Heart murmurs for beginners Part 2: Atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect & PDA🔥🔥🔥🔥

The Heart sounds and Murmurs series
9 Aug 202212:07

Summary

TLDREste video educativo aborda tres murmullos cardíacos: el murmullo sistólico de eycción con S2 dividido en la deficiencia del septo auricular, el murmullo pansistólico en la deficiencia del septo ventricular y el murmullo de máquina en el ducto arterioso patente. Explicado con detalle, se utiliza un enfoque visual y se brindan recordatorios sonoros para facilitar el aprendizaje y la memorización. Además, se discuten las implicaciones clínicas y el diagnóstico de cada condición, fomentando una comprensión profunda del tema.

Takeaways

  • 🩺 Los murmullos cardíacos son producidos por el flujo sanguíneo turbulento y se pueden representar visualmente con patrones de onda de sonido.
  • 🌊 El murmullo de la septum defectuosa auricular (ASD) se presenta con un murmullo sistólico de eyectar y una S2 dividida.
  • 🧍 La comunicación anormal entre el atrio izquierdo y el derecho en la ASD se debe a la presencia de un defecto en el septum interauricular.
  • 🚫 La presión arterial en el lado izquierdo del corazón es naturalmente más alta que en el derecho, lo que produce un gradiente de presión y un shunt de izquierda a derecha.
  • 🌀 El aumento del volumen sanguíneo en el ventrículo derecho al pasar por la válvula pulmonar produce un flujo sanguíneo turbulento, lo que resulta en el murmullo sistólico.
  • 🧵 Los defectos septales auriculares son más comunes en mujeres y pueden estar relacionados con el consumo de alcohol maternos durante el embarazo.
  • 📉 Los defectos septales ventriculares (VSD) presentan un murmullo pansistólico, que ocurre a lo largo de toda la duración del sistole.
  • 🛡 Un defecto en el septum interventricular permite una comunicación anormal entre el ventrículo izquierdo y el derecho, lo que causa un shunt de izquierda a derecha.
  • 👶 Los defectos septales ventriculares son una forma común de enfermedad cardíaca congénita y pueden estar relacionados con factores genéticos y condiciones como el síndrome de Down.
  • 🕰 El ductus arteriosus persistente (PDA) es una estructura vascular fetal que permite que la sangre bypassee los pulmones; si permanece abierto después del nacimiento, produce un shunt entre la aorta y la arteria pulmonar.
  • 🔊 El murmullo de PDA es conocido como un murmullo de maquinaria y ocurre a lo largo del ciclo cardíaco, debido al flujo sanguíneo turbulento continuo.
  • ⚕️ El PDA puede presentarse con síntomas como dificultad para respirar, infecciones respiratorias recurrentes o problemas para crecer.

Q & A

  • ¿Qué murmullo se presenta con una septo interauricular defectuosa?

    -El murmullo ejección sistólico con una S2 dividida.

  • Cómo se describe el murmullo en la deficiencia del septo interauricular?

    -Es un murmullo que ocurre durante la sistole y es un murmullo que aumenta y disminuye (crescendo-decrescendo).

  • ¿Dónde se localiza el murmullo de la deficiencia del septo interauricular?

    -Es escuchado con mayor intensidad en el borde superior de la esternión izquierda y se propaga hacia la parte posterior del torax.

  • ¿Qué es el murmullo pansistólico y cómo se relaciona con la deficiencia del septo interventricular?

    -El murmullo pansistólico ocurre a lo largo de toda la duración de la sistole y se representa visualmente con una onda plana. Esto está relacionado con la deficiencia del septo interventricular, que permite una comunicación anormal entre los ventrículos izquierdo y derecho.

  • ¿Qué causa el murmullo pansistólico en la deficiencia del septo interventricular?

    -El murmullo pansistólico es causado por un flujo sanguíneo turbulento debido a un derrame izquierdo a derecho a través de la deficiencia del septo interventricular.

