ANTIGUA ROMA 4: De la República Romana al Imperio Romano - Sila, Pompeyo, Julio César y Octaviano

Summary

El trasfondo de la historia entre 100 y 27 a.C. revela el conflicto entre italianos y romanos tras la reforma de Cayo Mario. La guerra social y las luchas por la ciudadanía culminaron en la Primera Guerra Mítridática y la Primera Guerra Civil Romana. Sulla y Marco Antonio se enfrentan, con Sulla emergiendo como dictador. La muerte de César lleva a la Segunda Guerra Civil y al Segundo Triunvirato. Octaviano, Marco Antonio y Lepidus luchan por el poder, culminando en la Cuarta Guerra Civil y la muerte de Antonio y Cleopatra. Octaviano establece el Imperio Romano en 27 a.C. como Augusto, marcando el fin de la República.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ La transcripción abarca un período de tiempo entre los años 100 a.C. y 27 a.C., durante el cual se vivieron cambios significativos en la República Romana.
• 🗳️ Después de las reformas de Cayo Mario, los italianos obtuvieron nuevos derechos al conseguir la ciudadanía romana.
• 🛡️ En el año 95 a.C., los cónsules Lucio Licinio Crassus y Quinto Mucius Scaevola expulsaron a los italianos que habían entrado a Roma y les quitaron sus derechos.
• 🔥 La guerra social estalló cuando Marco Livio Druso intentó restaurar los derechos romanos de los italianos sin éxito y fue asesinado.
• 🌐 Los italianos, tras ser expulsados, crearon una federación con Corfinium como capital, ahora llamada Italica.
• 🗼 La ciudadanía romana se otorgó a los italianos tras la aparición de nuevos conflictos en Occidente y Oriente, buscando resolver el problema.
• ⚔️ Lucio Cornelio Sila y Cayo Mario fueron líderes militares clave durante la primera guerra mitridática y la primera guerra civil romana.
• 🏆 Marco Licinio Craso, un joven Metelo Pío y Pompeyo fueron encargados de recuperar Italia y África para Sila después de la primera guerra civil.
• 🏰 La guerra de Sertoriana en Hispania fue un conflicto secundario durante este período, liderado por Quinto Sertorio, un partidario de Cayo Mario.
• 🔮 La ascensión de Julio César se ve influenciada por su alianza con Pompeyo y Crassus, formando el primer triumvirato para influir en la política contra los optimates.
• 🏟️ La conquista de las Galias por parte de César expandió el territorio romano y aumentó su popularidad, pero también generó tensiones con Pompeyo.

Q & A

¿Qué ocurrió después de las reformas de Cayo Mario?

Después de las reformas de Cayo Mario, los italianos obtuvieron nuevos derechos al ganar la ciudadanía romana.

¿Qué hicieron los nuevos cónsules en el año 95 a.C.?

Los nuevos cónsules, Lucio Licinio Crassus y Quintus Mucius Scaevola, expulsaron a todos los italianos que habían entrado en Roma y les quitaron sus derechos.

¿Quién intentó restaurar los derechos de los italianos cuatro años después de 95 a.C. y qué sucedió?

Marco Livio Druso intentó restaurar los derechos de los italianos pero fue asesinado, lo que provocó la Guerra Social.

¿Cómo respondió el Senado ante los conflictos en Occidente y Oriente?

El Senado decidió otorgar la ciudadanía a los italianos para resolver el problema y evitar más conflictos.

¿Qué significó la marcha de Silla hacia Roma en el año 88 a.C.?

La marcha de Silla hacia Roma fue la primera vez que un general utilizó la lealtad de sus tropas para lograr una ambición personal en contra de la opinión del Senado.

¿Cuál fue el resultado de la primera guerra mithridática y la primera guerra civil romana en 88 a.C.?

La primera guerra mithridática y la primera guerra civil romana entre Silla y los Optimates Populares Rufo y Mario terminaron con la muerte del primero y la huida de Mario a África.

¿Cómo terminó la primera guerra civil romana?

La primera guerra civil romana terminó en 82 a.C. después de la batalla de la Puerta Colina, que se libró fuera de las murallas de Roma.

¿Qué cambios implementó Silla durante su dictadura?

Silla implementó cambios como otorgar poderes extraordinarios, crear una nueva constitución, duplicar el número de senadores a 600, controlar los tribunales y reducir el poder de los tribunos de la plebe.

¿Qué sucedió con la relación entre Marco Antonio y Octaviano después de la muerte de César?

La relación entre Marco Antonio y Octaviano se volvió tensa, lo que llevó a la guerra civil romana número 4, en la que finalmente Octaviano emergió victorioso.

¿Cómo terminó la república romana y cómo comenzó el Imperio Romano?

