La REVOLUCIÓN INDUSTRIAL: sus causas, etapas, inventos y consecuencias🚂
Summary
TLDRLa Revolución Industrial, iniciada en Gran Bretaña en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, marcó el inicio de la industrialización y el cambio de economía agraria por una basada en la industria. Esta transformación impactó no solo la economía sino también la sociedad, dando lugar a la urbanización y el surgimiento de movimientos laborales. La revolución se caracterizó por la aparición de nuevas tecnologías como la máquina de vapor, el ferrocarril y la maquinaria especializada. El capitalismo se consolidó como modelo dominante, y la sociedad experimentó cambios significativos en su estructura, con la aparición de nuevas clases sociales y tensiones. El proceso se extendió a otros países europeos y más tarde a Estados Unidos y Japón, dividiéndose en dos etapas: la primera con el uso de la energía mineral y la segunda con la introducción de nuevas fuentes de energía y materiales como el acero y el petróleo.
Takeaways
- 🏭 La Revolución Industrial fue un proceso de industrialización que comenzó en Gran Bretaña en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y se extendió a Europa y los Estados Unidos.
- 🌾 La economía de los países dejó de basarse en la agricultura y el ganado para centrarse en las actividades industriales, lo que provocó cambios en la sociedad y el surgimiento de movimientos obrero.
- 🚂 Características de la Revolución Industrial incluyeron la aparición de nuevas tecnologías como la máquina de vapor, el ferrocarril y la maquinaria dedicada para aumentar la producción en las fábricas.
- 🌐 El surgimiento de capitalismo como modelo dominante en las sociedades industriales y el auge de la burguesía fueron parte de los cambios socioeconómicos.
- 🛤️ El desarrollo de nuevas fuentes de energía, como el petróleo, mejoró el transporte y permitió una expansión industrial más eficiente.
- 📈 La Revolución Industrial se inició en Inglaterra por una serie de factores que combinaron para cambiar la sociedad de agraria a industrial.
- 🌱 La Revolución Agrícola y las mejoras en las técnicas agrícolas permitieron aumentar la producción de alimentos y reducir la necesidad de mano de obra agraria.
- 👥 La Revolución Demográfica y las mejoras en la calidad de vida y la medicina contribuyeron a un crecimiento poblacional que alimentó la industrialización.
- 🏙️ La urbanización y el surgimiento de nuevas clases sociales, como la clase trabajadora y la burguesía industrial, fueron consecuencias directas de la industrialización.
- 🔧 La mecanización y el sistema de fábricas marcaron un cambio en los sistemas de producción, con la introducción de máquinas y energías como la hidráulica y la generada por el carbón.
- 🚂 El ferrocarril, impulsado por la máquina de vapor, revolucionó los medios de transporte, mejorando la capacidad de carga y acelerando el movimiento de bienes y personas.
Q & A
¿Qué fue la Revolución Industrial y cómo afectó a la economía y la sociedad de los países involucrados?
-La Revolución Industrial fue el proceso de industrialización que comenzó en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII en Gran Bretaña y se extendió a Europa y Estados Unidos. Cambió la economía de los países de una basada en la agricultura y el ganado a una centrada en actividades industriales, lo que provocó cambios en la sociedad, incluyendo la urbanización y el surgimiento de movimientos laborales.
¿Cuáles fueron algunas de las tecnologías destacadas de la Revolución Industrial?
-Las tecnologías destacadas incluyeron la máquina de vapor, el ferrocarril y la maquinaria dedicada para aumentar la producción en las fábricas.
¿Cómo se inició el proceso de industrialización en Europa y cuáles fueron sus factores influyentes?
-El proceso de industrialización en Europa se inició desde el siglo XVI con el fortalecimiento del comercio, el avance de métodos bancarios y financieros, y el progreso en medios de transporte. Aunque los cambios ocurrieron lentamente debido a epidemias, guerras y hambrunas.
¿Qué problemas económicos enfrentaba la sociedad antes de la Revolución Industrial?
-Antes de la Revolución Industrial, los problemas económicos incluían una renta per cápita muy baja, una alta tasa de mortalidad entre niños y jóvenes, y una producción de alimentos baja debido a la dependencia de la fertilidad de la tierra y las condiciones climáticas.
