Independencia 9 de Julio de 1816 🇦🇷 | 📜 Congreso de Tucumán
Summary
TLDRThe script narrates the pivotal event of Argentine independence on July 9, 1816, detailing the challenges faced and the events leading up to the declaration of a free nation. It highlights the divided opinions on the pace of independence, the economic stagnation due to a lack of industrialization, and the political maneuvering of figures like Carlos María de Alvear. The Congress of Tucumán is a focal point, where the unanimous decision for independence was made, leading to the signing of the Act of Independence. The script also touches on the subsequent struggles, including the civil wars and the fight against royalist armies, culminating in the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824.
Takeaways
- 📜 The 9th of July 1816 marks a pivotal event in Argentine history, where the former Spanish Viceroyalty declared itself a free nation.
- 🏛 After the May Revolution, the provinces of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata were divided, with differing views on the pace of independence and internal changes.
- 🌐 Buenos Aires sought to control the political head of the revolution and the main port for trade, while other provinces desired more autonomy.
- 🛠 The economic stagnation due to a lack of industrialization hindered the nation's progress, contrasting with the young United States' growth.
- 👤 Carlos María de Alvear, the first president of the 1813 Assembly, became an obstacle to the revolution due to self-serving political management.
- 🌐 International relations were strained as the British, allied with Spain against Napoleon, opposed the revolution, and the return of absolute monarchs post-Napoleonic fall intensified Spanish control attempts.
- 🏢 The Congress of Tucumán was convened without the support of the Litoral and the Banda Oriental, reflecting internal and external challenges.
- 🏡 The Congress was held at the house of Doña Francisca Bazán de Laguná, now known as the 'Casita de Tucumán', symbolizing unity and central location.
- 🗣️ On July 9th, all delegates unanimously supported independence, signing the Act of Independence, rejecting Spanish rule and affirming their status as a free nation.
- 📜 The Act declared the provinces' unanimous and indisputable will to break ties with the Spanish monarchy and to recover their rights as a free and independent nation.
- 🎉 Celebrations followed the declaration, with the news spreading rapidly and being translated into indigenous languages, signifying inclusivity.
- 📚 The subsequent years saw a unitary and centralist constitution in 1819 that concentrated power in Buenos Aires, leading to further divisions and civil war.
Q & A
What was the significance of the 9th of July 1816 in Argentine history?
-The 9th of July 1816 marked the declaration of independence from Spain, as the former Spanish Viceroyalty declared itself a free nation, a key event in the Argentine independence process.
What were the main obstacles faced by the provinces after the May Revolution?
-The provinces were divided in their views on independence, with some favoring a quick break from Spain for internal reforms, while others supported a more conservative approach. Additionally, Buenos Aires wanted to control the political scene and the main port for trade, while other provinces sought more autonomy.
How did the economic situation of the people impact the independence process?
-The people were economically stagnant in a model of primary material export rather than manufacturing, which hindered the nation's progress towards industrialization, unlike what was happening in the United States at the time.
Who was Carlos María de Alvear and what role did he play in the revolution?
-Carlos María de Alvear was the first president of the Assembly of the year 1813. He became an obstacle to the revolution due to his handling of political situations for personal and familial interests.
What was the significance of the Congress of Tucumán and why was it held there?
-The Congress of Tucumán was significant as it was where the Act of Independence was signed. It was held in Tucumán because it was centrally located within the Viceroyalty and to avoid Buenos Aires being the sole protagonist of such an important event.
What was the 'Casita de Tucumán' and its role in the Congress?
-The 'Casita de Tucumán' was the house of Doña Francisca Bazán de Laguná, which was chosen and modified to host the Congress. It is remembered to this day as the place where the independence was declared.
Who was the first president to preside over the Congress of Tucumán and when did the sessions begin?
-Pedro Medrano was the first president to preside over the Congress, and the sessions began on the 24th of March 1816.
What was the main debate regarding the new form of government during the Congress of Tucumán?
-The main debate was whether the new government would be a monarchy or a republic. Belgrano proposed a moderated monarchy led by an Inca prince, but this idea was generally rejected, especially by the people of Buenos Aires, who proposed a federation of provinces.
What did the Act of Independence state on the 9th of July 1816?
-The Act of Independence declared the unanimous and indisputable will of the provinces to break the violent ties that bound them to the kings of Spain, to recover the rights they had been deprived of, and to assume the high character of a free and independent nation.
What was the outcome of the Congress of Tucumán after the declaration of independence?
-After the declaration of independence, the resolution was expanded on the 19th of July to clarify that the freedom encompassed any foreign dominion. Celebrations were held, and the news spread quickly across the provinces, with copies of the Act in Spanish and translated into Quechua and Aymara languages.
