commenced his investigation of
the wisdom of the philosophers who
preceded him tails is considered as the
founder of natural philosophy for tales
this nature was a single material
substance water despite the more
advanced terminology which Aristotle and
Plato had created
Aristotle recorded the doctrines of
Thales in terms which were available to
tales in the sixth century BC Aristotle
made a definite statement and presented
it with confidence it was only when
Aristotle attempted to provide the
reasons for the opinions that tales held
and for the theories that he proposed
that he sometimes displayed caution the
problem of the nature of matter and its
transformation into the myriad things of
which the universe is made engaged the
natural philosophers commencing with
tales for his hypothesis to be credible
it was essential that he could explain
how all things could come into being
from water and return ultimately to the
originating material it is inherent in
tales hypothesis that water had the
potentiality to change to the myriad
things of which the universe is made the
botanical physiological material aaja
chol and geological status in Timaeus 49
BC Plato had Timaeus relate a cyclic
process the passage commences with that
which we now call water and describes a
theory which was possibly that of tales
tales would have recognized evaporation
and have been familiar with traditional
views such as the nutritive capacity of
mists and ancient theories about
spontaneous generation phenomena which
he may have observed simple metallurgy
had been practiced long before tales
presented his hypothesis so tales knew
that he could return metals into a
liquid state water exhibits sensible
changes
obviously than any of the other
so-called elements and can readily be
observed in the three states of liquid
vapor and ice the understanding that
water could generate into earth is basic
to Thales watery thesis and Meletis it
could readily be observed that water had
the capacity to thicken into earth
Malita stood on the gulf of laid through
which the meander River emptied its
waters within living memory all the
Malaysians had witnessed the island of
Leyte increasing in size within the Gulf
and the riverbanks encroaching into the
river to such an extent that at prime
across the gulf from Meletis the
warehouses had to be rebuilt closer to
the water's edge the ruins of the once
prosperous city port of Meletis are now
ten kilometres distant from the coast
and the island of Leyte now forms part
of the rich agricultural plain there
would have been opportunity to observe
other areas where earth generated from
water for example the Delta's of the
highlights the esta about which he
co-wrote Theogony 341 now called the
Danube the tigris-euphrates and almost
certainly the nine thus coming into
being of land would have provided
substantiation of tales doctrine to
tales water held the potentialities for
the nourishment and generation of the
entire cosmos ashes attributed to tales
the concept that even the very fire of
the Sun and the stars and indeed the
cosmos itself is nourished by
evaporation of the waters it is not
known how Thales explained his watery
thesis but Aristotle believed that the
reasons he proposed we're probably the
persuasive factors entails
considerations tales gave no role to the
Olympian gods belief in generation of
Earth from water was not proven to be
wrong until ad 1769 following
experiments of Antonin level
and spontaneous generation was not
disproved until the 19th century as a
result of the work of Louis Pasteur
tales ideas about the earth tales
proposed answers to a number of
questions about the earth the question
of its support its shape its size and
the cause of earthquakes the dates of
the Solstice the size of the Sun and
Moon in decassle Oh Aristotle wrote the
opinion and the earth west on water is
the most ancient explanation which has
come down to us and is attributed to
Thales of Miletus he explained his
theory by adding the analogy that the
earth is addressed because it is of the
nature of wood and similar substances
which have the capacity to float on
water although not on air in metaphysics
Aristotle stated quite unequivocally
tales declared that the earth rests on
water this concept does appear to be at
odds with natural expectations and
Aristotle expressed his difficulty with
tales theory tales anticipated problems
with acceptance because he explained
that it floated because of a particular
quality a quality of buoyancy similar to
that of wood at the busy city port of
Meletis Thales had unlimited opportunity
to observe the arrival and departure of
ships with their heavier than water
cargoes and recognized an analogy to
floating logs tales may have an visage
some quality common to ships and earth a
quality of floatiness or buoyancy it
seems that tales hypotheses were
substantiated by sound observation and
recent considerations indeed Seneca
reported that tales had land supported
by water and carried along like a boat
Aristotle's lines in metaphysics
indicate his understanding that tales
believed that because water was the
permanent entity the earth floats on
water tales may have reasoned that as a
modification of water earth must be the
lighter substance and floating islands
do exist Herodotus was impressed
when he saw shimmers a floating island
about 38 kilometers northeast of Noah
cratis the Egyptian trading concession
which stains probably visited Seneca
described floating islands in Lydia
there are many light pumas like stones
of which islands are composed namely
those which float in Libya Pliny
describes several floating islands the
most relevant being the reed islands in
Libya and Pliny described a circular
floating island its buoyancy and the way
it moved tails could have visited the
nearby reed islands he might have
considered such readily visible examples
to be models of his theory and he could
well have claimed that the observation
that certain islands had the capacity to
float substantiated his hypothesis that
water has the capacity to support earth
Malaysian school the Malaysian school
was a school of thought founded in the
6th century BC the ideas associated with
it are exemplified by three philosophers
from the irony in town of Meletis on the
Aegean coast of Anatolia tales in acts
Amanda and nxe means tales was the
founder of this new school of philosophy
his two fellow Malaysians who also
engaged in the new questioning approach
to the understanding of the universe
where Anaximander his disciple and nxe
means who was the disciple of
