origenes filosoficos de la psicologia
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the evolution of psychology from its philosophical roots to a formal science. It highlights the dualistic views of Plato on the human soul, Aristotle's perspective on the soul-body relationship, and Descartes' theories on the pineal gland. The script delves into John Locke's empiricist approach to understanding the mind, the rise of structuralism with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, and the functionalist perspective of William James and John Dewey. It also covers behaviorism, gestalt psychology, Freud's psychoanalysis, conditioning theories of Pavlov and Skinner, and the humanistic psychology of Maslow and Rogers, emphasizing the autonomy and responsibility of individuals in personal development.
Takeaways
- 📚 The script begins with the philosophical origins of psychology, highlighting the transition from philosophical thought to biological and physical principles within the realm of philosophy.
- 🧐 Plato's dualistic view of human nature is mentioned, where he believed the body is a prison for the soul, which is distinct from the physical form.
- 🤔 Aristotle's contrasting perspective is discussed, stating that the soul is the essential property of the body and has no existence outside of it.
- 🔍 Descartes' theory of the pineal gland as a crucial part of the brain for the interaction between the physical and the psychic is presented.
- 📖 John Locke's 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding' is noted for its attempt to find rules for the mind and to break down consciousness into its basic elements.
- 🤓 The script touches on the 19th-century debate between Auguste Comte and John Stuart Mill on the possibility of a science of the mind.
- 🎓 Wilhelm Wundt's establishment of psychology as a science in 1879 is highlighted, marking the formal beginning of the field.
- 🌟 Edward Titchener's structuralism is described, focusing on the analysis of mental phenomena and the elements of consciousness.
- 💭 William James and John Dewey's functionalist approach is mentioned, advocating for the study of mental processes and their application to practical activities.
- 🔧 John Watson's behaviorism is discussed, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and the use of conditioning as a basis for understanding behavior.
- 👀 The Gestalt psychology movement in Germany is summarized, arguing for the study of phenomena in their entirety and the concept that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
- 👨⚕️ Sigmund Freud's comprehensive theory of personality is outlined, focusing on the unconscious mind and early childhood as formative to personality development.
- 🔗 Classical and operant conditioning are briefly explained, with Pavlov and Skinner as their respective representatives.
- 🌱 The humanistic psychology movement of the late 1960s in the U.S. is mentioned, emphasizing human autonomy and personal responsibility for development, with Maslow and Rogers as key figures.
Q & A
What was the initial origin of psychological studies according to the script?
-The initial origin of psychological studies was rooted in philosophy, and later evolved with the interest in sensory processes demonstrated by biology and the principles of physics within the field of philosophy.
What is the dualistic conception of human nature proposed by Plato?
-Plato proposed that the body is a prison for the soul, and that the soul is distinct from the body, which is the basis for his view on the problem of knowledge.
How did Aristotle differ from Plato in his understanding of the soul and body relationship?
-Aristotle believed that the soul is the essential property of the body, and that outside of the body, it lacks sense and existence, contrasting with Plato's dualistic view.
What was John Locke's approach to understanding the human mind as per his 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding'?
-John Locke aimed to find similar rules for the mind and to break down consciousness into its basic elements, identifying two sources of ideas: sensations and reflections.
What was Auguste Comte's stance on the possibility of a science of the mind?
-Auguste Comte denied the possibility of a science of the mind because it could study all phenomena but not its own.
How did John Stuart Mill counter Comte's argument and propose a scientific approach to the mind?
-John Stuart Mill refuted Comte's argument and proposed a chemical model of mental operations where ideas combine to create more complex ones, and a method to study their contents.
What significant event marked the formal establishment of psychology as a science?
-The formal establishment of psychology as a science occurred in 1879 with Wilhelm Wundt, who set up the first psychological laboratory.
What is Structuralism in psychology, and how did Edward Titchener contribute to its development?
-Structuralism is a movement in psychology that believed psychologists should study the human mind by analyzing the elements of mental phenomena. Edward Titchener, a disciple of Wundt, introduced Wundt's ideas in the United States and led the Structuralism movement.
What were the key principles of William James and John Dewey's approach to studying mental processes?
-William James and John Dewey believed in studying the functioning of mental processes and a wide range of other topics, advocating for the use of both introspective and objective observation methods and applying psychology to practical activities.
How does Behaviorism, as supported by John Watson, differ from Structuralism in its approach to psychology?
-Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior, aiming to predict, describe, and control it, considering the environment as a set of stimuli and responses, rather than analyzing mental elements like Structuralism.
What is the core principle of Gestalt psychology, and how does it differ from other psychological approaches mentioned in the script?
-The core principle of Gestalt psychology is that psychologists should study phenomena in their entirety, emphasizing that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, focusing on pattern recognition and holistic perception.
What are the main tenets of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality?
-Freud's theory focuses on the unconscious motivations, conflicts, fears, and frustrations as the main determinants of personality, considering early childhood as the critical period for personality formation and studying the subconscious.