¿Cuál fue el impacto de la Revolución Agraria en la Revolución Industrial?
-La Revolución Agraria introdujo nuevas técnicas de cultivo y herramientas que aumentaron la producción de alimentos y redujeron la necesidad de trabajadores agrícolas. Esto llevó a muchos a migrar a las ciudades y convertirse en trabajadores de fábrica.
¿Qué factores contribuyeron a la demanda de poder político por parte de la burguesía durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII?
-La burguesía buscaba ocupar parte del poder político que estaba en manos del rey y la nobleza, lo que llevó a revoluciones como la francesa. El acceso de la burguesía a posiciones de poder fue esencial para el comienzo de la Revolución Industrial.
¿Cómo se caracterizó el cambio en el sistema de producción durante la Revolución Industrial?
-Durante la Revolución Industrial, se introdujeron máquinas en las fábricas que utilizaban energías como la hidráulica o la generada por el carbón. Esto aumentó la producción y los pequeños artesanos no pudieron competir, lo que llevó a la adopción del sistema de producción en masa en series.
¿Qué papel jugó la demanda de carbón y hierro en la Revolución Industrial?
-El carbón se impuso como combustible durante el siglo XIX al alimentar la máquina de vapor, y la demanda de carbón provocó innovaciones en la minería, como el uso de vigas y hierro para trabajar más seguro en las minas y el uso de rieles y vagones para facilitar la extracción y transporte del mineral.
¿Cómo se transformó el transporte durante la Revolución Industrial?
-La necesidad de transportar materias primas y bienes llevó a mejorar las carreteras y construir canales. Sin embargo, la gran revolución en transporte llegó con el ferrocarril, un medio más rápido y de gran capacidad de carga para bienes y pasajeros, impulsado por la locomotora a vapor.
¿Qué cambios económicos y sociales ocurrieron como resultado de la Revolución Industrial?
-La Revolución Industrial consolidó el capitalismo como el sistema dominante, aumentó la productividad laboral y redujo los costos de producción. También se produjo un aumento significativo de la población en las ciudades debido a la migración de trabajadores agrícolas desplazados por el avance tecnológico, y se crearon nuevos movimientos laborales y sindicatos que lucharon por derechos laborales.
¿Cómo se dividieron los historiadores la Revolución Industrial en etapas?
-Los historiadores han dividido la Revolución Industrial en dos etapas: la primera, que abarcó desde 1780 hasta 1850 o 1840, y la segunda etapa, que se desarrolló entre 1880 y 1914, justo antes de estallar la Primera Guerra Mundial.
¿Qué avances caracterizaron la segunda etapa de la Revolución Industrial?
-La segunda etapa se caracterizó por el uso de nuevas fuentes de energía como la electricidad y el petróleo, el modernizamiento del transporte, nuevos métodos de comunicación y financiación de la producción, y el aumento en la producción gracias a la introducción de la línea de ensamblaje.
Outlines
🏭 Primera Revolución Industrial: Inicios y Transformaciones Económicas
La Primera Revolución Industrial se inició en Gran Bretaña en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y se extendió a Europa y los Estados Unidos. Marcó el cambio de economías basadas en la agricultura a una enfocada en la industria. Surgió la urbanización y los movimientos obrero, y las clases sociales feudales dieron paso a nuevas estructuras con el auge de la burguesía. La revolución se caracterizó por la aparición de tecnologías como la máquina de vapor, el ferrocarril y la maquinaria especializada. El capitalismo se consolidó como modelo dominante, y el petróleo comenzó a ser más importante que el carbón en el transporte. El contexto de industrialización en Europa se remonta al siglo XVI, con un cambio en el sistema económico y avances en medios de transporte. Las economías preindustriales tenían una renta per cápita baja, y la mayoría de la población estaba dedicada a la agricultura. La industrialización comenzó a pesar de dificultades y se aceleró con el aumento de la población y la acumulación de capital.