  • ¿Cómo se describe el murmullo de la arteria ductus arteriosus persistente?

    -El murmullo es descrito como un murmullo mecánico, similar a un sonido continuo y ronroneante que ocurre durante la sistole y diastole.

  • ¿Qué estructura fetal es la arteria ductus arteriosus y qué sucede si no se cierra después del nacimiento?

    -La arteria ductus arteriosus es una estructura vascular fetal que permite a la sangre evitar los pulmones durante el desarrollo fetal. Si no se cierra después del nacimiento, permite una comunicación anormal entre la aorta y la arteria pulmonar.

  • ¿Qué factores aumentan el riesgo de desarrollar un arteria ductus arteriosus persistente?

    -Los factores de riesgo incluyen el parto prematuro, la infección por rubéola durante el embarazo y el género femenino.

  • ¿Qué síntomas pueden presentarse en un paciente con una deficiencia del septo interauricular?

    -Pueden ser asintomáticos, pero también pueden tener dificultad para respirar y crecimiento deficiente. En la vida adulta, pueden desarrollar síntomas adicionales como un síndrome de Eisenmenger o accidentes cerebrovasculares isquémicos.

  • ¿Qué es el síndrome de Eisenmenger y cómo se relaciona con la deficiencia del septo interauricular?

    -El síndrome de Eisenmenger ocurre cuando el derrame izquierdo a derecho puede invertirse debido a un aumento en las presiones pulmonares, lo que lleva a una disminución en el flujo de sangre a la circulación arterial. Esto se relaciona con la deficiencia del septo interauricular ya que permite el derrame izquierdo a derecho.

  • ¿Por qué es importante la identificación de las deficiencias cardíacas congenitas como la deficiencia del septo interauricular y el septo interventricular?

    -La identificación temprana de estas deficiencias es crucial para proporcionar un tratamiento adecuado y prevenir complicaciones a largo plazo, como la insuficiencia cardíaca, la muerte súbita o accidentes cerebrovasculares.

Outlines

00:00

🧡 Revisión de los murmullos cardíacos: Defecto septal auricular

Este párrafo aborda la revisión de tres murmullos cardíacos, comenzando con el murmullo de la septal auricular. Se describe el murmullo como un ejection systolic murmur acompañado de una división del S2, que se presenta durante la sistole y es un murmullo que aumenta y disminuye (crescendo-decrescendo). Para facilitar la memorización, se utiliza la frase 'lub-wooshh-dubba'. Además, se explica la anatomía y la fisiopatología detrás del murmullo, incluyendo la comunicación anormal entre los atrios izquierdo y derecho debido a la defecto septal auricular. Se mencionan las posibles causas, como el uso materno de alcohol durante el embarazo, y los síntomas que pueden presentarse, como la disnea y el crecimiento deficiente. También se discute la posible reversión del shunt left-to-right y la síndrome de Eisenmenger que podría desarrollarse. Finalmente, se detalla la importancia de considerar un defecto septal auricular en cualquier joven que haya tenido un accidente cerebrovascular inexplicado.

05:06

🧡 Revisión de los murmullos cardíacos: Defecto septal ventricular y ducto arterioso patente

En este párrafo se abordan los otros dos murmullos cardíacos, el defecto septal ventricular y el ducto arterioso patente. El murmullo del defecto septal ventricular es un pansystolic murmur, que se representa visualmente con una onda plana y se produce debido a una comunicación anormal entre los ventrículos izquierdo y derecho. Se describe la dificultad para escuchar los sonidos S1 y S2 debido a la intensidad del murmullo. Por otro lado, el murmullo del ducto arterioso patente es un ruido mecánico que ocurre durante la sistole y diastole, y se debe a la persistencia de una estructura vascular fetal que permite la comunicación entre la aorta y la arteria pulmonar. Se mencionan factores de riesgo como el parto prematuro y la infección de rubéola materno. Los síntomas clínicos pueden incluir dificultad para respirar, infecciones respiratorias recurrentes o crecimiento deficiente. Finalmente, se invita a los espectadores a participar en la selección del tema de los siguientes videos y se agradece por su apoyo.