La república romana terminó y comenzó el Imperio Romano cuando Octavio, después de la victoria en la guerra civil número 4, fue nombrado Augusto y se convirtió en el primer emperador.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Guerras Civiles y Reformas Romanas

Este párrafo abarca el período entre 100 y 27 a.C., marcado por conflictos y reformas políticas. Cayo Mario implementó cambios que otorgaron derechos a los italianos y les dio la ciudadanía romana. Sin embargo, los cónsules de 95 a.C., Lucio Licinio Crassus y Quintus Mucius Scaevola, revocaron estos derechos. Marco Livio Druso intentó restaurar estos derechos, pero fue asesinado, lo que desencadenó la Guerra Social. Los italianos formaron una federación con Corfinium como capital, llamada Italica, y mataron a todos los romanos en Asculum. El Senado otorgó finalmente la ciudadanía para resolver el conflicto. Se menciona a figuras como Lucio Cornelio Sila y Cayo Mario, quienes combatieron en la guerra contra los italianos. Además, se habla de la 1ra Guerra Mithridática, en la que Mithridates VI mató a 80,000 ciudadanos romanos en el este del Imperio. Sulla y Lucio Licinio Luculo lideraron el combate contra Mithridates, pero Sulla marchó sobre Roma al enterarse de que Mario sería el comandante del ejército, marcando el inicio de la 1ra Guerra Civil Romana. Sulla finalmente impuso su poder y estableció una dictadura que duró tres años, reformó la constitución y aumentó el número de senadores.

05:05

🗡️ Conflictos y Alianzas en la República Romana

Este párrafo relata los conflictos políticos y militares que enfrentaron a Roma en el siglo I a.C. Se menciona la lucha de Marco Emilio Lépido contra la constitución de Silla y su derrota por Pompeo. La Guerra de Sertoriano en Hispania, liderada por Quinto Sertorio, un partidario de Mario, se describe con detalles de sus luchas y su eventual muerte a manos de Perpenna. La narrativa también incluye la 3ra Guerra Mithridática, donde Mithridates VI se alía con Tigranes el Grande y se enfrenta a Roma. Lucullus y Pompeo son enviados para combatir a Mithridates, pero Lucullus enfrenta dificultades y Pompeo termina siendo quien finalmente lo derrota. La historia también abarca la Guerra de los Esclavos liderada por Espartaco, la cual es sofocada por Crassus. Además, se describen las luchas políticas en Roma, con la formación del 1er Triunvirato por Pompeo, Crassus y Julio César, y las reformas y la ascensión de poder de César.

10:09

⚔️ La Conquista de Gales y la Segunda Guerra Civil Romana

Julio César, tras ser consule, solicita la gobernación de las provincias de Narbonense, Gallia Cisalpina e Iliria, y comienza su conquista de los gauleses, enfrentándose a diversas tribus como los Helvecios, los Eduos y los Arvernos. César cruza el Rin y también ataca a tribus germánicas. Además, intenta conquistar Britania, pero con poco éxito. En Roma, se enfrentan problemas políticos y sociales, y Pompeyo ayuda a restaurar el orden en Egipto. La muerte de Julia, hija de César y esposa de Pompeyo, debilita el Triunvirato. César enfrenta a Vercingetorix, líder de las tribus celtas, y lo derrota en Alesia. En Roma, Pompeyo se alinea con los Optimates y se opone a César, lo que lleva a la 2da Guerra Civil Romana. César cruza el Rubicón y comienza la guerra, derrotando a Pompeyo en Farsalia y persiguiéndolo hasta Egipto, donde es asesinado. César se queda con Cleopatra y tiene un hijo, Cesáreo.

15:11

🏺 La Tercera Guerra Civil Romana y el 2do Triunvirato

Tras la muerte de César, Marco Antonio se convierte en cónsul y se enfrenta a la ascendente figura de Octaviano, el sucesor de César. Cicero intenta manipular la situación para su beneficio, pero Octaviano y Marco Antonio forman el 2do Triunvirato junto con Lepidus. Este triunvirato persigue a los opositores y desmantela el poder del Senado. La relación entre Octaviano y Marco Antonio se tensa, y se enfrentan en la guerra de Perusia. La tensión crece hasta que Octaviano lee el testamento de Antonio en el Senado, lo que lleva a la declaración de guerra contra Egipto. La 4a Guerra Civil Romana termina con la batalla de Actium, donde Antonio y Cleopatra huyen, y ambos se suicidan después de la caída de Alejandría.