🌾 La Revolución Agrícola y sus Impactos en la Población y la Economía
La Revolución Agrícola introdujo nuevas técnicas y herramientas que incrementaron la producción de alimentos y redujeron la necesidad de trabajadores agrícolas. Esto llevó a una migración de campesinos desplazados hacia las ciudades, donde se convirtieron en trabajadores de fábricas. A partir del siglo XVIII, la calidad de vida mejoró y la medicina avanzó, lo que contribuyó a un crecimiento demográfico. Las revoluciones burguesas del siglo XVIII también fueron cruciales para el inicio de la Revolución Industrial, al abrir vías para la circulación de capital y el desarrollo de la industria en manos privadas. La acumulación de capital y la mano de obra disponible jugaron roles fundamentales en el surgimiento de la industrialización en Gran Bretaña, junto con la presencia de materias primas como hierro y carbón.
🛤️ Características de la Revolución Industrial y el Avance de la Tecnología
La Revolución Industrial se caracterizó por la mecanización y el sistema de fábricas, lo que aumentó la producción y dejó a los artesanos pequeños sin competir. La energía hídraulica y la generada por el carbón fueron fundamentales. La Revolución Industrial se inició en la industria textil con la introducción de la lanzadera voladora, y luego se extendió a otros sectores como la metalúrgica y la agricultura. La máquina de vapor, inventada por James Watt en 1769, fue un avance crucial. El uso de nuevos combustibles, como el carbón y el hierro, mejoró la seguridad en las minas y facilitó el transporte de minerales. La creación del hierro laminado y el proceso de conversión de hierro fundido en acero también fueron innovaciones significativas.
🚂 Transformaciones en los Medios de Transporte y el Aumento del Capitalismo
La necesidad de transportar materias primas y bienes llevó a mejorar las carreteras y construir canales en el Reino Unido. Sin embargo, la revolución en el transporte ocurrió con el ferrocarril, un medio más rápido y de gran capacidad de carga. La locomotora, inventada en 1829 por Stephenson, usaba la máquina de vapor y transformó el transporte de bienes y pasajeros. El capitalismo se consolidó como el sistema económico dominante, basado en la propiedad derivada de los medios de producción. Esto generó tensiones sociales por las condiciones de vida de los trabajadores y el surgimiento de nuevas clases sociales. La sociedad experimentó un cambio mental, con un avance en investigación científica, técnica y de salud, y la burguesía acumuló más poder.
🌐 Fases de la Revolución Industrial y su Influencia Global
La Revolución Industrial se dividió en dos etapas. La primera, que abarcó desde 1780 hasta 1840, vio el surgimiento del vapor como motor de la industria textil y el ferrocarril como medio de transporte. La segunda etapa, de 1880 a 1914, marcó la modernización del transporte y las comunicaciones, y la introducción de nuevas fuentes de energía como la electricidad y el petróleo. Los Estados Unidos y Japón también se industrializaron, con el primero alcanzando niveles similares a Gran Bretaña en términos de poder industrial hacia finales del siglo XIX.
🏙️ Transformaciones Económicas y Sociales Post-Revolución Industrial
La Revolución Industrial consolidó el capitalismo y aumentó la productividad laboral, reduciendo los costos de producción y permitiendo la acumulación de capital y la aparición de grandes corporaciones. También se fundaron bancos, cámaras de comercio e instituciones de seguros. La población en las ciudades aumentó significativamente debido a la migración de trabajadores agrícolas desplazados por la tecnología. Mejoras sanitarias, como sistemas de alcantarillado y la introducción de jabón, mejoraron la calidad de vida y disminuyeron las tasas de mortalidad. La invención de vacunas fue crucial para reducir los efectos de enfermedades previamente mortales.
👥 Nuevos Grupos Sociales y Lucha por Derechos Laborales
La Revolución Industrial generó nuevos grupos sociales como el proletariado, compuesto por trabajadores que solo poseían su fuerza laboral, y la burguesía industrial, formada por propietarios de capital y empresas. Surgieron movimientos obrero y sindicatos que luchaban por derechos laborales, y se opusieron a la mecanización que amenazaba sus empleos. A pesar de la oposición, se crearon centros de capacitación y ayuda mutua en 1824, y en 1833 se fundaron los primeros sindicatos en Gran Bretaña.
