The History of Media and Politics | Power and Politics in US Government 18 of 30 | Study Hall
Summary
TLDRIn diesem Video wird erklärt, wie sich die Medienlandschaft im Laufe der Jahrhunderte verändert hat. Früher dominierten Zeitungen, Radio und Fernsehen die Berichterstattung, doch heute hat das Internet, besonders soziale Medien, diese Rolle stark verändert. Nutzer teilen Inhalte, was sowohl zu mehr Vielfalt als auch zu Desinformation führen kann. Bürgerjournalismus spielt eine größere Rolle, während traditionelle Medien an Einfluss verlieren. Die Macht von Influencern, politische Polarisierung und die Risiken von Fehlinformationen werden ebenfalls thematisiert, ebenso wie der Einfluss sozialer Medien auf die Demokratie.
Takeaways
- 🌐 Die Rolle der traditionellen Medien in der Informationsverbreitung hat sich durch das Internet und soziale Medien drastisch verändert.
- 📱 Soziale Medien ermöglichen Bürgerjournalismus, bei dem Menschen selbst Nachrichten verbreiten und beeinflussen können.
- ⚠️ Soziale Medien sind anfällig für Fehlinformationen und parteiische Berichterstattung, was zur Bildung von „Echokammern“ führen kann.
- 📰 In der Vergangenheit dominierten Zeitungen, Radio und Fernsehen die Nachrichten, oft mit parteiischer Berichterstattung.
- 🗞️ Im späten 19. Jahrhundert führte die Einführung von Werbung in Zeitungen zu einem Fokus auf unterhaltsamere Inhalte, was zu sensationsgieriger Berichterstattung führte.
- 🎥 Bürgerjournalismus wurde durch soziale Medien verstärkt, wie das Beispiel von Darnella Frazier und dem George-Floyd-Vorfall zeigt.
- 💡 Journalisten wie Ida B. Wells spielten eine wichtige Rolle bei der Aufdeckung von Ungerechtigkeiten, ähnlich wie heutige Bürgerjournalisten.
- 💰 Influencer in sozialen Medien nutzen oft kontroverse Inhalte, um ihre Reichweite zu erhöhen und finanziellen Gewinn zu erzielen.
- 🧩 Soziale Medien haben die Polarisierung in der US-Politik verstärkt, indem sie extremere Standpunkte bevorzugen.
- 🎙️ Trotz der zunehmenden Bedeutung von sozialen Medien bleibt es entscheidend, verantwortungsbewusst mit Nachrichtenquellen umzugehen und vertrauenswürdige Informationen zu wählen.
Q & A
Was ist die Macht der Agenda-Setting in den traditionellen Medien?
-Die Macht der Agenda-Setting bedeutet, dass traditionelle Medien wie Zeitungen, Radio und Fernsehen durch die Entscheidung, welche Themen berichtet werden, die nationale Diskussion beeinflussen können.
Wie hat das Internet die Rolle der traditionellen Medien verändert?
-Das Internet, insbesondere soziale Medien, haben es der Öffentlichkeit ermöglicht, selbst Inhalte zu erstellen und zu teilen, wodurch sie teilweise die Rolle der Medien bei der Verbreitung von Informationen und der Agenda-Setting übernehmen.
Welche Risiken birgt der Konsum von Nachrichten über soziale Medien?
-Nachrichten über soziale Medien sind größtenteils unreguliert und können daher anfälliger für Fehlinformationen und parteiische Verzerrungen sein. Es besteht auch das Risiko, in einer „Echokammer“ zu landen, in der der Zugang zu unterschiedlichen Perspektiven eingeschränkt ist.
Warum wurde die Redefreiheit in den Ersten Verfassungszusatz der USA aufgenommen?
-Die Redefreiheit wurde in den Ersten Verfassungszusatz aufgenommen, damit Zeitungen weiterhin als wichtige Nachrichtenquelle fungieren konnten, ohne dass die Regierung ihre Veröffentlichung einschränkte, wie es im kolonialen Amerika unter britischer Herrschaft der Fall war.
Wie hat die Einführung von Werbung die Berichterstattung in Zeitungen verändert?
-Die Einführung von Werbung ermöglichte es Verlegern, durch weniger parteiische und mehr unterhaltsame Berichterstattung höhere Gewinne zu erzielen, was dazu führte, dass Zeitungen zunehmend auf Sensationsgeschichten setzten.
Was ist gelber Journalismus?
-Gelber Journalismus ist eine Form des Journalismus, die sich auf skandalöse, sensationsgetriebene Berichterstattung konzentriert, um Leser zu gewinnen und Auflagen zu steigern.