What distinguishes the Classical Conditioning from Operant Conditioning in terms of learning behavior?
-Classical Conditioning, represented by Pavlov, establishes that behavior is a conditioned reflex, while Operant Conditioning, represented by Skinner, posits that behavior is learned based on its consequences, using positive and negative reinforcements.
How does Humanistic psychology, as emerged in the late 1960s, view human autonomy and personal development?
-Humanistic psychology considers humans as autonomous and responsible for their decisions, with Maslow and Rogers as its main representatives, focusing on self-actualization and the freedom of choice in personality development.
Outlines
📚 Historical Foundations of Psychology
This paragraph delves into the philosophical and biological origins of psychology, tracing its roots to the musings of early philosophers and the principles of physics within the realm of philosophy. It highlights the dualistic view of human nature by Plato, who posited that the body is a prison for the soul, and contrasts this with Aristotle's belief that the soul is the essence of the body. The paragraph also touches on Descartes' theory of the pineal gland as the intersection of the physical and mental realms. Moving forward, it discusses John Locke's 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding' and his exploration of the mind's basic elements, as well as the contributions of Auguste Comte and John Stewart Mills to the scientific study of the mind. The formal establishment of psychology as a science in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt is noted, along with the development of various psychological schools of thought, such as structuralism and functionalism, led by figures like Edward Titchener and William James.
🧠 Evolution of Psychological Theories and Approaches
The second paragraph outlines the evolution of psychological theories and approaches, beginning with the behaviorism movement, which focused on observable behavior and the environment's role as a set of stimuli and responses. It mentions John Watson's advocacy for objectivity in psychology and the prediction and control of behavior. The Gestalt psychology, developed in Germany, is contrasted with behaviorism, emphasizing the study of phenomena in their entirety and the brain's role in perceiving patterns. Sigmund Freud's comprehensive theory of personality is highlighted, with an emphasis on unconscious motivations, conflicts, fears, and frustrations as determinants of personality. The paragraph also covers classical and operant conditioning, represented by figures like Pavlov and Skinner, and concludes with the emergence of humanistic psychology in the late 1960s, which views humans as autonomous and responsible for their personal development, with Maslow and Rogers as key proponents, focusing on self-actualization and free will.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Dualism
💡Empiricism
💡Structuralism
💡Behaviorism
💡Gestalt Psychology
💡Unconscious
💡Humanism
💡Cognitive Psychology
💡Conditioning
💡Philosophy of Mind
💡Sociology of Knowledge
Highlights
Philosophy and biology's sensory processes laid the foundation for psychological studies.
Distinct questions about human nature have been addressed throughout history, leading to the development of psychology.
Plato's dualistic view of human nature, where the body is a prison for the soul, differing from it.
Aristotle's counterargument that the soul is the essential property of the body, without the body it has no meaning or existence.
Descartes' theory of the pineal gland being the crucial part of the brain for the interaction between the physical and the psychic world.
John Locke's 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding' and his exploration of the mind's basic elements.
Auguste Comte's denial of a science of the mind due to its inability to study itself.
John Stewart Mills' refutation of Comte's view and his proposal for a chemical model of mental operations.
The formal establishment of psychology as a science by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879.
Edward Titchener's Structuralism, focusing on the analysis of mental phenomena's elements and their connections.
William James and John Dewey's advocacy for studying mental processes and applying psychology to practical activities.
John Watson's Behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and the environment as a set of stimuli.
The Gestalt psychology's approach to studying phenomena in their entirety and the concept that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Sigmund Freud's comprehensive theory of personality, focusing on unconscious motivations, conflicts, fears, and frustrations.
The emergence of Classical Conditioning with Pavlov as its main representative, where behavior is a conditioned reflex.
B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning, which posits that behavior is learned based on its consequences.
The Humanistic psychology movement of the late 1960s, considering humans as autonomous and responsible for their personal development.
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human needs and the emphasis on self-actualization in Humanistic psychology.