🔧 Invenciones Transformadoras de la Primera Revolución Industrial
La Revolución Industrial se vio impulsada por la aparición de máquinas que aumentaron la producción. La máquina de vapor, patentada por James Watt en 1769, fue fundamental en el transporte y sectores como la textil y la metalúrgica. El ferrocarril, impulsado por la locomotora a vapor, transformó el transporte de bienes y pasajeros. Las lámparas de gas introdujeron un sistema moderno de iluminación pública, y el hilo eléctrico cambió la iluminación urbana. La máquina de coser, mejorada por Elias Howe y Isaac Singer, aumentó la velocidad de producción en la industria textil. La máquina de hilar, introducida por James Hargreaves y mejorada por Samuel Crompton, fue esencial para la mecanización de la producción textil.
🧵 Mejoras en la Maquinaria Textil con la Máquina de Hilo de Samuel Crompton
La máquina de hilo, introducida por James Hargreaves en 1741, fue crucial para la industria textil y el primer ejemplo de mecanización en la producción. Samuel Crompton mejoró esta máquina, que trabajó con energía hidráulica y produjo un hilo más fuerte y delgado. Aunque su modelo aún no permitía trabajar con ambas manos debido a la necesidad de activar un manivel, fue un avance significativo en la producción textil.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Revolución Industrial
💡Urbanización
💡Clases sociales
💡Tecnologías emergentes
💡Capitalismo
💡Agricultura revolucionaria
💡Revolución demográfica
💡Burguesía
💡Maquinaria y fábricas
💡Fuerza laboral
💡Transporte
💡Clase obrera
Highlights
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 18th century and transformed economies from agriculture to industry.
Urbanization and the rise of industrial work led to the emergence of labor movements and new social classes.
The steam engine, railway, and dedicated machinery were key technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution.
The shift to industrial activities resulted in the bourgeoisie gaining significant importance in society.
Economic systems began changing in the 16th century with the strengthening of trade and financial methods.
Pre-industrial economies struggled with high mortality rates and low per capita income.
More than 75% of workers were in agriculture before the Industrial Revolution, which was dependent on land fertility and climate.
The Agricultural Revolution introduced new farming techniques and tools to increase food production.
Demographic growth and improvements in food and life quality were factors that contributed to the Industrial Revolution.
The French Revolution and other bourgeois revolutions facilitated the rise of capitalism and industrial development.
Great Britain's commercial supremacy and capital accumulation were prerequisites for the Industrial Revolution.
The availability of raw materials like iron and coal in Britain was crucial for industrialization.
Mechanization and the factory system marked a significant change in production systems.
The steam engine and coal were central to the Industrial Revolution's energy and production advancements.
Transport innovations such as canals and railways expanded possibilities for moving goods and people.
Capitalism became the dominant economic model, replacing the old feudal system.
Social changes included a new working class and the rise of the industrial bourgeoisie.
The Industrial Revolution spread beyond Europe, with the USA and Japan becoming significant industrial powers.
The second Industrial Revolution introduced new energy sources, modernized transport, and communication methods.
The assembly line and increased factory production led to lower product prices and higher efficiency.
New social classes emerged, with the proletariat and industrial bourgeoisie shaping political and economic landscapes.
Labor movements and unions fought for workers' rights in response to harsh factory conditions.
Key machines of the Industrial Revolution included the steam engine, railway, sewing machine, and spinning machine.