Was ist Bürgerjournalismus?
-Bürgerjournalismus bezeichnet die aktive Teilnahme der Öffentlichkeit an der Nachrichtenberichterstattung, z. B. durch das Teilen von Augenzeugenberichten oder das Dokumentieren von Ereignissen, wie es im Fall der Ermordung von George Floyd durch Darnella Frazier geschah.
Welche Rolle spielte Ida B. Wells in der Geschichte des Journalismus?
-Ida B. Wells war eine bahnbrechende investigative Journalistin und Bürgerrechtlerin, die Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts durch die Aufdeckung von Lynchmorden im Süden der USA die Methoden entwickelte, die heute im modernen Journalismus angewandt werden.
Welche Auswirkungen hat soziale Medien auf die politische Polarisierung in den USA?
-Soziale Medien tragen zur politischen Polarisierung bei, indem sie extremere Rhetorik begünstigen und es Einzelpersonen ermöglichen, ihre kontroversen Ansichten zu verbreiten, um Klicks und Aufmerksamkeit zu erhalten. Dies verstärkt bestehende Spannungen und schränkt die Fähigkeit der Medien ein, als verlässliche Informationsquelle zu dienen.
Wie könnten soziale Medien die freie Presse und Demokratie gefährden?
-Die unregulierte Natur der sozialen Medien ermöglicht die Verbreitung von Fehlinformationen, was zu einem Vertrauensverlust in die traditionellen Medien führt. Dies beeinträchtigt die Fähigkeit der Presse, die Öffentlichkeit objektiv zu informieren und beeinflusst letztendlich die Stabilität der Demokratie.
Outlines
🌐 Die Macht der sozialen Medien in der Nachrichtenverbreitung
Dieser Abschnitt erläutert den Wandel der Nachrichtenberichterstattung durch das Internet und soziale Medien. Früher dominierten traditionelle Medien die Informationsverbreitung, doch heute haben Nutzer die Möglichkeit, Inhalte selbst zu erstellen und zu teilen. Diese neue Form der öffentlichen Beteiligung erhöht die Vielfalt der Nachrichtenquellen, birgt jedoch auch Risiken wie Desinformation und parteiische Berichterstattung. Es wird betont, dass soziale Medien eine bedeutende Nachrichtenquelle sind, jedoch auch die Gefahr eines „Echokammers“-Effekts besteht, bei dem nur einseitige Perspektiven wahrgenommen werden.
📰 Die Geschichte der Nachrichtenmedien in den USA
Dieser Abschnitt beleuchtet die Entwicklung der Nachrichtenmedien in den USA, beginnend mit gedruckten Zeitungen im 18. Jahrhundert. Die Zensurversuche Großbritanniens während der Kolonialzeit führten zur Verankerung der Meinungsfreiheit im ersten Verfassungszusatz. Zeitungen, die von politischen Parteien finanziert wurden, verbreiteten im frühen 19. Jahrhundert oft parteiische Inhalte. Mit der Industrialisierung und der Einführung von Werbung veränderte sich die Zeitungslandschaft: Sensationelle und unterhaltende Inhalte wie Kreuzworträtsel und Comicstrips gewannen an Bedeutung, was schließlich zur „Yellow Press“ führte.
🎙️ Der Aufstieg von Radio und Fernsehen als Nachrichtenquellen
Der Abschnitt beschreibt, wie Radio und Fernsehen im 20. Jahrhundert zu beliebten Nachrichtenquellen wurden. Insbesondere das Radio war aufgrund seines günstigen Formats weit verbreitet, während das Fernsehen in den 1950er Jahren aufgrund seiner Unterhaltungsfunktion und der erschwinglichen Hardware an Popularität gewann. Zudem wird die Fairness-Doktrin erwähnt, die Radiosender dazu verpflichtete, bei kontroversen Themen beide Seiten zu beleuchten. Die Verbreitung des Internets und sozialer Medien im 21. Jahrhundert ermöglichte es schließlich, dass jeder Inhalte erstellen und weltweit teilen kann.
🎥 Bürgerjournalismus: Die Kraft der öffentlichen Berichterstattung
In diesem Abschnitt wird die Rolle des Bürgerjournalismus erläutert, der durch soziale Medien verstärkt wird. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die Aufnahme der Ermordung von George Floyd im Jahr 2020 durch Darnella Frazier, die Millionen von Menschen erreichte und zu weltweiten Protesten führte. Bürgerjournalisten wie Frazier und historische Figuren wie Ida B. Wells werden für ihre Rolle bei der Aufdeckung von Ungerechtigkeiten und der Bekämpfung von Rassismus und Gewalt hervorgehoben. Wells‘ investigativer Journalismus zur Dokumentation von Lynchmorden in den Südstaaten zeigt die Bedeutung von Journalisten, die den Machtmissbrauch aufdecken.