20:18

🌟 Fin de la República y Nacimiento del Imperio Romano

La victoria de Octaviano marca el fin de la República Romana y el inicio del Imperio Romano. Con la paz restaurada y Egipto como provincia romana, se abastece a Roma con grano para aliviar el hambre. Octaviano, conocido ahora como Octavio Augusto, es nombrado Consul Princeps y se le otorgan poderes que lo convierten en el primer emperador de Roma, dando lugar al Imperio Romano.

Keywords

💡Cayo Mario

Cayo Mario fue un político romano que llevó a cabo reformas significativas, permitiendo que los italianos obtuvieran la ciudadanía romana. Esto es fundamental para entender el contexto de la Guerra Social mencionada en el guion, ya que estas reformas iniciales fueron parte del marco que generó conflictos posteriores cuando otros consules romanos revocaron esos derechos.

💡Guerra Social

La Guerra Social fue un conflicto que enfrentó a los italianos con Roma en busca de sus derechos civiles. El término es clave para entender la lucha por la ciudadanía y los derechos que desencadenó una serie de conflictos internos en la República Romana, como se describe en el guion cuando Marco Livio Druso intenta restaurar esos derechos y es asesinado.

💡Lucio Cornelio Sila

Lucio Cornelio Sila fue un militar y político romano que jugó un papel crucial en la Primera Guerra Mítridática y en la Primera Guerra Civil Romana. Su nombre es fundamental para entender la dinámica de poder y las luchas por el control de Roma, especialmente cuando se le nombra cónsul y más tarde utiliza la lealtad de sus tropas para imponer su voluntad contra la opinión del Senado.

💡Mithridaticas

Las Guerras Mítridáticas fueron una serie de conflictos entre Roma y el reino de Ponto, liderado por Mithridates VI. Estas guerras son clave para entender la expansión y las luchas de poder de Roma en el este del Mediterráneo, como se refleja en el guion cuando Sila y luego Lucullus y Pompey se enfrentan a Mithridates.

💡1er Triunvirato

El 1er Triunvirato fue una alianza política entre Marco Licinio Crasso, Pompeyo y Julio César, que buscaba influir en la política romana en contra de los optimates. Este concepto es central para entender la distribución del poder y la formación de coaliciones políticas que cambiaron el curso de la historia de Roma, como se describe en el guion cuando estos tres personajes forman una alianza.

💡Guerra de los Espartacos

La Guerra de los Espartacos, liderada por el esclavo Spartaco, fue una rebelión esclavista que azotó a Italia y puso a prueba las fuerzas militares de Roma. Este término es importante para comprender las tensiones sociales y la lucha por la libertad dentro de la sociedad romana, como se menciona en el guion cuando Crasso es encargado de acabar con la rebelión.

💡Galos

Los Galos fueron una de las muchas tribus que habitaban la Gaule, la región que hoy en día es Francia. La conquista de los Galos por parte de Julio César es fundamental para entender la expansión del Imperio Romano hacia el norte de Europa, tal como se narra en el guion cuando César comienza su campaña para conquistar a los Galos.

💡Vercingetorix

Vercingetorix fue el líder de los Galos Arvernos que se rebeló contra la invasión romana. Su figura es clave para entender la resistencia de los pueblos galos a la dominación romana, como se describe en el guion cuando César lo enfrenta y eventualmente lo derrota en la fortaleza de Alesia.

💡2do Triunvirato

El 2do Triunvirato fue una coalición formada por Octaviano (posteriormente conocido como Augusto), Marco Antonio y Lepidus, con el objetivo de vengar la muerte de Julio César y consolidar su poder. Este término es central para entender la transición de la República Romana a la monarquía, como se narra en el guion cuando estos tres personajes se unen para luchar contra los asesinos de César.

💡Batalla de Actium

La Batalla de Actium fue un enfrentamiento naval decisivo entre las fuerzas de Octaviano y Marco Antonio, que resultó en el fin de la República Romana y el ascenso de Octaviano como el primer emperador del Imperio Romano. Este término es crucial para entender el cambio de poder y la consolidación del Imperio Romano, como se describe en el guion cuando Marco Antonio y Cleopatra son derrotados.

💡Octavio Augusto

Octavio Augusto, también conocido simplemente como Augusto, fue el primer emperador de Roma, marcando el inicio del Imperio Romano. Este término es fundamental para entender la transición de la República Romana a una monarquía y cómo Octavio manejó el poder para consolidar su posición, como se narra en el guion cuando Octavio es nombrado 'Principe del Senado' y comienza su reinado.

Highlights

Las reformas de Cayo Mario otorgaron nuevos derechos a los italianos obteniendo la ciudadanía romana.

Los cónsules de 95 a.C., Lucio Licinio Crassus y Quintus Mucius Scaevola, expulsaron a los italianos de Roma y les quitaron sus derechos.