Transcripts
The industrial revolution or first industrial revolution was the process of industrialization
that began in Great Britain in the second half of the 18th century and later spread to the rest of
Europe and the United States. The result was that the country's economy ceased to be based on agriculture. and
livestock and began to focus on industrial activities that transformation not only affected
the economy but also caused society to change there was a process of urbanization and
the rise of industrial work led to the appearance of labor movements the
old social classes arising from feudalism disappeared to give way to new structures
in which the bourgeoisie gained great importance one of the characteristics of the
industrial revolution was the appearance of new technologies among which most influenced are the
steam engine the railway and dedicated machinery to increase production within
the factories already during the second stage of this The revolution began to use new sources
of energy, coal began to lose importance compared to the use of oil, which allowed an
improvement in transport, capitalism, on the other hand, became the dominant model of
industrial societies, background and origin, the background of the Industrialization in Europe dates
back to the beginning of the modern age, so since the 16th century the economic system began to change
with the strengthening of trade, banking or financial methods, there was also
an advance in means of transport and other areas, however all these changes
were taking place very slowly and with steps backwards the epidemics the constant wars
and famines did not allow progress to be continuous pre-industrial economies
the per capita income of countries like England, Germany or France was very small before
the industrial revolution also this income only improved when production grew and was reduced
When epidemics and other causes reduced it, one of the great problems weighing
down the economy was the very high mortality rate among children and young people. The causes will vary
from illnesses to bad harvests, despite the fact that the birth rate was also
high caused the population not to grow in these societies prior to the
industrial revolution more than 75% of the workers were dedicated to agriculture production,
however, depended on the fertility of the land, the climate and the quality of the tools
then quite basic The consequence was that the production of food was low,
on the other hand, the demand for industrial goods was also reduced, the peasants, due to their
economic conditions, could not access them, while the nobility and the clergy, who
could buy them, were few so that profitability of production was necessary
to this we must add that the industry did not have the capacity to produce in large quantities
first capitalist societies despite the difficulties mentioned the change
in the economic model had already started from the renaissance at that time the first
capitalist societies appeared in northern italy and in holland later and in the middle of the 18th century
the incipient development of heavy industry and mining allowed Europe to change the
economic bases of its societies, in addition, trade increased as well as productivity, these
improvements caused an increase in the population that was accentuated in the 19th century, thus began the
industrial revolution whose ideological bases rationalism and scientific innovation were the
causes of the industrial revolution the industrial revolution began in england due to a series
of factors that combined caused society to go from being agricultural to being centered
on industry agricultural revolution as indicated the main economic activity before of
the industrial revolution era agriculture, however, this sector was underdeveloped and
innovations were very scarce when the population began to increase it was necessary to increase
food production the owners of the land had to introduce new
farming techniques tools and inventions such as fertilizers to achieve this increase new tools
and techniques caused the number of peasants needed to decrease
as more could be produced with fewer workers those left without work
had to migrate to the big cities and became factory labor
demographic revolution changes for the better in food and the improvement in the quality of
life were factors that caused demography to grow from the 18th century,
another factor that allowed mortality to reduce was the advancement of medicine with
achievements such as the invention of the vaccine, the bourgeois revolutions,
the second half of the 18th century was characterized due to the demand of the bourgeoisie to occupy part
of the political power then in the hands of the king and the nobility, this led to several revolutions such as
the French one, the access of the bourgeoisie to positions of power was essential for the
industrial revolution to begin, the changes that accompanied This fact was the greater circulation of
capital, the development of industry in private hands, the advancement of trade and the appearance of
new inventions in England. In addition, this process began before since its revolution occurred
in the 17th century and with it the disappearance of the system. feudal absolutism, contrary to what
happened in other European countries, disappeared and the country went through a stage of internal stability
socioeconomic factors the commercial supremacy that the united kingdom had achieved
had allowed it to accumulate a lot of capital although it was concentrated in the hands of
a few entrepreneurs, another important factor, as has been pointed out, was the presence of
an abundant hand of work available for industry the causes were the improvement of
agricultural techniques that left many peasants unemployed and the demographic increase
geographic factors