💻 Die dunkle Seite sozialer Medien: Desinformation und Polarisierung
Dieser Abschnitt behandelt die negativen Auswirkungen von sozialen Medien, insbesondere die Verbreitung von Desinformation und die Verstärkung der politischen Polarisierung. Influencer und Verschwörungsgruppen wie QAnon nutzen die Algorithmen der Plattformen, um extreme Ansichten zu verbreiten und damit Klicks und Einnahmen zu generieren. Trotz der Probleme ist dies keine neue Entwicklung, da die Polarisierung schon in der Ära der Parteipresse begann. Zudem wird auf die Rolle einflussreicher Medienkonzerne hingewiesen, die den Diskurs kontrollieren und gestalten.
🌍 Soziale Medien und die Zukunft der freien Presse
In diesem Abschnitt wird die Herausforderung beschrieben, die die unregulierte Natur sozialer Medien für die freie Presse darstellt. Die große Reichweite und Geschwindigkeit, mit der Informationen verbreitet werden, machen es schwierig, soziale Medien zu regulieren. Ein Beispiel dafür sind die 2023 geleakten Dokumente zum Russland-Ukraine-Krieg, die monatelang auf sozialen Plattformen verbreitet wurden, bevor sie von den traditionellen Medien aufgegriffen wurden. Trotz der negativen Auswirkungen bieten soziale Medien auch die Möglichkeit, mehr Stimmen Gehör zu verschaffen und die politische Beteiligung durch Bürgerjournalismus zu fördern.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Agenda-Setting
💡Bürgerjournalismus
💡Echo-Kammer
💡Gelber Journalismus
💡Parteipresse-Ära
💡Fairness-Doktrin
💡Social Media
💡Desinformation
💡Pulitzer-Preis
💡Mediendemokratie
Highlights
The shift from traditional media to the internet and social media has transformed how news is spread and how agenda-setting is controlled.
Social media allows for greater public participation in information sharing, but is also more vulnerable to misinformation and partisan bias.
Despite a variety of news sources today, early newspapers were highly partisan, with political parties backing newspapers in the 1800s.
The rise of yellow journalism in the late 19th century prioritized sensationalism and entertainment to sell newspapers, sometimes at the cost of factual reporting.
Citizen journalism plays a crucial role in the modern era, with significant examples such as Darnella Frazier’s video of George Floyd’s murder leading to social movements and justice.
Social media can amplify citizen journalism quickly, reaching millions of viewers in a short amount of time and having significant societal impacts.
Ida B. Wells was a pioneering investigative journalist who exposed the violence of lynchings in the late 1800s, showcasing early examples of citizen-driven investigative journalism.
Social media's unregulated nature allows for influencers and even conspiracy theories like QAnon to have substantial influence on public opinion.
Increased public distrust in national news outlets has led to a rise in reliance on individual influencers, further polarizing public opinion.
The internet and social media can expose people to a wider range of perspectives, but can also trap them in 'echo chambers' of limited viewpoints.
The Fairness Doctrine, once a cornerstone of radio news, required broadcasters to present opposing views on important issues, but its demise in the 1980s shifted the balance in media representation.
Polarization in the media didn't start with social media, but can be traced back to early partisan newspapers in the 1800s.
Despite more access to news, media consolidation means a handful of billionaires control most media outlets, impacting what news is covered and discussed.
Foreign interference and the viral nature of social media could pose risks to public opinion and democratic processes, as seen with document leaks and misinformation campaigns.
Social media can be a tool for activism and social change, as seen in movements like Black Lives Matter, but also a platform for divisive content that exploits political tension.
Transcripts
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For generations, newspapers, radio, and TV were the only sources of news
for the public. So if they didn’t report on something, it was like it never happened.
That meant the power of agenda-setting, or influencing the national conversation by
deciding what gets covered, only really belonged to traditional media sources.
But that’s all changed with the expanded role of the Internet,
and especially social media. On sites where users create and share content themselves,
the public takes on some of the media’s role in information-spreading and agenda-setting.
Public participation can increase the accessibility and variety of news sources,
and inspire people to get involved in movements they care about. But social
media is largely unregulated, so it can be more vulnerable to misinformation and partisan bias.
It’s also the only news source for a growing number of people,
creating a real risk of getting stuck in an “echo chamber” with limited access to
different perspectives and ideas. But the internet can also expose people
to perspectives they might not otherwise see if they only had access to their local radio show.
