Hibridoma dan Teknologi Plasmid ( Bioteknologi Modern )

Summary

In this video, Widyaningsih introduces key concepts in modern biotechnology, focusing on hybridoma technology and plasmid technology. Hybridoma involves fusing somatic cells to create hybrid cells that can produce specific monoclonal antibodies, used in targeted therapies. Plasmid technology involves using circular DNA from bacteria to carry genes, such as the insulin gene, to be replicated and produced in large quantities. The video emphasizes the significance of these techniques in medical applications, such as the production of insulin for diabetes treatment. A great introduction to biotechnology's real-world applications.

Takeaways

• 😀 Fusion of protoplasts is also known as hybridoma technology, where two somatic cells are fused to create a hybrid cell with characteristics of both cells.
• 😀 The hybridoma technique is used in creating monoclonal antibodies, which are specific for one type of disease.
• 😀 The fusion of a B lymphocyte (antibody-producing cell) with a cancerous cell (myeloma) results in a hybridoma cell that can replicate endlessly, like cancer cells, but also produce antibodies.
• 😀 The fusion of protoplasts in animals or humans is used to generate hybridomas, which are important in biotechnology for disease treatment.
• 😀 Plasmids are circular DNA found in bacteria and are used as vectors to transfer genes between bacteria.
• 😀 Plasmids can replicate independently and are useful in gene cloning and production of recombinant proteins like insulin.
• 😀 A significant application of plasmid technology is in the mass production of insulin, using recombinant DNA techniques.
• 😀 Recombinant DNA technology involves cutting insulin genes from pancreatic cells and inserting them into plasmids using restriction enzymes and ligases.
• 😀 The plasmid with the inserted insulin gene is introduced into E. coli bacteria, which replicate and produce large quantities of insulin.
• 😀 The process of using plasmids to produce insulin has been a groundbreaking development in treating diabetes and is a key aspect of modern biotechnology.

Q & A

What is protoplast fusion in biotechnology?

Protoplast fusion, also known as hybridoma technology, refers to the process of fusing two somatic cells, or body cells, to create a hybrid cell. This fusion combines the characteristics of both parent cells, producing a hybrid cell with combined properties.

What are hybridoma cells and what is their purpose?

Hybridoma cells are the result of fusing a B lymphocyte (antibody-producing cell) with a myeloma (cancer) cell. These hybrid cells can divide uncontrollably like cancer cells, while still producing antibodies like the B lymphocyte. This results in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

What is the significance of monoclonal antibodies in biotechnology?

Monoclonal antibodies are important because they are highly specific to a single type of antigen, making them valuable in diagnosing and treating various diseases. They can target specific cells or pathogens with precision.

How is the protoplast fusion process applied in the creation of monoclonal antibodies?

In the creation of monoclonal antibodies, protoplast fusion is used to combine an antibody-producing B lymphocyte cell from an animal (such as a mouse) with a myeloma (cancer) cell. This fusion results in hybridoma cells that continuously produce the desired antibodies.

What is plasmid DNA and why is it important in biotechnology?

Plasmid DNA is a small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria. It is important in biotechnology because plasmids can carry genes from one bacterium to another, and they can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. This makes them useful as vectors for gene transfer.

How does plasmid technology work in the production of insulin?

In plasmid technology, the gene for insulin is inserted into a plasmid vector using restriction enzymes. This recombinant plasmid is then introduced into bacteria like *Escherichia coli*. The bacteria multiply, producing insulin in large quantities.

What role do restriction enzymes play in plasmid technology?

Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific sequences. In plasmid technology, these enzymes are used to cut the insulin gene from its source and insert it into a plasmid vector, facilitating the creation of recombinant DNA.

What is a recombinant plasmid, and how is it formed?

A recombinant plasmid is a plasmid that has been modified by inserting foreign DNA, such as a gene of interest. It is formed by cutting both the plasmid DNA and the foreign DNA with restriction enzymes and then sealing the pieces together with ligase to form a circular DNA molecule.

Why is *Escherichia coli* commonly used in plasmid-based biotechnology applications?

*Escherichia coli* (E. coli) is commonly used in biotechnology because it is easy to manipulate, grows rapidly, and can be engineered to produce large quantities of proteins, such as insulin, when given recombinant plasmids.

How does plasmid-based biotechnology contribute to the treatment of diabetes?

Plasmid-based biotechnology enables the production of human insulin on a large scale. By inserting the insulin gene into bacteria like *E. coli*, the bacteria can produce insulin, which can then be harvested and used for the treatment of diabetes.