Marco Livio Druso intentó en 91 a.C. restaurar los derechos de los italianos sin éxito, y fue asesinado, lo que desencadenó la Guerra Social.

Los italianos crearon una federación con Corfinium como capital, ahora llamada Italica.

La ciudadanía romana fue concedida a los italianos para resolver la Guerra Social.

Lucio Cornelio Sila y Cayo Mario, entre otros, fueron llamados para luchar contra los italianos en Nola.

La invasión de Mithridates VI y la muerte de 80,000 ciudadanos romanos en el este del Imperio desencadenaron la primera guerra mithridática.

Sila marchó hacia Roma con sus tropas para imponerse como líder, marcando el inicio de la primera guerra civil romana.

La primera guerra mithridática y la primera guerra civil romana comenzaron en 88 a.C.

Sila fue nombrado cónsul en 88 a.C. junto a Quintus Pompey, enfrentándose a problemas como la movilización de clases populares y la invasión de Mithridates.

La guerra de Sertoría en Hispania, liderada por Quinto Sertorio, desafinó a Metellus Pius y luego fue resuelta por Pompey.

La tercera guerra mithridática estalló cuando Mithridates VI se alió con el rey de Armenia, Tigranes el Grande.

La rebelión de Escipión en el este y la muerte de Lucio Licinio Murena marcaron el inicio de la tercera guerra mithridática.

La muerte de Cayo Mario y la tiranía de Lucio Cornelio Cinna llevaron a la paz romana hasta 84 a.C.

La victoria de Silla en la batalla de la Puerta Collina en 82 a.C. marcó el fin de la primera guerra civil romana.

La dictadura de Silla y la subida de Pompeyo cambiaron el panorama político de Roma.

La formación del primer triumvirato por Pompeyo, Crassus y Julio César influenció la política romana en el siglo I a.C.

Las guerras gálicas de Julio César expandieron el territorio romano y aumentaron su prestigio.

La muerte de Crassus en Mesopotamia y la crisis política en Roma desestabilizó el triumvirato.

La victoria de Julio César en la batalla de las Galias sobre Vercingetorix consolidó su poder.

La crisis política en Roma y la guerra civil entre César y Pompeyo llevaron al ascenso de Octaviano.

La muerte de César en 44 a.C. a manos de la conspiración de los senadores desencadena la tercera guerra civil romana.

El segundo triumvirato formado por Octaviano, Marco Antonio y Lepidus marcó el fin de la república y el inicio del Imperio Romano.

La batalla de Actium y la muerte de Marco Antonio y Cleopatra llevaron a Octaviano a consolidar su poder como primer emperador romano.

La paz que siguió en 30 a.C. y la restauración de la república fueron breves, dando paso a la era de Octavio Augusto y el nacimiento del Imperio Romano.

Transcripts

The following takes place between the years 100 and 27 BC

BUT THAT IS ANOTHER STORY

EMPIRE OF THE REPUBLIC

LA ROMANA 1 CIVIL WAR

After the reforms of Cayo Mario, the Italians had won new rights by obtaining Roman citizenship.

However, the new consuls the year 95 BC, Lucio Licinio Crassus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola,

They expelled all Italians who had gotten into Rome and took their rights.

Four years later, the tribune of the plebs, Marco Livio Druso, tried to restore this right but could not.

He was killed and Social War broke out, he faced many Italians against the Romans, in search of their lost rights.

"It's a little thing ... it is fucked, and worse to be put"

Like the plebeians had done centuries earlier, these itálicos created a federation with its capital in Corfinium, now called Italica,

and after that they killed all Roman Asculum.

Many soldiers were called to fight the Italians, as the now legacy or Lucio Cornelio Sila and Cayo Mario elderly.

But seeing that new conflicts appeared in the West and in the East,

the Senate decided to grant citizenship happy and end the problem.

"Tomaaa"

Some Italians were still fighting in Nola, but were defeated by Sulla, Pompey Strabo bequests, father of the famous Pompey,

and Metellus Pius in 88 BC

That same year Sila was named Consul Quintus Pompey with Rufo, and was presented with several well overweight problems.

The first was that the popular classes mobilized to achieve social rights

promoted by the tribune of the plebs Publio Sulpicio Rufo, who was joined by Cayo Mario.

On the other hand the king of Pontus Mithridates VI, a descendant of the ancient Persian nobility,

invadio Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Cappadocia, southern Greece and had over ordered the death of all Roman citizens in the region.

In total, 80,000 dead. It was a deserved sangria war.

Makers to fight this new enemy and his deputy were Sulla Lucio Licinio Lúculo, but the thing would not be so simple.

While Sila was with his troops in the Campania fighting the rebels last Samnitas,

Sulpicio Rufo persuaded the Senate put in command of the army to Mario.