Hi! I'm Dave Jorgenson and this is Study Hall: Power and Politics in US Government.
Nowadays, most people get their news from a variety of sources. You can watch TV,
scroll through Twitter, I mean X, read online articles, or listen to a podcast.
But even though we have lots of options now,
it hasn’t always been that way. In the 18th and 19th centuries, people got their info
the old-fashioned way — through printed media that leaves ink stains all over your hands!
Back in the colonial era, Britain tried to keep basically anything critical of the government
from being published in the colonies. And that inspired the Framers, with a capital F, to include
free speech in the First Amendment, so papers could continue to be a major source of news.
But since there weren’t many other places people
got their news outside those early papers, that created some problems.
During the party press era of the early 1800s,
political parties were major backers of newspapers. And so, not surprisingly,
papers tended to offer a pretty biased perspective on the issues of the day. That
left people with no choice but to get their news from these inherently political sources.
By the 1870s, there were a few more options because with industrialization,
newspaper production got a lot easier and cheaper.
During this time, newspapers also changed their content. Instead of just focusing
on political news and controversies, like which politician had bigger mutton chops,
they also covered current events, the weather, and sensational stuff like crime stories.
And a big part of that change had to do with the introduction of advertising.
Turn-of-the-century publishers like Joseph Pulitzer discovered they could
make bigger profits by creating less partisan papers that were focused on entertainment,
but weren’t necessarily reliable. That’s because the more engaging the newspapers,
the more people would read them — and the more money companies could make off of advertising.
Pulitzer really dug into this infotainment crossover. His paper published the first
crossword puzzle in 1913, and the first popular comic strip in 1895.
But this push for entertainment led to what’s called yellow journalism,
or scandalous, tabloid-style reporting. It was popular during this period because,
well, it sold copies. Just like Vanderpump Rules. And don’t lie, I know you watch it too.
But regardless of their content, the popularity of newspapers during this
era helped to solidify the role they’d play in news reporting
for well over a century. And it gave us Kenny Ortega’s 1992 cult classic Newsies!
Beyond newspapers, radio news became more popular in the 1920s because of its cheap
and accessible format. And in the 1950s, television news became common because TVs
were entertaining and, again, fairly cheap, once you bought the hardware.
20th century media saw huge changes because of technological advancements and the creation,
and later demise, of the Fairness Doctrine. That was the rule that
made radio shows tell both sides of any controversial story that was important to
the public. Then the 21st century saw the spread of the Internet and social media,
letting anyone communicate with anybody else across the state, country, or world.
And social media doesn’t just keep people up-to-date on current events,
or that friend you met in the Vanderpump subreddit five years ago. It also lets
people voice their opinions on things like legislative decisions right as they happen,
or even share eyewitness accounts of stuff they’ve experienced.
When the public actively participates in news reporting, it’s called citizen
journalism. Like in 1963, when Abraham Zapruder captured the assassination of
President Kennedy on his home camera, he became what many call the first citizen journalist.
In the 21st century, social media amplifies this kind of reporting because posts can go
viral and reach really big audiences, fast. Like millions of views in 24 hours, fast.
Unlike my five-hour podcast deep dive into Survivor season 28.
People pass videos and stories onto their friends,
who then pass it onto their friends, until it has a life of its own.
An example of citizen journalism using social media happened in
the wake of the murder of George Floyd in 2020.
After Darnella Frazier posted the video of Floyd being pinned to the ground by
police officer Derek Chauvin, it amassed millions of views,
led to worldwide protests, and helped get Chauvin charged and convicted.
Citizen journalists often shed light on injustices like police violence and
racial profiling. They share stories with people who might not otherwise experience
or witness those things themselves. The prestigious Pulitzer Prize, named after
that Pulitzer guy I mentioned earlier, recognizes the importance of citizen journalism. And in 2021,
Frazier received special recognition from the Pulitzer committee for her courageous reporting.
But even before the Pulitzer Prize existed, citizens and professional
journalists alike were exposing corruption and injustice. In the late 1800s and early 1900s,
Ida B. Wells was a groundbreaking investigative journalist and civil rights activist who helped
invent the techniques that became foundational to modern journalism.
Wells was born enslaved in 1862. While going to college,
she worked as a teacher in a segregated Memphis, Tennessee school. But she was
fired after writing a few articles that criticized the school’s conditions. nn
By the early 1890s, Wells was working full-time as a journalist. She traveled the southern
states searching through records, collecting testimonies, and conducting interviews with
families that were affected by lynchings, or extrajudicial murders committed by mobs.