Mindmap

Keywords

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Highlights

Review of three heart murmurs including ejection systolic murmur, pan-systolic murmur, and machinery murmur.

Ejection systolic murmur with split S2 is associated with atrial septal defect.

Pan-systolic murmur is indicative of ventricular septal defect.

Machinery murmur is a characteristic of patent ductus arteriosus.

Turbulent blood flow due to cardiac defects produces audible vibrations, visualized as sound wave patterns.

Atrial septal defects allow abnormal communication between left and right atria.

Left-to-right shunt in atrial septal defect increases blood volume in right atrium and ventricle.

Ventricular septal defects are caused by abnormal development of the ventricular septum during fetal development.

Patent ductus arteriosus is a persistence of a fetal vascular structure after birth, creating a left-to-right shunt.

Atrial septal defects are more common in females and with maternal alcohol use during pregnancy.

Ventricular septal defects have increased risk with family history and conditions like Down syndrome.

Patent ductus arteriosus increases risk with premature birth and maternal rubella infection.

Atrial septal defect may present as ischemic stroke in later life due to blood clots passing from right to left side of the heart.

Clinical presentation of atrial septal defect may include dyspnea and faltering growth.

Ventricular septal defect murmur is loudest at the left sternal edge.

Patent ductus arteriosus murmur is a low-pitched, continuous sound loudest in the left infraclavicular area.

Self-test and YouTube community channel for topic voting and engagement.

Transcripts

play00:06

[Music]

play00:07

Hello and welcome back to the Learn  Medicine show. My name is Dr. Coleman,  

play00:11

and in this episode, we will review three  more heart murmurs. These murmurs include: 

play00:17

* The ejection systolic murmur with a  split S2 found in atrial septal defect 

play00:22

* The pan-systolic murmur found  in ventricular septal defect 

play00:26

* The machinery murmur found  in the patent ductus arteriosus

play00:32

By now, you should be familiar with our diagram  that depicts one movement through the cardiac  

play00:36

cycle. You should also be familiar with the  concept that turbulent blood flow produces audible  

play00:46

vibrations, which can be visually represented with  these sound wave patterns. If none of this sounds  

play00:51

familiar, please go back and watch the previous  video. I'll put a link at the top of the screen. 

play00:57

Okay, so let's start by reviewing the murmur  of atrial septal defect. This presents with an  

play01:03

ejection systolic murmur and splitting of the S2  heart sound. This murmur occurs during systole and  

play01:10

is a crescendo-decrescendo murmur. To help commit  this murmur to memory, you can use the phrase  

play01:16

"lub-wooshh-dubba." Okay, so let's add in the  murmur now so you can appreciate how it sounds.

play01:37

Okay, so let's take a moment to look at the  atrial septal defect and how the murmur occurs.  

play01:43

Here is our diagram of the heart. Let's remove  

play01:45

the pulmonary artery and the aorta to  get a closer look at what's going on. 

play01:50

So looking at this diagram, you'll see that the  left atrium and the right atrium are separated by  

play01:56

a thin tissue called the interatrial septum.  It's here where atrial septal defects occur.  

play02:03

Atrial septal defects effectively allow  for an abnormal communication between  

play02:07

the left and the right atria. With this information in mind,  

play02:10

let's add in some blood flow and produce an  animation to see what happens with this defect. 

play02:16

It's during diastole where we see most of  the action with the atrial septal defect.  

play02:21

You can see here blood flowing  from the atria into the ventricles. 

play02:25

But if we remove the aorta  and the pulmonary artery,  

play02:28

we can get a closer look at what is happening. Blood pressure in the left side of the heart  

play02:33

is naturally higher than that in the right side  of the heart. This produces a pressure gradient  

play02:38

that allows blood to flow from the  left atrium into the right atrium.  

