Types of Rocks Igneous-Sedimentary-Metamorphic Rocks

Summary

This video from moomoomath and science explores the fascinating world of rocks, categorizing them into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It delves into the formation of rocks like obsidian, granite, and basalt, and explains how sedimentary rocks like sandstone and limestone are created. The video also covers metamorphic rocks, which transform from existing rocks under heat and pressure, showcasing examples like slate and marble. It's an informative journey through the natural history of our planet's crust.

Takeaways

• 🌋 Rocks are naturally occurring solid materials made up of minerals or mineral-like matter.
• 🏔 Rocks can be categorized into three main types based on their formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
• 🔥 Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling of magma or molten rock, and are divided into extrusive (volcanic) and intrusive (plutonic) based on where they cool.
• 💎 Obsidian is an extrusive igneous rock with a glass-like appearance and a hardness between 6 and 7.
• 🗻 Granite is an intrusive igneous rock with medium to coarse grain crystals and a hardness of 5 to 5.5.
• 🌑 Basalt is a dark, dense extrusive igneous rock with a hardness between 5 and 6, composed of plagioclase, feldspar, and pyroxene.
• 🌋 Scoria is a volcanic igneous rock similar to basalt but with cavities filled with other minerals.
• 🏞️ Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediments, which can be clastic, chemical, or organic in nature.
• 🐚 Shell is a fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud, a mix of clay minerals and silt-sized particles.
• 🏜️ Sandstone is a common clastic sedimentary rock made up of sand-sized grains of mineral or organic material.
• 🌊 Limestone is an organic sedimentary rock composed of marine organism skeletons, making up about 10% of sedimentary rocks on Earth.
• 🔥 Metamorphic rocks result from existing rocks being subjected to extreme heat and pressure, changing their original structure.
• 💼 Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock with very small minerals, derived from shale.
• ⚫ Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock with fine to medium crystals, originating from limestone.
• 🏜️ Quartzite is a non-foliated metamorphic rock formed from sandstone.
• 🌲 Schist is a foliated metamorphic rock with a parent rock of schist.

Q & A

What are the three basic types of rocks mentioned in the script?

The three basic types of rocks mentioned are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

How are igneous rocks formed?

Igneous rocks are formed when magma or molten rock cools. They can either be extrusive or intrusive, depending on whether they cool on the surface or within the Earth.

What is the main difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

Extrusive igneous rocks cool quickly on the surface of the Earth and generally have very small crystals, while intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly inside the Earth and have larger crystals.

What is obsidian and what are its characteristics?

Obsidian is an igneous extrusive or volcanic rock made up of quartz, alkali, and feldspar. It looks a bit like glass and has a hardness between 6 and 7.

What is the composition of granite and what type of igneous rock is it?

Granite is an igneous intrusive rock composed of feldspar, quartz, and mica. It has medium to coarse grain crystals and a hardness between 5 and 5.5.

How are sedimentary rocks formed and what are they made of?

Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms. They are made from deposits that accumulate on the Earth's surface or under the ocean, which are called sediment and may be composed of minerals or organic matter.

What are the common groups of sedimentary rocks?

Common groups of sedimentary rocks include clastic sedimentary rocks, chemical sedimentary rocks, and organic sedimentary rocks such as coal and limestone.

What is shale and how does it differ from other clastic sedimentary rocks?

Shale is a fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud, which is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and silt-sized particles of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite. It differs from other clastic sedimentary rocks in its very fine grain size.

What is the process of precipitation in the context of chemical sedimentary rocks?

In the context of chemical sedimentary rocks, precipitation is the process by which dissolved minerals come out of water.

How are metamorphic rocks formed and what can they originate from?

Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks that are subjected to extreme heat and pressure, which changes their original structure into a new type of rock. They can originate from sedimentary, igneous, or even other metamorphic rocks.

What are the two major types of metamorphic rocks and how do they differ?

The two major types of metamorphic rocks are foliated rocks, which have crystals in stripes, and non-foliated rocks, which do not have crystals in stripes.

What is the parent rock of slate and what type of metamorphic rock is it?

The parent rock of slate is shale, and it is considered a foliated metamorphic rock.

Outlines

00:00

🌋 Types of Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

This paragraph introduces the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooled magma, either extruding as volcanic rocks with small crystals (e.g., obsidian) or cooling underground as intrusive rocks with larger crystals (e.g., granite). Sedimentary rocks originate from the accumulation of sediments from pre-existing rocks or organic matter, forming various types such as clastic (e.g., sandstone), chemical (e.g., limestone), and organic rocks. Metamorphic rocks result from the transformation of existing rocks under extreme heat and pressure, leading to new rock types like slate, which is a foliated rock derived from shale, and marble, a non-foliated rock from limestone.