among the advantages that caused industrialization to begin in great britain
is the existence of certain raw materials in its territory Among them
, iron and coal stood out, fundamental for industry and for transport
. Characteristics of the industrial revolution
. Mechanization and the factory system. With industrialization, there was an important
change in the production systems. In this way, machines were introduced in
the factories and the to use energy such as hydraulics or that generated by coal
, the increase in production meant that small artisans could not compete and
in many cases they ended up being ruined for their part, the factories stopped producing
individually to start using a factory system in series according to experts
the mechanics The transformation began in the textile industry when the
flying shuttle was introduced, new models of spinners and mechanical looms, later the machines spread
in sectors such as the metallurgical, mining and agricultural sectors. The most important advance was when
this machinery began to work through the steam engine. invented by james ward in 1769
coal and iron the use of new energy sources was another of the outstanding characteristics
of the industrial revolution one of them coal was imposed as fuel during the 19th century as
it fed the great invention of the time the steam engine the demand for coal caused
a series of mining innovations to be implemented, including the use of beams
and iron in the mines to be able to work in the wells more safely, and they also began to
use their rails and wagons to facilitate extraction and transport of this mineral
moreover from the second half of the 18th century the demand for iron rro increased as
tools and ammunition were needed to make ships the iron and steel industry was another of the sectors that
benefited from the innovations of the time in 1783, for example, rolled iron was invented
and in 1856 the vince mer converter appeared, which allowed the transformation of cast iron in steel
new means of transport the need to transport raw materials and
goods forced the united kingdom to improve its roads and build a large number of canals
to expand the possibilities of river navigation however the great revolution in
transport came with the railway a faster medium and that had an enormous
load capacity for both goods and passengers the locomotive invented in 1829 by stephenson
worked as a steam engine this engine was also used in navigation the
rise of capitalism the industrial revolution caused a change in the economic model
capitalism a system that was based on property p derived from the means
of production and the goods obtained ended with the remains of the old feudal system the implementation of
this system was not exempt from problems in the social sphere new classes arose that
would be a permanent source of tension due to the poor living conditions of the workers
social changes the society that emerged from the industrial revolution had many
differences with that of previous times to begin with a change in mentality developed
that led to knowledge in all branches of knowledge multiplying
religious dogmas ceased to be at the center of society and that allowed a great advance in
scientific, technical and health research, on the other hand, the bourgeoisie was accumulating more
and more power at the same time a new working class appeared, largely from
the rural world, its destiny was to work in factories and They settled in the suburbs near
their places of work, forming neighborhoods in the As the living conditions were very bad,
the barracks in which they lived were, like the factories themselves, unhealthy places with
humidity and poor ventilation. To this must be added the absence of job security and working
hours that could exceed 12 hours a day during the 7 days a week the
result was that the workers were frequently victims of work-related illnesses or accidents
to try to improve their situation protest organizations with socialist ideology appeared
outside of Europe the industrial revolution spread little by little to other
European territories although with Some exceptions such as Spain, which took much longer to begin the
transformations outside Europe, was the USA, the first country to industrialize, by the end
of the 19th century, it had reached the same level as Great Britain in terms of industrial power, Japan, on
the other hand, began its own industrialization with the modernization of the textile activity in this
case the state was the promoter of measures such as the construction of a network of railways and the
opening of banks stages of the industrial revolution historians have divided the
industrial revolution into two stages the first that comprised between 1780 and 1750 according to other
authors until 1840 and the so-called second industrial revolution that was from 1880 to 1914
first stage the industrial revolution began around 1780 in great britain although the
date varies according to the historiographic current at that time the introduction of the steam
engine represented a great advance for the textile industry later on in 1830 the expansion of the
railway greatly promoted the accident the increase in population and the available workforce
were fundamental factors for the transformations that took place the
factories became the center of the economic life of the country replacing agriculture
in addition to the system capitalist economy was imposed on the remains of feudalism the s The 19th century was
characterized by the mechanization of production with the consequent changes in all areas
of society. Manufacturing gave way to the factory system, which meant an increase in production.
Technical advances. The use of mineral coal as the main energy source and
the The implementation of new work modalities were three other characteristics of this period.
