6 TOKOH SUCI DALAM PERKEMBANGAN HINDU DI BALI

Summary

This video explores the unique development of Hinduism in Bali, highlighting six influential figures who shaped its practices and beliefs. Mpu Kuturan's introduction of the Trimurti concept, Danghyang Markandeya's influence on rituals, and other figures like Mpu Sangkulputih, Mpu Manik Angkeran, and Danghyang Dwijendra contributed significantly to Bali's distinct Hindu practices. These figures established key temples, rituals, and philosophies that still resonate in Bali today. The video offers an insightful look at how these sacred figures helped preserve and transform Hinduism in Bali, making it stand out from Hindu practices outside the island.

Takeaways

• 😀 Hinduism in Bali is distinct from other regions, though philosophically it shares similarities with Hinduism outside Bali, emphasizing Bhineka Tunggal Ika, unity in diversity.
• 😀 The Balinese Hindu practices are deeply unique, with their daily rituals differing from those in other regions of Indonesia.
• 😀 Mpu Kuturan, a Brahmana from Majapahit, significantly influenced Hinduism in Bali during the 11th century, introducing the Trimurti concept (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva).
• 😀 Mpu Kuturan's establishment of the three sacred temples (Pura Desa, Pura Besa, Pura Dalem) symbolized the worship of the Trimurti and became known as Pura Kahyangan Tiga, uniting the Balinese Hindu community.
• 😀 After Mpu Kuturan's influence, the Balinese began writing inscriptions in Kawi script instead of the ancient Balinese script.
• 😀 Danghyang Markandeya, another significant figure, taught the importance of planting pancadatu (gold, silver, copper, iron, and gems) in sacred areas and created new rituals based on his teachings.
• 😀 Danghyang Markandeya introduced Tumpek Kandang, a day for asking for protection from Hyang Widhi, and Tumpek Pengatag, to honor Hyang Widhi’s influence in growth and prosperity.
• 😀 Mpu Sangkulputih, a successor of Mpu Kuturan, contributed to the development of various types of offerings (Banten) used in religious rituals, incorporating natural elements like leaves, fruits, and grains.
• 😀 Mpu Sangkulputih also played a key role in popularizing the crafting of idols and statues made from materials like stone, wood, and metal for spiritual focus during rituals.
• 😀 Mpu Manik Angkeran, another influential figure, is credited with protecting Bali from outside influences and establishing the foundation of many sacred practices still followed in Bali today.
• 😀 Danghyang Dwijendra, arriving in Bali in the 14th century, promoted the concept of Tripurusa (Siwa Sada Siwa and Parwati) in Bali’s temples, further enhancing Bali’s spiritual richness and devotion.

Q & A

Who is Mpu Kuturan, and what is his contribution to Hinduism in Bali?

Mpu Kuturan was a Brahmana from Majapahit who introduced the concept of Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva) into Balinese Hinduism in the 11th century. His influence led to the establishment of key temples in Bali, including Pura Desa Bale Agung, Pura Busa, and Pura Dalem. He also played a pivotal role in the development of local inscriptions and the organization of the Hindu community in Bali.

What is the significance of the concept of Trimurti in Balinese Hinduism?

Trimurti, introduced by Mpu Kuturan, represents the three main deities: Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), and Shiva (destroyer). In Bali, this concept is reflected in the construction of three primary temples, each dedicated to one of these gods, symbolizing the unity of these divine manifestations in Balinese religious practice.

How did Danghyang Markandeya influence Balinese Hinduism?

Danghyang Markandeya, who arrived in Bali during the 8th century, introduced important religious practices, including the worship of deities such as Betari Durga. He emphasized the creation of temples and rituals associated with the natural elements, and he also introduced significant festivals like Tumpek Kandang, a day of prayer for the safety of animals.

What role did Mpu Sangkulputih play in the development of Hindu rituals?

Mpu Sangkulputih contributed to the evolution of ritual offerings by introducing creative variations in banten (offerings), incorporating elements such as plants, fruits, and grains. He also played a role in formalizing the procedure for temple festivals, such as Galungan and Kuningan, which are essential to Balinese Hindu practice.

Who was Mpu Manik Angkeran, and how did he protect Bali's spiritual practices?

Mpu Manik Angkeran, a Brahmana from Majapahit, is credited with protecting Bali from external influences by using spiritual power to sever the land connection between Bali and Java. His efforts ensured that Bali remained steadfast in its spiritual and cultural traditions, particularly in the protection of Pura Besakih.

What is the concept of Tri Purusha, and how did it differ from Trimurti?

Tri Purusha, introduced by Danghyang Dwijendra in the 14th century, focuses on the worship of Hyang Widhi in vertical manifestations as Shiva, Sada Shiva, and Parwati. Unlike Trimurti, which represents horizontal manifestations, Tri Purusha emphasizes the hierarchical aspect of divine worship in Balinese Hinduism.

What were the major achievements of Danghyang Dwijendra in the 14th century?

Danghyang Dwijendra played a major role in the expansion of Hinduism in Bali during the reign of Dalem Waturenggong. He introduced the Tri Purusha concept, restructured the Hindu rituals in Bali, and initiated the development of legal and societal structures, including the formation of village organizations like Subak.

How did Mpu Jiwaya influence spiritual practices in Bali?

Mpu Jiwaya is known for his teachings on concentration and devotion, particularly through the practice of reringgitan (meditative concentration). He emphasized the importance of spiritual focus and devotion to Hyang Widhi, aiming to deepen the connection between individuals and the divine.

What role did Mpu Manik Angkeran's descendants play in Bali's religious history?

Mpu Manik Angkeran's descendants have continued his legacy by overseeing the spiritual practices at Pura Besakih and maintaining the protection of Bali's Hindu traditions. His lineage is considered sacred, and his contributions are honored through ongoing rituals and temple maintenance.

What impact did Mpu Dwijendra's philosophical contributions have on Balinese Hinduism?

Mpu Dwijendra's philosophical contributions, particularly the development of the Tri Purusha concept, helped Bali reach a period of religious and cultural prosperity. His teachings influenced both the spiritual and social frameworks of the island, including the creation of sacred texts, the establishment of new rituals, and the strengthening of the community's connection to the divine.