play02:43

This is known as a left-to-right shunt. The key point to take away here is that  

play02:48

the left-to-right shunt allows increased  volume of blood to enter the right atrium  

play02:53

and subsequently the right ventricle. So let's continue now by adding back  

play02:58

in the aorta and the pulmonary artery. As usual, the S1 heart sound is produced  

play03:04

by closure of the mitral and tricuspid  valves. This produces the sound "lub." 

play03:11

Systole then occurs and during this time, the  ventricles contract and force blood through  

play03:16

the pulmonary and the aortic valves. It is the  increased volume of blood in the right ventricle  

play03:22

being forced through the pulmonary valve that  produces turbulent blood flow, resulting in our  

play03:28

crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur. As systole comes to an end,  

play03:34

the aortic valve closes as normal, producing  the first half of the S2 heart sound. 

play03:40

The second half of the S2 heart sound is produced  by delayed closure of the pulmonary valve.  

play03:46

This delay occurs again because  of the increased volume of blood  

play03:50

flowing out of the right ventricle. So let's watch this process now in an animation. 

play04:13

Atrial septal defects effectively allow for  abnormal blood flow between the left and the  

play04:18

right atrium. They are usually congenital and  caused by failed closure of the foramen ovale. 

play04:39

Atrial septal defects are more common in females  

play04:42

and also have increased frequency with  maternal alcohol use during pregnancy. 

play04:47

In the clinical history, the presentation  may be asymptomatic. However, those that  

play04:52

are symptomatic may have dyspnea and faltering  growth. In later life, other symptoms may occur  

play04:58

by the age of 25. The left-to-right shunt can  reverse due to increased pulmonary pressures  

play05:05

and this produces a syndrome called Eisenmenger's. Atrial septal defect may also present as ischemic  

play05:12

stroke in later life. Here, small blood  clots form in the venous system and these  

play05:18

are able to pass from the right to the  left side of the heart through the defect.  

play05:23

Once in the arterial circulation, they can go  on to the brain to cause strokes. So any young  

play05:29

person that has an unexplained stroke should  go on to have a check for atrial septal defect. 

play05:36

The murmur produced in atrial septal  defect is an ejection systolic murmur  

play05:41

with splitting of the S2. It is heard  loudest in the left upper sternal border  

play05:46

and radiates through to the back of the thorax.

play05:50

And now let's turn our attention to ventricular  septal defects. This presents as a pansystolic  

play05:56

murmur, which essentially means that it occurs  throughout the entire duration of systole.  

play06:02

This murmur can be visually represented with a  plateau wave. To commit this murmur to memory,  

play06:08

think about a bearing noise that occurs throughout  the duration of systole. Let's listen to this now.

play06:25

Let's take a moment to look at the anatomy of  the ventricular septal defect. The left and  

play06:30

right ventricles are separated by a thin membrane  of tissue known as the interventricular septum.  

play06:38

It is here where ventricular septal  defects occur. This defect allows for  

play06:44

an abnormal communication between  the left and the right ventricle.

play06:49

Let's use an animation now to understand how the  murmur occurs. Blood flows from the atria into  

play06:54

the ventricles, and as usual, the tricuspid and  mitral valves close. However, due to increased  

play06:59

pressure in the left ventricle compared to  the right ventricle, a left-to-right shunt  

play07:05

occurs across the ventricular septal defect. This  produces turbulent blood flow, which generates  

play07:13

our pan-systolic murmur. The aortic and pulmonary  valves close, and the cycle begins all over again.

play07:20

It's worth noting that the S1 and S2  heart sounds are difficult to hear  

play07:25

in the context of a pan-systolic murmur,  often because the murmur itself is so loud  

play07:32

that it drowns them out. Let's watch the  animation now and listen to the murmur.