In addition, Great Britain extended its colonial domains to make London the
financial capital of the world. Raw materials began to arrive from all over
the planet and British merchandise was sold in its colonies
second stage the appearance of new sources of energy the modernization of transport the
new methods of communication of financing and production marked the beginning of a new
stage in the industrial revolution this one developed between 1870 and 1914 when
the first world war broke out this second stage was characterized by advances c scientists
and technicians who facilitated the development of the means of production, unlike what
happened in the first stage of the revolution in this great britain, left its main role to
the us, electricity and oil began to be used as sources of energy, which improved
Production and transport, on the other hand, new materials were also introduced, such as
steel, although the steam engine continued to be used, it was gradually displaced by more
efficient engines, electricity, for its part, was applied in metallurgy in addition to lighting, the
latter It meant a great transformation in the cities and in the factories themselves
, the locomotives and metal ships began to be powered by turbines, later with the study
of the possibilities of oil, new engines were created for automobiles and
airplanes, another of the most important novelties was produced inside the factories thus
increasing the number of workers in each of them s and was introduced into the assembly line
as a consequence production increased while the final price of the products fell
consequences the industrial revolution led to a series of profound transformations that went
far beyond the economic field all areas from politics to social structure were
affected by the changes economic transformations the main consequence in the
economic field was the consecration of capitalism as the dominant system this revolution brought
with it a considerable increase in labor performance while the cost of production was
reduced in this way manufacturing any product was more economical with which the countries that
industrialized generated greater amounts of wealth, this allowed large
capitals to accumulate and large companies to appear, many under the formula of corporations,
at the same time banks, chambers of commerce and insurance companies were founded
. nto the cities, the emigration of agricultural workers who had lost
their jobs due to technological advances caused a large increase in population in the
cities. The destiny of these former peasants was the factories, since many
craft workshops could not survive in the face of the greater and cheaper production of products
population growth various factors contributed to a significant
population increase in countries that were industrializing to begin with
sanitary improvements were introduced in many cities among these were sewage systems
that meant that the populations were cleaner In addition, inventions such as soap appeared
and food quality improved, mortality began to decrease and average lifespan increased.
To these advances, we must add the invention of vaccines, which was fundamental in
reducing the effects of many diseases that had been fatal until now. that
social date class identity one of the most important transformations associated with the industrial revolution
was the emergence of new social classes the old structures inherited from the middle ages
disappeared and new actors appeared who influenced politics around the world
peasants who lost their jobs due to the use of machinery had two different destinations
a few became day laborers while the majority moved to the cities to
work in the factories this was included in a new social class the proletariat
against the proletariat was the industrial bourgeoisie made up of
businessmen capitalist owners of capital and industrial companies, the
workers, for their part, only owned their labor power, which they sold to the employers in exchange
for a salary, the relationship between the two classes was tense from the beginning, the employers
imposed very harsh working conditions on their workers job security was i non-existent and
the working hours could exceed 12 or 15 hours without vacations or breaks on many occasions among
the workers there were many children the most immediate consequence was the creation
of labor movements and unions that fought to obtain labor rights
groups opposed to mechanization also appeared of the factories that threatened their jobs
although the right of association was not immediate and required great pressure from the
workers in 1824 the first vocational training and mutual aid centers appeared
later in 1833 the first trade unions were created in large britain
main machines used the first industrial revolution could be produced
largely by the appearance of new machines that increased production steam engine
the steam engine is considered the most important invention of the
industrial revolution its patent was made by the scotsman james world data from 1769 this type of engine
was used in transport the textile industry and metallurgy among other sectors
railway the aforementioned steam engine allowed the appearance of the
most characteristic means of transport of the first stage of the industrial revolution the railway its
concept was already known wagons that rolled on rails of wood already in the 17th century the
British coal mines used this type of transport to take their production to the ports
the main change occurred when george stephenson created the steam locomotive to
push the wagons this totally transformed the way of transporting goods and passengers
public lighting the first modern method of lighting cities was through
gas lamps the streets began to be safer something that influenced the extension
of business hours at the end of the 19th century a new and more efficient
lighting system appeared public electricity sewing machine the sewing machine already exists It was before
the industrial revolution but during that period it was improved by Elías Jaua so that it would use two
threads at the same time. In this way, the production speed increased. However, this modification
still did not allow the use of both hands since it was necessary to activate one crank to
make it work the author of the definitive change was isaac singer who in 1850 introduced a pedal that
allowed workers to have both hands free to sew spinning machine the spinning machine
was introduced in england in 1741 by james hard drives this device was essential
for the textile industry and became the first example of mechanization of the
production process years later the machine was greatly improved by samuel crompton schumi today
in the name of his model it worked with hydraulic power and produced a stronger and thinner thread
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