What happened after the Congress of Tucumán in terms of governance and constitution?
-The sessions moved to Buenos Aires in January 1817, and two years later, on the 22nd of April 1819, a unitary and centralist constitution was sanctioned that gave all power to Buenos Aires, disadvantaging the provinces. This lack of consensus led to more divisions among the provinces, some of which dictated their own constitutions.
Outlines
🏛️ Argentine Independence: Overcoming Obstacles
The script discusses the pivotal event of Argentine independence on July 9, 1816, when the former Spanish Viceroyalty declared itself a free nation. It delves into the challenges faced during this process, including divisions among the provinces of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, differing views on the pace of independence, and economic stagnation due to a lack of industrialization. The script also highlights the political struggles between Buenos Aires and other provinces, the external pressures from European powers, and the internal conflicts within the revolutionary leadership. The Congress of Tucumán, held in the house of Doña Francisca Bazán de Laguná, is identified as the key event where independence was declared, with the Act of Independence signed unanimously by the congressmen.
📜 Post-Independence Challenges and the Fight for a Unified Argentina
This paragraph outlines the aftermath of Argentine independence, focusing on the move of legislative sessions to Buenos Aires and the subsequent adoption of a unitary and centralist constitution in 1819, which centralized power in Buenos Aires to the detriment of other provinces. It mentions the lack of consensus leading to provinces drafting their own constitutions and the ongoing struggle against royalist forces in South America, culminating in the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824. The script also foreshadows the internal conflicts and civil wars that would follow, setting the stage for future chapters on the history of Argentina, including the role of General José de San Martín.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Independence of July 9, 1816
💡United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata
💡Revolution of May
💡Mariano Moreno
💡Congress of Tucumán
💡Carlos María de Alvear
💡San Martín
💡Belgrano
💡Provinces' Autonomy
💡Restoration of European Monarchies
Highlights
The 9th of July 1816 marked a pivotal event in the Argentine independence process, when the former Spanish Viceroyalty declared itself a free nation.
Post-May Revolution, the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata faced divisions, with some advocating for a quick independence led by Mariano Moreno and others favoring a more conservative approach by Saavedra.
Buenos Aires sought control due to its political leadership and role as the main port for trade, while other provinces desired more autonomy.
The economic stagnation under a primary goods export model, lacking industrialization, hindered the nation's progress compared to the young United States.
Carlos María de Alvear, the first president of the 1813 Assembly, became an obstacle to the revolution due to self-serving political management.
Álvarez Thomas replaced Alvear and convened the Congress of Tucumán without support from the littoral and the Eastern Band.
Externally, relations with the British, who were allied with Spain against Napoleon, were strained and opposed the revolution.
The return of absolute monarchs to power after Napoleon's fall, known as the European Restoration, reinforced Spanish attempts to control their colonies.
The Congress of 1816 was held in the centrally located city of Tucumán, chosen to avoid Buenos Aires being the sole protagonist of this significant event.
The Casa de Doña Francisca Bazán de Laguná was selected and modified to host the Congress, now remembered as the 'Casita de Tucumán'.
On March 24, 1816, the Congress sessions began with Pedro Medrano as the first president.
The idea of independence was a fact by July 6, with discussions revolving around whether to establish a monarchy or a republic.
Belgrano proposed a moderate monarchy led by an Inca prince, an idea that faced general rejection, particularly from Buenos Aires.
On July 9, under the presidency of Narciso de la Perdida, all congressional members unanimously supported and signed the Act of Independence.
The Act declared the provinces' unanimous and indisputable will to break ties with the Spanish kings and establish themselves as a free and independent nation.
The resolution was expanded on July 19, clarifying that the freedom encompassed any foreign dominion.
After the festivities, the news of independence quickly spread across the provinces, with copies of the Act in Spanish and translated into Quechua and Aymara languages.
In January 1817, the Congress sessions moved to Buenos Aires, and in 1819, a unitary and centralist constitution was sanctioned, concentrating power in Buenos Aires at the expense of the provinces.
The lack of consensus led to further divisions among provinces, some of which dictated their own constitutions.
The struggle against royalist armies in South America continued for eight more years until the Battle of Ayacucho on December 9, 1824.
The young independent nation plunged into a deep civil war between Buenos Aires and the interior, which will be covered in upcoming chapters.