play07:46

Let's pause for a moment to learn  more about ventricular septal defects.  

play07:50

They effectively form an abnormal communication  between the left and right ventricles. Ventricular  

play07:55

septal defects are a common type of congenital  heart disease. It occurs due to abnormal  

play08:01

development of the ventricular septum early in  fetal development. Genetics also contribute to  

play08:07

the development of ventricular septal defects.  The risk is increased in those with a strong  

play08:12

family history and also in conditions such as  trisomy 21, otherwise known as Down syndrome.  

play08:19

With ischemic heart disease, particularly with  myocardial infarction, reduced blood supply to the  

play08:24

ventricular septum can cause it to break down and  rupture, producing a ventricular septal defect.

play08:30

The clinical history may be asymptomatic, but may  include dyspnea and failure to thrive. The murmur  

play08:38

of ventricular septal defect is a pan-systolic  murmur that is loudest at the left sternal edge.

play08:46

Our final murmur in the series is that  of patent ductus arteriosus. This is  

play08:51

described as a machinery murmur, and it  occurs throughout systole and diastole.  

play08:58

The murmur is represented visually with a plateau  wave that runs throughout systole and diastole.  

play09:04

To help commit this one to memory, think about  a continuous burrrring sound that runs the whole  

play09:10

length of the cardiac cycle. We'll add in  the murmur now so you can appreciate this:

play09:26

The ductus arteriosus is a fetal vascular  structure that allows blood to bypass the  

play09:32

lungs during fetal development. It usually closes  48 hours after birth, but if it remains patent,  

play09:39

then it allows an abnormal communication  between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.  

play09:45

The murmur is produced due to the high aortic  blood pressure and lower pulmonary pressures,  

play09:51

creating a gradient that allows  for a left-to-right shunt,  

play09:54

where blood continuously flows from the aorta  into the pulmonary artery. A continuous stream of  

play10:01

turbulent blood flow produces the machinery  murmur both through systole and diastole.

play10:08

While the murmur is being produced, the mitral  and tricuspid valves close. The S1 heart sound  

play10:14

is not heard because the murmur is too loud and  drowns it out. This is then followed by blood  

play10:19

being pumped into the pulmonary artery  and the aorta. At the end of systole,  

play10:23

the pulmonary and the aortic valves close.  The S2 heart sound is not heard again because  

play10:29

the murmur is too loud and drowns it out. The  murmur continues to rumble throughout diastole.

play10:35

So, the patent ductus arteriosus is the  persistence of a fetal vascular structure  

play10:57

after birth. There is an increased risk of  developing this condition with premature  

play11:02

birth, with maternal rubella infection during  pregnancy, and with female gender. The history  

play11:08

may present with shortness of breath, recurrent  respiratory infections, or failure to thrive.

play11:14

Patent ductus arteriosus produces a  machinery murmur, which is a low-pitched  

play11:20

rumbling burrowing sound that is continuous  throughout systole and diastole. It is loudest  

play11:25

in the left infraclavicular area. Other  signs you may see on clinical examination  

play11:29

are a systolic thrill, bounding peripheral  pulse, and a widened pulse pressure.

play11:35

And that brings us to the end of our heart murmurs  module. Please take a look at the self-test that  

play11:41

I'm posting, where you can test your ability  to identify murmurs by answering some simple  

play11:46

questions. Also, don't forget to head over to the  YouTube community channel where you'll be able to  

play11:51

vote on the topic for the next Learn Medicine  show. I really value your input because I want  

play11:56

to be making videos that are useful for you. And with that said, don't forget to like and  

play12:00

subscribe and share with your friends. Thanks for  stopping by, and I'll see you in the next show!

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Etiquetas Relacionadas
Murmullos CardíacosDefectos SeptalesAtrial Septal DefectVentricular Septal DefectPatent Ductus ArteriosusCardiologíaEducación MédicaSíndrome de EisenmengerInfarto Isquémico