When Sulla learned, he took his troops and marched to Rome.

This is important because it was the first time used a general loyalty of his troops to achieve a personal ambition against the opinion of the Senate.

In short, the year 88 BC marked the beginning of the 1st Mithridatic War and the 1st Roman Civil War between Sila and Optimates Popular Rufo and Mario.

"They will not find another party like"

The first was killed and the second managed to escape to Africa.

Then Sila, with more or less pacified Rome, set sail for the East,

He fought against Mithridates VI in Athens, then Orcómenos, and finally the Legacy Flavio Fimbra Mithridates defeated at the Battle of Ríndaco River.

Mithridates implored Sila peace and forgiveness and let him remain king, but in return Rome took control

the western part of Anatolia and a good sum of money and ships.

But while Sulla was out, a general named Lucio Cornelio Cina, almost like its rival,

He managed to become consul in 87 BC and, allied with itálicos, unhappy Roman soldiers and slaves who had freed, he took Rome with the help of Cayo Mario.

"You're a pesao"

The two began a reign of terror, executions everywhere ... and not only killed Optimates,

also his supporters who are getting too crazy with their personal vendettas.

Cayo Mario died of old but the tyranny of Cina lasted until 84 BC,

when many soldiers who did not want to go to Ponto fight Sila, they mutinied and killed him.

After that Sulla returned to Rome almost unopposed, since troops of the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus defected.

Marco Licinio Craso, a young Metellus Pius and Pompey were in charge of recovering Sila Italy and Africa,

while Lucullus was proquaestor in Ponto, recaudándole money for their campaigns.

This 1st Roman Civil War ended in 82 BC, after the battle of Colline Gate, which took place outside the walls of Rome.

Sulla's dictatorship and the rise of POMPEYO

Puerta Colina many popular and eventually Samnitas army massacred.

The survivors were executed by tradition and their confiscated lands.

Sulla now had absolute power and under the charge of dictator begin a reign full of proscriptions that would last three years terror.

"Damn, what fear, macho"

He gave extraordinary powers and created a new constitution by which doubled the number of senators to 600,

He took control of courts, or removed much power to the tribunes of the plebs, among other things.

Sila nor hair of Mithridates VI did not trust, and left Lucio Licinio Murena as governor of Asia and in command of two legions.

This saw Mithridates was forming new army and 2nd Mitridática War broke out.

After several battles, Murena had to get out of there, and Sila step of the subject leaving Mithridates alone.

That would cost a third war later.

Sila finished his reforms and in 80 BC decided to retire dying shortly after.

After that the popular tried to regain lost ground, but got bumped into former officers of Sila:

Metellus Pius, Marco Licinio Craso, Lucio Licinio Lúculo and Pompey Neo.

But it seems that divisions between the Optimates more popular shooting began to appear, as reflected by the consulate Marco Emilio Lépido,

I tried to abolish the silana constitution, but as the Senate did not let him use the army and ended up being defeated by Pompey.

Also in another war had broken Spanish, the Sertoriana War.

Quinto sertorio was a faithful supporter of Cayo Mario, who after the disaster Hill Gate, went to Spain and started a rebellion with the help of Hispanics.

Metellus Pius was the general manager of defeat, but failed and in 66 BC Pompey came to help.

After years of struggle, a lieutenant of Sertorius called Perpenna killed the guy and stayed with his troops.

But they were defeated by Pompey soon after, and the war in Hispania ended.

And calmly he took the opportunity to found the city of Pompaelo, the current Pamplona.

"This is hell, is not ... no, this can not be against."

Shortly after Pontus broke the 3rd Mitridática War,

and that Mithridates VI had rearmed and allied with the kingdom of Armenia of Tigranes the Great, his son and wanted to try to destroy Rome.

This time the "casus belli" seems like the will of Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia, who bequeathed his kingdom to Rome as Pergamum had done.

The Senate sent the Consul Lucullus now to the king of Pontus, while Pompey remained in Hispania.

After the battle of Cyzicus, Lucullus Mithridates VI managed to make one had to take refuge in Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, where Tigranes was defeated.

However, they were hard years, viejetes soldiers in distant lands tribes constantly being assaulted.

At the end Lucullus had a very big riot and Mithridates managed to escape and recover the Ponto.

"Fuck me, huh?"

And to make matters worse, from the year 73 BC, there was the War of Spartacus.

Spartacus was a Thracian former soldier who He had escaped from the gladiatorial school in Capua,

and along with other warriors and he escaped slaves formed an army with which he tried to flee Italy seeking freedom.

The manager was subtracted from Marco Licinio Craso, with the invaluable help of Pompey and Lucullus brother Terencio Varrón the other Lucullus,

after finishing their campaigns in Hispania and Macedonia respectively.