White people used lynchings to intimidate and
assert their social and political power over Black people throughout the South.
Wells understood the risks that came with speaking out against these acts of violence,
and she initially published under a pseudonym to try to reduce those risks.
Her research showed that there were 728 lynchings between 1884 and 1892. And
that white men usually killed Black men in response to simple disputes,
or because the target was a successful business owner. Not because of violent or
predatory behavior like was usually reported in mainstream sources.
But some of her articles had enraged the white residents of Memphis,
who destroyed the paper that she co-owned and edited, The Memphis Free Press and Headlight.
Wells was safely in New York at the time, and from that point on,
she stayed in the North. But she continued her anti-lynching journalistic work and
became a staunch supporter of women getting the right to vote.
Wells spent her life encouraging the political participation of all people,
rather than just a small subset of society. She targeted different audiences with her work,
from Black communities in the South, to white communities in the North, to people abroad.
Her legacy shows the importance of humanizing victims of injustice,
just as Darnella Frazier’s citizen journalism did in 2020.
But, while social media has helped to connect way more people than was possible in the past,
having a world of information at our fingertips can sometimes complicate our ability to separate
fact from fiction. And things are further complicated when money gets involved.
The fact that social media isn’t super regulated means there are
a lot of opportunities for people to spread divisive, and sometimes inaccurate, information.
People with large followings on social media, called influencers, have a powerful impact,
or influence, on their followers, who can pay close attention to what they say and do.
Some influencers use their platform to promote supplements and energy drinks,
or whatever’s trending that month. But other influencers politicize their
platform to garner more clicks, which leads to more money for themselves.
For example, social media gives an outlet to conspiracy groups like QAnon,
which spreads unfounded claims about political officials and events. You might recognize QAnon
from that pizza place in DC, which has lovely pizza by the way and no basement.
Other people, like Ben Shapiro and Cenk Uygur, started out at more or less mainstream outlets,
but they made names for themselves by promoting provocative takes on
political issues. Social media tends to give more extreme rhetoric an advantage
in an oversaturated environment like the internet.
But don’t think individual influencers are the only reason why the US is so polarized.
Polarization didn’t start on Facebook with your uncle. It started with those
early political newspapers in the party press era talking smack about opposition
politicians’ mutton chops, and continued with the radio, before coming to TV.
And honestly, a handful of billionaires own pretty much all of our media companies,
including social media platforms, major TV shows, and newspapers. So it’s the elite who decide
what’s allowed to be discussed and shared, and what isn’t. Just like back in the day,
the goal of media production companies is to make money… so none of this is new.
But recent developments in media have complicated our democratic ideal of free press. As of 2022,
about half of the US thinks the national news is deliberately trying to mislead
them. And as people lose faith and turn to the individual voices of influencers,
the press loses its ability to affect public opinion.
This can affect the reliable and unbiased nature of the press as an institution,
which challenges its stability, and the United States’ democracy. Free press is
vital because it informs the public who can then actively participate in politics.
But now, independent and non-biased news outlets are competing with partisan outlets
in addition to individuals who exploit these areas of
political contention to gain views and sell their hair loss crystals.
It really works though!
On top of that, there’s also the looming threat of foreign
interference. The potential danger here is that foreign entities could manipulate
the viral nature of social media in order to tamper with public opinion.
To prevent this, the government could exercise prior restraint, where they
control the media’s agenda by prohibiting outlets from publishing certain news stories.
Well, they actually probably couldn’t because of First Amendment issues,
but even if they tried they’d have to regulate and restrict an intangible entity. Because the
Internet is so immense, it would be pretty hard to monitor everything.
Take the 2023 document leaks on the Russia-Ukraine war. Classified
documents were leaked on a Discord page about Minecraft, but weren’t noticed by
traditional media for months, until they were being spread around social media.
In a way, the vastness of social media that helps
to amplify citizen journalism also hinders any attempt to regulate it.
Social media gives more voices a platform,
and enables the public to take on a larger role in politics through citizen journalism.
But, it’s also been corrupted by people who take advantage of the algorithm and report hot
takes in order to provoke their followers. Traditional journalists by and large think
social media companies have way too much power to set the news agenda, with 94%
saying that it spreads inaccurate information. And that’s why I work at the Washington Post.
And while social media isn’t exactly the source of political polarization,
it does make it worse. The media’s role in informing citizens of important news and
shaping public opinion will undoubtedly change as people become more dependent on social media
for their news. But we have the power to decide what we click on, share, and trust. And whether we
listen to a five hour podcast about Survivor, available wherever you get your podcasts.
If you’re enjoying Study Hall Power and Politics in US Government and
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