Transcripts
[Música]
los primeros estudios parten de la
filosofía y posteriormente del interés
de los procesos sensitivos demostrados
por la biología y los principios de la
física dentro del campo de la filosofía
siendo esta madre de los demás conjuntos
de conocimientos han sido planteadas
distintas cuestiones que el mismo hombre
ha elaborado sobre él a lo largo de la
historia es ahí donde encaja la
psicología la relación cuerpo alma y el
problema del conocimiento destacan entre
estos planteamientos formándose así las
distintas corrientes del
pensamiento empezando con Platón que
tenía una concepción dualista de la
naturaleza humana establecía que el
cuerpo es una cárcel para el alma y que
esta última es distinta al cuerpo y para
justificar El problema del conocimiento
Él pensaba que el mundo real no es la
base del conocimiento sino Un mero
reflejo de este ante esta postura de las
ideas y del alma de Platón se le
antepone su discípulo Aristóteles él
decía que el alma es la propiedad
esencial del cuerpo y que fuera del
cuerpo carece de sentido y
existencia y sobre el conocimiento que
nada hay en el entendimiento que no haya
pasado primero por los
sentidos siglos después otro gran
filósofo y aportador a la psicología es
el francés Descartes
afirmaba que la glándula pineal es la
parte más importante del cerebro donde
la sangre se convierte en espíritus
animales que posteriormente se extienden
por todos los nervios y es con esta
glándula con la que existe la
interacción con el mundo
psíquico años después en
1632 nace el filósofo británico John
locke una de sus obras más importantes
fue el ensayo sobre el entendimiento
humano que tenía como objetivo hallar
reglas similares para la mente y
refractar la conciencia en sus elementos
básicos Según lock hay dos fuentes de
ideas las que vienen de las sensaciones
y las reflexiones y pueden ser simples o
complejas en el siglo XIX el padre de la
sociología Augusto comt negó la
posibilidad de que hubiera una ciencia
de la mente porque esta podía estudiar
todos los fenómenos pero no los propios
al tiempo que John Stewart Mills refutó
su afirmación y propuso una ciencia de
la mente con un modelo químico de las
operaciones mentales en el que las ideas
se funden para crear otras más complejas
y un método para estudiar sus
contenidos sentía que era necesaria una
subdivisión de la psicología y así dio
paso a la
etiología ciencia que estudia las causas
de las cosas
fue así como la filosofía fue precursora
de la psicología formalizando como tal
en
1879 con el ya mencionado wilhelm
wund con el establecimiento de la
psicología como ciencia se desarrollaron
distintas tendencias que fueron formando
a la psicología actual en
1892 uno de los más brillantes
discípulos de wund El psicólogo inglés
Edward tiener en migró a Estados Unidos
y se hizo cargo de un nuevo laboratorio
de psicología experimental en la
universidad de
cornel allí dio a conocer las ideas de
wun y se convirtió en el líder del
movimiento conocido como
estructuralismo los estructuralistas
creían que los psicólogos debían
estudiar la mente
humana se orientaron hacia el análisis
de los elementos de los fenómenos
mentales descubrieron las conexiones
entre los diferentes elementos y las
explicaron por medio de la localización
de las estructuras correspondientes del
sistema
nervioso el estructuralismo Busca
entender cómo está conformada la mente
humana William James eminente psicólogo
estadounidense junto con John dewi el
famoso filósofo y educador compartían
que se debía estudiar el funcionamiento
de los procesos mentales y una amplia
gama de otros temas que incluyen la
conducta de niños y animales problemas
de anormalidad y diferencias
individuales entre las personas se debía
disponer de libertad para utilizar los
métodos de observación tanto el
introspectivo como el objetivo y se debe
aplicar la psicología a actividades
prácticas como la educación la
legislación y el
comercio John Watson apoyaba la idea de
que los psicólogos fueran objetivos y
que el principal tema de estudio era la
conducta El objetivo era predecir
describir y controlar la conducta
entendiéndose a esta como aquello que es
observable considera el entorno como un
conjunto de estímulos
respuesta El conductismo es la base del
condicionamiento mientras El conductismo
florecía en Estados Unidos la psicología
de la gestalt se desarrollaba en
Alemania
arguen que los psicólogos debían
estudiar los fenómenos en su totalidad
Max wertheimer propuso que el fenómeno
era el resultado de la organización del
cerebro y del ojo humano que percibe
movimiento en ciertas condiciones de
simulación sensorial estudia cómo las
personas reciben y captan objetos como
patrones totales la psicología de la
gestalt Establece que el todo es mayor a
la suma de sus partes Sigmund Freud
propuso puso una teoría completa de la
personalidad se opuso a la consideración
racional de mente humana estableció un
procedimiento que sirve para indagar
procesos anímicos difícilmente
accesibles por otras
vías las motivaciones los conflictos
miedos y frustraciones inconscientes son
considerados los principales factores
determinantes de la
personalidad se considera la niñez
temprana como el periodo crítico donde
se forma la
personalidad esta teoría se encarga de
estudiar el
subconsciente existen dos tipos de
condicionamiento el condicionamiento
clásico cuyo mayor representante es
pablov Establece que la conducta es un
reflejo
condicionado el condicionamiento
operante por el contrario por el
representante skinner Establece que la
conducta es aprendida en función de sus
consecuencias pudiéndose emplear
refuerzos positivos y negativos durante
el
comportamiento finalmente el humanismo
en Estados Unidos finales de la década
de los 60s aparece como el movimiento
que considera que el hombre es autónomo
y responsable de sus decisiones que toma
para su desarrollo
personal sus mayores representantes son
maslow y Roger el primero jerarquizando
las necesidades del ser
humano el humanismo Establece que los
entos son provocadores de las
necesidades y que la personalidad humana
posee libertad total de elección
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