05:02

🏞️ Exploring Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks

The second paragraph delves deeper into sedimentary rocks, describing conglomerate as a coarse-grained clastic rock made of pebbles and boulders cemented by calcite or quartz, and limestone as an organic sedimentary rock composed of marine organism skeletons. Metamorphic rocks are then discussed, highlighting their formation from pre-existing rocks under heat and pressure. Examples include slate, a foliated metamorphic rock from shale with very small minerals; marble, a non-foliated rock from limestone with fine to medium crystals; quartzite, a non-foliated rock from sandstone; and schist, a foliated rock from slate. The paragraph concludes by promoting a playlist for more information on metamorphic rocks and encourages viewers to subscribe and share the channel for daily math and science videos.

Keywords

💡Rocks

Rocks are naturally occurring solid substances composed of minerals or mineral-like matter. They are the fundamental building blocks of the Earth's crust and are central to the video's theme, which is to explore the different types of rocks and their formation processes. Examples from the script include the famous formation of Half Dome and smaller rock formations found in canyons.

💡Minerals

Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are the basic components of rocks. In the context of the video, rocks are made up of minerals or mineral-like matter, emphasizing the importance of minerals in the composition of rocks.

💡Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock material known as magma. The video discusses two types of igneous rocks: extrusive (volcanic) and intrusive (plutonic), which differ based on where the magma cools. Examples given in the script include obsidian, granite, basalt, scoria, and rhyolite.

💡Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and cementation of mineral and organic particles on the Earth's surface or under the ocean. The script explains that these rocks can be categorized into clastic, chemical, and organic sedimentary rocks, with examples such as shale, sandstone, conglomerate, and limestone.

💡Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic rocks result from the transformation of existing rocks due to extreme heat and pressure. The video distinguishes between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks based on the presence or absence of a striped crystal pattern. Examples from the script include slate, marble, quartzite, gneiss, and schist.

💡Magma

Magma is molten rock material found beneath the Earth's surface. It plays a crucial role in the formation of igneous rocks, as explained in the video. When magma cools and solidifies at or beneath the surface, it forms different types of igneous rocks.

💡Crystals

Crystals are solid materials with a regularly repeating internal structure. In the context of the video, crystals are used to describe the texture of igneous rocks, with extrusive rocks having very small crystals and intrusive rocks having larger crystals. Crystals also characterize the structure of some metamorphic rocks.

💡Clastic Sediments

Clastic sediments are fragments of pre-existing rocks that have been transported and deposited by natural processes. The video explains that clastic sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone and conglomerate, are formed from these fragments and are categorized by particle size.

💡Organic Matter

Organic matter refers to the remains or byproducts of once-living organisms. The script mentions that organic sedimentary rocks, such as coal and limestone, are formed from the accumulation of plant and animal debris, highlighting the role of organic matter in rock formation.

💡Foliated

Foliated is a term used to describe metamorphic rocks that have a layered or banded appearance due to the alignment of minerals under heat and pressure. The video provides examples of foliated rocks like slate and schist, which have a striped crystal pattern.

💡Hardness

Hardness is a measure of a mineral's resistance to scratching or abrasion. In the video, the hardness of various rocks, such as obsidian and granite, is mentioned to differentiate their physical properties and uses.

Highlights

Rocks are solid, naturally occurring substances made up of minerals or mineral-like matter.

Rocks can be categorized into three basic types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

Igneous rocks are formed from magma cooling, either extrusively on the surface or intrusively within the Earth.

Obsidian is an igneous extrusive rock with a glass-like appearance and a hardness between 6 and 7.

Granite is an igneous intrusive rock with medium to coarse grain crystals and a hardness of 5 to 5.5.

Basalt is an igneous extrusive rock made up of plagioclase, feldspar, and pyroxene, with a hardness between 5 and 6.

Scoria is a volcanic igneous rock with cavities filled with other minerals, derived from basalt.

Rhyolite is an extrusive igneous rock with a fine texture that can sometimes float in water.

Sedimentary rocks form from pre-existing rocks or organic matter deposits on the Earth's surface or under the ocean.

Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks, categorized by particle size.

Shell is a fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud and silt-sized particles.

Sandstone is a common clastic sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized grains cemented together.

Conglomerate is a coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rock made up of pebbles and boulders with cement filling.

Limestone is an organic sedimentary rock composed of marine organism skeleton fragments.

Metamorphic rocks originate from existing rocks altered by extreme heat and pressure.

Foliated metamorphic rocks have crystals arranged in stripes, unlike non-foliated rocks.

Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock with very small minerals, derived from shale.

Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock with fine to medium crystals, originating from limestone.

Quartzite is a non-foliated metamorphic rock formed from sandstone.

Gneiss is a foliated metamorphic rock with a parent rock of schist.

Schist is a foliated metamorphic rock with a parent rock of slate.

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Transcripts

welcome to moomoomath and science in

this video let's take a look at the

different types of rocks rocks are all

around us they make up this famous

formation called Half Dome or the

smaller rock formation they can be small

or seen in these canyons a rock is a

solid naturally occurring and is made up

of minerals or mineral like matter like

shells rocks can be divided into three

basic types depending on how they are

formed these types are igneous

sedimentary and metamorphic let's take a

look at these different types of rocks

igneous rocks are formed when magma or

molten rock cools this magma can either

flow to the surface of the earth and

cool quickly and these rocks are called

extrusive or volcanic igneous rocks and

they generally have very small crystals

or they can cool inside the earth and

these are called intrusive or plutonic

rocks and they generally have larger

crystals and then the extrusive igneous

rocks so up first let's take a look at

obsidian obsidian is a igneous extrusive

or volcanic rock it's made up of quartz

alkali and feldspar it looks a little

bit like glass and as a hardness between

6 and 7

so there's obsidian next we have granite

granite is an igneous intrusion ik Rock

it's made up of filled spar quartz and

mica it has medium to coarse grain

crystals and a hardness between 5 and

5.5

next is basalt it's an igneous extrusive

rock it is made up of plagioclase

feldspar and pyroxene it is dark and

dense and is very fine-grained and it

has a hardness between five and six

so there's basalt next we have scoria

it's an igneous volcanic rock

it's made from feldspar augite and also

hornblende it is basalt with cavities

filled with other minerals and finally

we have rhyolite

it's an igneous extrusive Rock

it's made from filled spar quartz and

mica it has a very fine texture and

often it has a porous texture and it can

float in water so there we go

five igneous rocks sedimentary rocks are

formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces

of once living organisms they form from

deposits that accumulate on the Earth's

surface or under the ocean these

particles that form a sedimentary rock

are called sediment and may be composed

of minerals or once living matter called

organic matter sedimentary rocks can be

divided into several groups some common

groups include clastic sedimentary rocks

which form from fragments of

pre-existing rocks chemical sedimentary

rocks which formed by precipitation of

minerals from water precipitation is

when dissolved minerals come out of

water in organic

sedimentary rocks such as coal and

limestone which formed from the

accumulation of plant and animal debris

clastic sedimentary rocks are

subdividing according to the dominant

particle size these particle sizes are

ranked from smallest to largest clay is

the smallest then silt

sand gravel pebble and Boulder up first

shell shell is a fine-grained clastic

sedimentary rock composed of mud this

mud is a mix of flakes of clay minerals

and silt size particles of other

minerals especially quartz and calcite

shale is very fine grain next let's look

at sandstone sandstone is one of the

most common types of sedimentary rock

found throughout the world it is a

clastic sedimentary rock composed of

sand sized grains of mineral rock or

even organic material it also contains

some cementing material that binds the

sand grains together next conglomerate

conglomerate is a coarse grain clastic

sedimentary rock composed of pebbles and

boulders the space between these pebbles

and boulders is generally filled with

smaller particles of calcite or quartz

cement that binds the rock together and

finally limestone limestone is an

organic sedimentary rock that is often

composed of the skeleton fragments of

marine organisms such as coral about 10%

of sedimentary rocks found on earth are

lime stones metamorphic rocks come from

existing rocks that are subjected to

extreme heat and pressure this heat and

pressure changes the original structure

into a new type of rock sedimentary

igneous and even metamorphic rocks can

all become metamorphic rocks when

exposed to heat and pressure the

original rock is the protolith but is

commonly referred to as the parent rock

metamorphic rocks can form deep in the

Earth's crust or areas of plate tectonic

movement two major types of metamorphic

rocks are foliated rocks which have

crystals in stripes and non-foliated

which do not have crystals in stripes so

let's take a look at some common

metamorphic rocks

slate it has very very small minerals it

is considered foliated and its parent

rock is shale marble has find the medium

crystals its parent rock is limestone

and it's considered non-foliated

quartzite our is a non-foliated

metamorphic rock and its parent rock is

sandstone nice is a foliated rock and

its parent rock is schist and finally

schist is a foliated metamorphic rock

and its parent rock is slate if you need

to know more about metamorphic rocks

this playlist should help and as always

thanks for watching and moomoomath

uploads a new math and science video

every day please subscribe and share