Crassus managed to encircle the rebels in Apulia and beat them.

Many of them were crucified portoda the Appian Way.

"I'm not ready, Lord"

In 70 BC Pompey and Crassus consuls be achieved, despite how badly they got along.

Crassus was accused of always reaching the end of a war and get all the glory.

The two had supported Sulla, but eventually

They were becoming a little more popular and with them many ancient power rights were returned to the tribunes of the plebs and the poorer classes.

"I've Meao of joy"

In the following years, Pompey was befriending a senator named Gaius Julius Caesar, nephew of Cayo Mario,

and also he had to deal with the Cilician pirates who had paralyzed the import of wheat to Rome.

After having swept by the year 66, he replaced Licinius Lucullus war against Mithridates.

In the end, around 64 BC, Pompey managed to corner the King Mithridates VI in the Bosporus and he attempted suicide with poison.

But it had taken so many to become immune had to ask a slave to kill him.

"I think it's great ... I have more than deserved ... More than deserved"

With this, the territories of Rome in the East increased a lot, as well as the popularity of Pompey, and not only that,

Pompey also dethroned the last Seleucid king, Antiochus XIII and arrived in Judea, which also managed to subdue after the Maccabean Hircano accept his sovereignty.

Meanwhile, in the elections of 65 BC, consul Lucio Sergio Catilina was presented,

a former supporter of Sila and former propretor Africa who liked to abuse their power.

Despite the support of Crassus, the man was not even selected as a candidate.

But the consuls elected this year ended up being deposed for corruption. All three seem to be allied to assassinate the new consuls.

But senators heard and protection making it impossible to increase the coup.

Catiline was presented to the elections of 63 BC, but all distrusted him after the alleged conspiracy,

and they won the Optimate Marco Tulio Cicerón and moderate popular Cayo Antonio.

Catiline was so angry that he began assembling an army to give a coup and kill Cicero.

Cicero then became dictator and Cayo Antonio and his army crushed Catiline and his followers in the battle of Pistoia, and the Senate condemned them to death without trial.

Just that year came the war Pompey in the East and the Senate began to conspire against him.

These people do not molaba anything that a politician had much fame among the people or the army,

because the monarchy or dictatorship hated both, the absolute power is carried.

Pompey did what they did not wait. Upon arrival at Brindisi, he disbanded his army and entered Rome as a normal citizen,

starting in politics from below, so that nobody could call him "the second Sila".

"Theater and the good"

THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR

Pompey sought the support of the popular classes and joined Crassus, the richest man Rome at that time,

and a former propretor subsequent Hispana called Julius Caesar, who had been appointed pontifex maximus few years earlier.

The three formed the 1st Triumvirate, an alliance for political influence against the optimates led by Cicero.

In fact, in 59 BC, Caesar managed to reach near the Optimate Calpurnio consul Bibulus.

This put many drawbacks to try different measures to favor its two partners, such as creating

establish new colonies for veterans of Pompey, or a lower fee for publicans Crassus in Asia.

At the end César its objectives after a rain fall on Bíbulo shit and leave.

"We applaud and we let him go?"

Caesar was a politician famosete his ideas but lacked something that Pompey had a loyal army and prestige in the war,

so when he finished his consulate asked the government Narbonense galiana, Cisalpina and Iliria, and began conquering the Gauls which France.

However, before he made sure to put in the triumvirate consulate friends and take his opponents of Rome, like Cicero or Catón el Joven.

During the Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar to the Aquitanians he faced with Crassus, and very rambunctious Gallic tribes such as the Helvetii, settled in Switzerland,

Eduos installed in Burgundy, the Venetians in Brittany, or arver installed in the Auvergne area.

Caesar's troops crossed the Rhine River, the border between Gaul and Germany and also gave milks against several Germanic tribes,

in theory to defend other Gauls who had joined the Roman.

In addition Caesar also came to Britain across the English Channel, but was not much left.

"I do not talk ingle"

The situation in Rome was not the best.

There were crisis, many brawls, riots, and over the Roman ally Ptolemy XII Auletes

He had been expelled from Egypt by his daughter Berenice IV, in 57 BC, which meant less food for Rome.

Pompey welcomed Auletes at home and sent the proconsul of Syria Aulus Gabinius to restore order.

He did it with the help of his chief of cavalry, the young Marco Antonio, who met the daughter of Pharaoh Cleopatra VII.

Fate would unite them a decade later.

"America's Sweethearts going to be, huh?"

That's when the triumvirate Luca met to renew their covenant and make Crassus and Pompey were consuls of the year 55.

After that the three provinces were divided by 5 years.

