FILOSOFIA PÓS-MODERNA | Schopenhauer, Nietzsche e Sartre | Filosofia - aula #9 | Extensivo Enem 2019

Summary

This lecture explores postmodern philosophers like Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Sartre, who critique modernity's overreliance on reason and the pursuit of happiness. Schopenhauer argues that life is defined by suffering and happiness is an illusion, while Nietzsche advocates for balancing reason and emotion, rejecting the dominance of the rational. Sartre focuses on existential freedom, asserting that individuals must define their own essence through choices. Together, these philosophers challenge the optimistic view of reason prevalent in modernity, offering a more nuanced perspective on human existence, suffering, and freedom.

Takeaways

• 😀 Postmodern philosophers critique the optimism of modernity, especially the belief that reason can solve all of humanity's problems.
• 😀 Schopenhauer argues that life is inherently filled with suffering, and the pursuit of happiness is an illusion.
• 😀 According to Schopenhauer, minimizing desires and accepting life’s inherent pain is key to reducing suffering.
• 😀 Nietzsche introduces the concept of the 'Apollonian' (rational) and 'Dionysian' (emotional) impulses within human nature.
• 😀 Nietzsche believes that modernity has overemphasized rationality, neglecting the importance of emotion and spontaneity.
• 😀 Sartre’s existentialism emphasizes that humans define their own essence through actions, as 'existence precedes essence.'
• 😀 Sartre argues that individuals have radical freedom to make choices, which is both liberating and burdensome.
• 😀 Schopenhauer believes that art offers a temporary escape from the relentless will and the suffering inherent in life.
• 😀 Nietzsche advocates for a reevaluation of values, encouraging a return to individual creativity and freedom over societal constraints.
• 😀 Sartre’s philosophy asserts that humans must live authentically by embracing their freedom and taking responsibility for their choices.
• 😀 Postmodern philosophers like Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Sartre question the modern emphasis on reason, proposing alternative views on happiness, existence, and human impulses.

Q & A

What does the term 'postmodern philosophers' refer to?

Postmodern philosophers refer to thinkers who oppose the ideals of modernity, particularly its optimism in reason and scientific progress. They critically examine the belief that reason can provide ultimate truths or lead to human happiness.

What is modernity, and why do postmodern philosophers critique it?

Modernity is a historical period characterized by an optimistic view of reason and scientific progress. Postmodern philosophers critique this optimism, questioning whether reason can truly solve human problems or lead to happiness, and challenging the belief in a rational, predictable world.

How does Schopenhauer view happiness and the human condition?

Schopenhauer views happiness as an illusion. He believes that life is filled with constant suffering, and the pursuit of happiness leads to frustration. Instead, he advocates for minimizing desires and accepting life’s inherent pain.

What advice does Schopenhauer offer regarding the pursuit of happiness?

Schopenhauer advises against seeking happiness through the fulfillment of desires, as it only leads to frustration. He suggests accepting the constant presence of suffering and focusing on simpler, less materialistic pleasures to ease life's pain.

What are the two main impulses Nietzsche identifies in human nature?

Nietzsche identifies two main impulses in human nature: the Apollonian (rational, orderly) and the Dionysian (emotional, chaotic). He argues that both impulses must be in balance, and modernity has overly emphasized the rational side while suppressing the emotional.

How does Nietzsche’s philosophy challenge modernity’s emphasis on reason?

Nietzsche challenges modernity’s emphasis on reason by advocating for a more balanced approach that includes both rationality and emotion. He argues that modern society has neglected the emotional, irrational aspects of life, which are just as essential for human existence.

What does Sartre mean by 'existence precedes essence'?

Sartre’s phrase 'existence precedes essence' means that humans are not born with a predetermined nature or essence. Instead, each individual creates their own essence through their choices and actions, emphasizing personal freedom and responsibility.

How does Sartre’s view on human freedom differ from traditional philosophical ideas?

Sartre’s view on freedom differs from traditional ideas by rejecting the notion that there is a predetermined essence or moral framework that guides human behavior. According to Sartre, individuals are free to define themselves and must bear the responsibility for their choices.

What role does art play in Schopenhauer’s philosophy?

For Schopenhauer, art serves as a means of alleviating the suffering inherent in life. He believes that art can temporarily reduce the pain and anxiety caused by desires, offering a form of escape from the constant struggle for fulfillment.

How do Nietzsche and Schopenhauer’s views on happiness and suffering compare?

Both Nietzsche and Schopenhauer acknowledge the existence of suffering in life, but while Schopenhauer believes happiness is an illusion and suffering is inevitable, Nietzsche suggests that suffering is a necessary part of life that can lead to personal growth and the creation of new values. Nietzsche emphasizes embracing suffering as part of life’s vitality.