Transcripts
la independencia del 9 de julio de 1816
fue un acontecimiento clave en el
proceso de independencia argentino el
día que el ex virreinato español
finalmente se declaraba nación libre
pero para poder comprender mejor este
evento
analicemos qué obstáculos tuvieron que
superarse y cómo se desarrollaron los
hechos en 1816
[Música]
obstáculos luego de la revolución de
mayo las provincias unidas del río de la
plata' estaban divididas algunos
pensaban como mariano moreno la
independencia de españa debía ser rápida
para dar lugar a profundos cambios
internos pero otros seguían las ideas
más conservadoras de saavedra un proceso
firme pero paulatino buenosaires quería
tomar el control por ser la cabeza
política de la revolución y alojar el
puerto de entrada y salida del comercio
y por otro lado las provincias querían
más autonomía entre medio el pueblo
estancado económicamente en un modelo
económico de exportación de materia
prima en vez de manufactura la falta de
industrialización impediría a la nación
progresar como estaba ocurriendo en esa
misma época con la joven nación de eeuu
de américa carlos maría de alvear primer
presidente de la asamblea del año 13 se
había transformado en un obstáculo para
la revolución al manejar la situación
política por intereses propios y
familiares cuando esta situación no daba
para más
álvarez thomas reemplaza alvear y
convoca el congreso
de tucumán sin el apoyo del litoral y la
banda oriental la situación exterior no
era mejor las relaciones económicas con
los ingleses aliados a españa en contra
de napoleón puja van en contra de la
revolución la vuelta de los reyes
absolutistas al poder luego de la caída
de napoleón en la llamada restauración
europea reforzó los intentos españoles
por controlar sus colonias
el avance realista parecía no tener
control mientras san martín esperaba
apoyo de buenos aires- belgrano y
rivadavia viajaba en europa en busca de
apoyo pero volverían con las manos
vacías en medio de toda esta situación
se llevaría a cabo el famoso congreso de
1816 desarrollo de los hechos la sede
elegida para el congreso sería la ciudad
de tucumán ubicada en el centro del
virreinato pero a la vez porque las
provincias no querían que buenos aires-
fuera otra vez la única protagonista en
un hecho tan importante para todas la
casa de doña francisca bazán de laguna
fue elegida y modificada para recibir el
congreso
recordad hasta el día de hoy como la
casita de tucumán el 24 de marzo de 1816
se inauguran las sesiones el primer
diputado en presidir es pedro medrano se
eligen como secretarios a juan josé
passo y josé mariano serrano y diez
después se nombra el director supremo a
juan martín de pueyrredón en reemplazo
del renunciante ignacio de varias tomas
la idea de independizarse era un hecho
la discusión giraba en torno a la nueva
forma de gobierno sería una monarquía o
una república el 6 de julio en una
sesión secreta belgrano propone que en
vez de buscar un príncipe europeo o
volver a estar bajo la autoridad
española se estableciera una monarquía
moderada encabezada por un príncipe inca
aunque su idea tenía el apoyo de san
martín y de güemes y los presentes
diputados altoperuanos la idea recibiría
el rechazo general en especial de los
porteños que propusieron una federación
de provincias a causa de las notables
diferencias que había entre las
distintas regiones el martes 9 de julio
bajo la presidencia de narciso la
perdida
jose paso se pone de pie y pregunta
quieren que las provincias de la unión
sean una nación libre e independiente de
los reyes de españa y su metrópoli todos
los congresales apoyan la independencia
unánimemente y firman el acta de la
independencia la misma dice textualmente
es voluntad unánime e indiscutible de
estas provincias romper los violentos
vínculos que los ligaban a los reyes de
españa recuperar los derechos de que
fueron despojados e investirse del alto
carácter de una nación libre e
independiente del rey fernando séptimo
sus sucesores y metrópoli el 19 de julio
se amplía dicha resolución aclarando que
la libertad abarcaba a cualquier dominio
extranjero luego de los festejos propios
en la misma casita de tucumán el
gobernador araos organizó un gran
festejo para todo el pueblo de la ciudad
el 25 de julio la noticia correría
rápidamente por las provincias con
copias de dicha alta en español y
traducidas al quechua y aimara lenguas
aborígenes del norte el periódico el
redactor del congreso de tucumán
informaría las novedades en enero de
1817 las sesiones se trasladan a buenos
aires y dos años más tarde el 22 de
abril de 1819 se sanciona una
constitución unitaria y centralista que
daba todo el poder a buenos aires y
perjudicaba a las provincias
la falta de consenso divide a más y más
a las provincias que optaban por dictar
sus propias constituciones a la vez que
continuaría en américa del sur la lucha
contra los ejércitos realistas por ocho
años más hasta la famosa batalla de
ayacucho el 9 de diciembre de 1824 la
joven nación independiente se sumergiría
en una profunda guerra civil entre
buenos aires y el interior pero todo eso
lo veremos en próximos capítulos si
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