Pompey remained with Hispania, who ruled from Rome, where he began building the Pompey Theater, the first permanent city.

Caesar kept Galia e Iliria and Crassus Syria.

However, Crassus would find his death in that province so far. Battling the imperio Parto Orodes II

He checked firsthand the amazing ability of Parthian horsemen shooting arrows moving.

"As Tarzan in the jungle"

Carras battle ended with 20,000 soldiers killed, 10,000 captured, the famous lost legion that supposedly ended China's Han Dynasty,

and another 10,000 fleeing scared shitless led by General Cassius.

Between this and the death of Julia, daughter of Caesar and wife of Pompey, the Triumvirate went to take up his ass.

Meanwhile, Caesar faced a leader of the Arverni who had managed to combine many Celtic tribes against Rome, Vercingetorix was.

This formidable warrior began winning, but Julius Caesar, along with its general Marco Antonio,

He arrinconarle achieved in the fortress of Alesia and after months of siege managed to make the Gallic surrender.

And what happened in Rome? For a gang war between former tribune of the plebs Clodius Pulcher and aspiring consul Tito Annio Milón ended with the Senate burning building.

Martial law was declared and exceptionally appointed Pompey as sole consul.

"Wonderful"

When he saw that the popularity of Julius Caesar grew, he began to side with the Optimates

and he created laws to prevent Cesar from becoming consul 50 BC, so it could not allocate land veterans and the gravy train is jodería.

The Senate basically said: "Come Caesar, delivery and your legions and returns to Rome".

"Oh, sure, sure"

In the following year in one of the tribunes of the plebs was Antony who tried to reach agreement with senators unsuccessfully.

Pompey and the Optimates faced new revolts and milks also gave some tribunes, which piraron Rome to go with Caesar to Gaul.

After these acts the only solution for Caesar was war.

THE CIVIL WAR 2nd ROMANA

When Caesar's troops crossed the Rubicon river, ie that entered Roman territory, he began the 2nd Roman Civil War.

Pompey and the senators fled to Greece after many soldiers change sides,

and Rome was the highest magistrate Pretor Marco Emilio Lépido, who was in command of Rome with Marco Antonio when Caesar came to the city.

Caesar was not much in Rome. He was soon to Spain to fight three legacies of Pompey. In Ilerda he achieved a great victory and then went to Rome to be elected consul.

Then he went to Greece where he confronted his old friend in the battle of Dyrrhachium.

Pompey won a Pyrrhic victory, but shortly after Caesar defeated him in battle Pharsalia, and Pompey had to flee to Egypt, Ptolemy XIII child,

Ceopatra brother, who to curry favor with Caesar, cut off his head.

"Tomorrow ... A Espidifen"

The truth is that Caesar was angry about it, but decided to make an intermediary between Ptolemy XIII Cleopatra and her other sister Arsinoe IV, who malmetía as could be.

I already told all this in detail in the episode of Ptolemaic Egypt, so I'll go fast.

Chingo Cleopatra Caesar, he put the queen of Egypt, and his brother was a hostage in the palace.

Of course, he and Arsinoe began a rebellion in Alexandria that gave victory to the Romans and ended up drowning Ptolemy and his sister imprisoned.

Cleopatra then moved to Rome with Caesar and had a son, Caesarion.

"Figure, crack, Champion"

Do you remember Mithridates VI? Farnaces for his son, who reigned in the Bosporus, invaded Pontus in 47 BC, and started killing Romans.

Caesar had to intervene and beat zero-coma in the Battle of Zela. It was here where supposedly the famous phrase "Veni Vidi Vici", ie "I came, I saw, I conquered" he said.

"And point and has acabao"

After that, Caesar had to go to North Africa to face Scipio Metellus and Numidian King Juba I, at the Battle of Thapsus.

Then he returned to Spain and in the battle of Munda managed to beat the last pro-Pompeian, resistance led by his son Sextus Pompey.

It was there that his young nephew Gaius Octavius ​​did not join him after his ship wrecked in hostile land.

Both would take so well that Caesar would make him his heir. Finally, in 45 BC, Caesar returned to Rome as dictator,

supposedly to restore the republic, as requested by Cicero, something that never happened.

Here began a jug of constitutional reforms the election of half of the judges

and the allocation of provinces would no longer do for election or sweepstakes, but finger,

and propraetors and proconsuls could only be in office two years maximum.

It increased the number of senators to 900, where many of his supporters got: centurions, legionaries, poor people, children of freedmen, provincianos ...

He also took away the power to manage public funds. Expenses were going to Caesar's decision.

He also reformed the monetary system, the calendar (which has hardly been changed to this day)

and he created many colonies, temples and monuments in Rome as Caesar's Forum,

which also he raised the new Senate building, called Culia Julia or the Temple of Venus Genetrix, considered ancestress of his family.