Anaximander an ex amantha was about 10
years younger than tales but survived
him by only a year dying in about 5:45
BC nxe means was born in 585 BC and
in about 528 BC their lives all
overlapped through their association
they comprised the Malaysian school they
all worked on similar problems the
nature of matter and the nature of
change but they each proposed a
different material as the primary
principle which indicates that there was
no necessity to follow the Masters
teachings or attribute their discoveries
to him each proposed a different support
for the earth tales was held in high
regard for his wisdom being acclaimed as
the most eminent of the wise men of
ancient Greece but he was not regarded
as a God as Pythagoras was Anaximander
and nxe means were free to persuade
their own ideas and to express them in
writing this surely suggests that they
engaged in critical discussion of the
theories of each other the Greeks are a
sociable people and their willingness to
converse broad rewards in knowledge
gained as Plato remarked critical
discussion implies more than familiarity
with other views and more than mere
disagreement with other theories it is
the adoption or in this case the
development of a new style of discussion
it is a procedure which engages
questioning debate explanation
justification and criticism there was a
unique relationship between the three
Malaysians and it is highly probable
that the critical method developed in
the Malaysian school under the
leadership of things tails on
mathematics the practical skill of land
measurement was invented in Egypt
because of the necessity frequently to
re measure plots of land after
destructive inundations the phenomena is
well described by Herodotus Egypt was
believed to be the source of much wisdom
and reports tell us that many Greeks
including tails Pythagoras Solon
Herodotus Plato Democritus
and Euclid visited that ancient land to
see the wonders for themselves the
Egyptians had little to offer in the way
of abstract thought the surveyors were
able to measure and to calculate and
they had outstanding practical skills in
Egypt tales would have observed the land
surveyors those who had a noted chord to
make their measurements and they known
as rope stretches Egyptian mathematics
had already reached its Hyde's when the
rint mathematical papyrus was written in
about 1800 BC more than a thousand years
later tales would have washed the
surveyors as they went about their work
in the same manner measuring the land
with the aid of a noted rope which they
stretched to measure lengths and to form
angles the development of geometry is
preserved in a work of Proclus a
commentary on the first book of Euclid's
elements proculus provide a remarkable
amount of intriguing information
geometry originated in Egypt where it
developed out of necessity it was
adopted by Thales who had visited Egypt
and was introduced into Greece by him
the commentary of Proclus indicates that
he had access to the work of Euclid and
also the history of geometry which was
written by you Dumas of Rhodes a pupil
of Aristotle but which is no longer
extant his wording makes it clear that
he was familiar with the views of those
writers who had earlier written about
the origin of geometry he affirmed the
earlier views that the rudiments of
geometry developed in Egypt because of
the need to redefine the boundaries just
as Herodotus stated five euclidean
theorems have been explicitly attributed
to tales and the testimony is that tales
successfully applied to theorems to the
solution of practical problems tales did
not formulate proves in the formal sense
what tales did was to put forward
certain propositions which it seems
he could have proven by induction he
observed the similar results of his
calculations he showed by repeated
experiment that his propositions and
theorems were correct and if none of his
calculations resulted in contrary
outcomes he probably felt justified in
accepting his results as proof he lien
proof was often really inductive
demonstration the process tails used was
the method of exhaustion this seems to
be the evidence from proculus who
declared that tails attacked some
problems in a general way and others
more empirically let us summarize what
we have discussed so far tails is the
first person about whom we know to
propose explanations of natural
phenomena which were materialistic
rather than methodological or
theological his theories were new bold
exciting comprehensible and possible of
explanation he did not speak in riddles
as did Heraclitus and had no need to
invent an undefined non substance as an
ex Amanda did because he gave no role to
mythical beings tales theories could be
refuted arguments could be put forward
in attempts to discredit them tales
hypothesis were rational and scientific
Aristotle acknowledged tales as the
first philosopher and criticized his
hypothesis in a scientific manner the
most outstanding aspects of tales
heritage are the search for knowledge
for its own sake the development of the
scientific method
the adoption of practical methods and
the development into general principles
his curiosity and conjectural approach
to the questions of natural phenomena in
the sixth century BC tales asked the
question what is the basic material of
the cosmos the answer is yet to be
discovered
now we can try to answer the questions
given here
why tales labeled as the first scientist
discuss the practical contribution
tails's philosophy explain the
mathematical features of Thales
philosophy
what is the cosmological doctrine of
tales who wear the Malaysians and what
they teach what are the contributions of
tales to ancient Greek philosophy now
you may go through the reference books
given here for further reading
pre-socratic philosophy essays in honor
of Alexander moral lattice written by DW
Graham and V Caston in 2002 published by
Ashgate the Oxford Handbook of
pre-socratic philosophy written by DW
Graham and P Kurt in 2008 published by
Oxford University Press Oxford cosmic
problems written by DJ Furley in 1989
published by Cambridge University Press
Cambridge the Cambridge companion to
early Greek philosophy written by a a
along in 1999 published by Cambridge
University Press Cambridge the
pre-socratics written by a moral lattice
in 1974 published by Anka Garden City a
history of Greek philosophy written by W
Casey go 3 1962 published by Cambridge
University Press Cambridge hope that you
have enjoyed the session we can meet
again with another topic thank you
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