"Host, how nice"

The Roman dictator did not retaliate against his political enemies. He wanted harmony, but had rather conspiracy.

The Senate was upset by his flirtations with the monarchy, and in March 44 BC a group of senators including Marcus Junius Brutus

and Cassius, murdered him mercilessly stab clean off a senatorial session.

Cleopatra scares to learn, she took the child and turned Egypt, which was a little chaos.

"A bad afternoon have any"

THE 3rd CIVIL WAR AND THE 2ND TRIUNVIRATO

With Caesar dead Marco Antonio was elected consul. However, Caesar had chosen as his successor his grandnephew Gaius Octavius ​​18.

Cicero saw the kid a chance to take Marco Antonio middle, and he was trying to gain control of Gaul.

Really the elections had been allocated but Decimus Junius Brutus, one of the conspirators and amiguito of the Optimates, refused to give it.

The first Senate sent Emilio Lépido, but defected to Antonio, who was besieging Mutina, Modena today.

After that they sent Octavio, but he saw that it would be impossible to defeat Antonio and also joined him, and marched on Rome with virtually no opposition.

Octavian, now called Gaius Julio César Octaviano, saw that he had a lot in common with Antony and Lepidus, so they allied in the second triumvirate.

This official trialogue dictatorship began to dismantle the power of the Senate, and persecute their opponents.

Cicero, for example remained without hands and headless, and broke a 3rd Roman Civil War against the murderers of Caesar, Brutus and Cassius,

who had fled to the eastern provinces and were putting together an army.

Marco Antonio until Cleopatra met in Tarsus for help and love.

"Condoms let millions"

After killing the murderers on the screen of Philippi, the triumvirate divided the Roman territories. Antonio stayed with the provinces of East,

Octaviano with Western and Lepidus North Africa. Well, it was Sextus Pompey who controlled Sicily, but with permission.

THE CIVIL WAR 4th ROMANA

The relationship between Octaviano and Marco Antonio was never simple. Octavian was forced to take unpopular measures,

as the confiscation of land, trying to cope with the economic crisis.

Ager Publicus was no longer in Italy to settle the veterans, and it was better to piss off townies confiscate the soldiers.

This caused many supporters of Marco Antonio will cast them for the jugular, like his brother Lucio Antonio and his wife Fulvia.

In 41 BC, Octavian besieged Perusia, where they were all fans of Marco Antonio, and many of those charged.

But then it came Marco Antonio to bring order, they made peace ...

and then Antonio married Octavian's sister, Octavia, who was cool but really he was Cleopatra.

Moreover Octaviano married with Libia Drusila, who had two children from another marriage, Drusus and Tiberius, who was the second emperor of Rome.

"It's a hypocrite ... who has never broken a plate"

In 36 BC, Sextus Pompey were put farruco and general Marcus Agrippa, the best general Octavian, he won the battle of Nauloco.

Farruco got another was Lepidus, who claimed the now neutral Sicily, and the other two triunviros exiled him. With this triumvirate it is over.

From here the tensions between Octavian and Mark Antony would reach its zenith.

Marco Antonio faraona married and gave many territories, and lived a crazy life of orgies.

He also began a military campaign against the Parthians, which was a failure, although the type entered Alexandria triumphantly

and he divided his territories between his children, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene, Ptolemy Philadelphus, and between Caesarion, the son of Caesar.

Octavian bulged eggs and after reading the testament of Marco Antonio stolen in the Senate,

where he said that everything would be for Cleopatra, an eastern degenerate, as the Romans, Rome declared war on Egypt.

It was the 4th Roman Civil War. It was a long war. It was at the battle of Actium where two enemy fleets met.

Les was so badly Antonio Cleo and the two fled the battlefield, leaving the soldiers to their fate.

Alexandria both returned, but Marco Antonio saw its deserting troops, and to learn that his beloved was dead committed suicide.

It was not true, the queen was alive surrounded in his palace, but knowing what awaited him was left by a snake bite and yes ... died.

"What a nice story, right? Come, see you later"

THE END OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

In 30 BC the war ended, peace returned to Rome and the Republic was restored, but that was about to change.

With Egypt as part of the Roman provinces much wheat could be sent to Rome to alleviate hunger of citizens.

Then came the debate to the streets, the republic did not work, everything ends up in civil wars

and the only way to avoid this was a unique and strong power and then everyone looked at Octavian.

In 27 BC he said he returned his powers and withdrew, but the senators needed to regain the confidence of the people.

He was given more power and was named Octavio Augusto. From that Augusto year became Consul Princeps,

or emperor to understand, and he was born the Roman Empire.