Ecological systems theory
Summary
TLDRThis transcript discusses Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model, which explains child development as influenced by multiple systems. These include the microsystem (family and close contacts), mesosystem (relationships between different settings), exosystem (broader societal factors like laws and policies), macrosystem (cultural norms and ideologies), and chronosystem (time-related changes). The script uses examples like substance use and single motherhood to show how these systems interact, shaping behaviors and outcomes. It also highlights the role of stigma and intergenerational trauma, emphasizing the interconnectedness of personal and social influences.
Takeaways
- đ All children exist within a social context that shapes them and is shaped by them, emphasizing the two-way interaction in development.
- đ§ Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model explains child development through both nature (biological traits) and nurture (social/environmental influences).
- đ The microsystem includes the child and their direct interactions, such as with family, friends, and school.
- đ The mesosystem focuses on the interactions and connections between settings in the microsystem, such as family-school relationships.
- đą The exosystem represents the broader social context, including systems like politics, education, and the job market.
- đ The macrosystem includes societal norms, cultural beliefs, and dominant ideologies that influence laws and policies.
- âł The chronosystem is concerned with the influence of time, including personal history, seasonal changes, and future events on development.
- đ¶ Maternal substance use in the microsystem can significantly affect a childâs development, such as through fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
- âïž The exosystem and macrosystem can impact substance use issues through laws, societal values, and stigma, affecting both behavior and recovery.
- â»ïž The chronosystem highlights the role of intergenerational trauma and its effects on parenting skills and substance use cycles.
Q & A
What is the central concept of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model?
-Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model is centered on the idea that child development is influenced by both nature and nurture, involving a two-way interaction between the child and their social and environmental context.
How many systems of influence are there in Bronfenbrenner's model, and what are they?
-There are five systems of influence in Bronfenbrenner's model: the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
What is included in the microsystem, and how does it influence the child?
-The microsystem includes the childâs immediate surroundings and interactions, such as family, friends, neighbors, school, and service providers. These direct interactions play a key role in shaping the childâs development.
What role does the mesosystem play in the ecological model?
-The mesosystem involves the connections and relationships between the settings in the microsystem, such as the interactions between family and school. These interactions can affect the childâs development by providing support or creating conflict.
What is the exosystem, and how does it affect a child's development?
-The exosystem refers to the broader social context that indirectly affects the child, such as political, legal, and health systems, or parental work environments. These systems influence the child's development through their impact on the child's immediate environment.
What does the macrosystem encompass, and how does it influence development?
-The macrosystem includes overarching societal norms, cultural values, religious beliefs, and ideologies that shape policies and practices. These factors influence child development by dictating societal views and laws.
What is the chronosystem, and how does it differ from the other systems?
-The chronosystem is concerned with time, including individual life stages, historical periods, and cyclical events like seasons. It tracks how time and change influence the interactions within the other systems.
How can maternal substance use affect a child at the microsystem level?
-Maternal substance use can directly affect an unborn baby, leading to conditions like fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, which result in developmental and behavioral challenges for the child.
How does stigma related to substance use manifest within the ecological system?
-Stigma originates from the macrosystem through societal stereotypes and prejudices, and it leads to discrimination, which can affect help-seeking behavior and perpetuate substance use problems at all levels of the system.
What historical example illustrates the influence of the macro and exosystems on single mothers in Australia?
-Until the 1970s, societal beliefs in Australia favored two-parent families, leading to policies that provided no financial support for single mothers. This affected unwed mothers, pressuring them to give up their children. Changes in societal attitudes and policies, driven by the women's movement, eventually led to support systems like the sole parent payment.
Outlines
đ Understanding Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
This paragraph introduces the ecological systems model proposed by psychologist Yuri Bronfenbrenner, explaining how children's development is shaped by both nature (biological traits) and nurture (social/environmental influences). It outlines five interconnected systems of influence: the microsystem (direct interactions like family and school), the mesosystem (connections between settings in the microsystem), the exosystem (broader societal influences like political and legal systems), the macrosystem (cultural norms and ideologies), and the chronosystem (influence of time, such as personal development, historical events, or cyclical patterns). Each system affects and is influenced by the others.
đ¶ Substance Use and Its Impact on Child Development
Here, the example of substance use is explored within Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model. At the microsystem level, maternal substance use impacts unborn babies, potentially leading to developmental disorders such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These disorders can result in behavioral and physical difficulties for the child. The mesosystem can either exacerbate or alleviate the impact through social interactions and support from family, schools, or community services. The exosystem influences substance use through laws and policies that affect family dynamics. The macrosystem shapes societal views on substance use, contributing to stigma, which affects recovery and help-seeking behaviors.
đ§ The Role of Stigma in Substance Use and Parenting
This paragraph delves into how stigma, rooted in the macrosystem, impacts individuals with substance use issues, particularly mothers. Stereotypes and societal prejudices lead to discrimination, which can affect personal relationships and interactions with systems like child protection and the courts. Over time, these biases undermine self-efficacy and self-regulation, creating a cycle of behavior and reinforcing stereotypes. The chronosystem shows how this can lead to intergenerational trauma, where children growing up in challenging environments may repeat the same patterns in adulthood, perpetuating cycles of substance use and family separation.
đ©âđŠ Single Mothers and the Ecological System's Influence
Using the example of single mothers in Australia, this paragraph explains how the ecological systems model influences family dynamics over time. Until the 1970s, the macrosystem (cultural beliefs) dictated that children should be raised in two-parent families, resulting in a lack of financial support for single mothers. This exosystem-level policy pressured many unwed mothers to give up their children for adoption. However, the women's movement in the 1970s lobbied for change, influencing both societal attitudes and policies. As a result, payments for single mothers were introduced, helping them to keep their children, demonstrating how actions at different system levels can influence individual lives.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄEcological Systems Model
đĄMicrosystem
đĄMesosystem
đĄExosystem
đĄMacrosystem
đĄChronosystem
đĄSubstance Use
đĄStigma
đĄIntergenerational Trauma
đĄSingle Parenthood
Highlights
The ecological systems model by Yuri Bronfenbrenner emphasizes the interaction between children and their social context, shaping development in a two-way manner.
Bronfenbrennerâs model accounts for both nature (biological/psychological traits) and nurture (social/environmental influences).
The five systems of influence in Bronfenbrenner's model: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
The microsystem consists of a child's immediate environment, including family, friends, school, and service providers.
The mesosystem examines interactions and relationships between different settings within the microsystem.
The exosystem encompasses broader social structures, such as political, legal, educational, and health systems.
The macrosystem includes cultural norms, social values, religious beliefs, and ideologies that shape laws and policies.
The chronosystem considers the influence of time, including personal biological timelines, historical events, and societal changes.
Substance use and its effects on child development serve as an example within the ecological systems model.
Exposure to substances like alcohol in utero can lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, which affect the child's behavior and development.
The availability and role modeling of substances in a child's environment, such as neighborhoods where alcohol is prevalent, are part of the microsystem's influence.
Punitive laws in the exosystem, such as those increasing child removal risks, contrast with supportive policies for family-sensitive interventions.
The macrosystemâs views on illicit drug dangers and media portrayal create stigma, influencing substance use, help-seeking behavior, and recovery.
Stigma related to substance use stems from macrosystem stereotypes and results in discrimination, impacting mothers with substance issues.
The chronosystem reveals how intergenerational trauma, such as parenting skills deficits, perpetuates cycles of substance use and family separation.
Transcripts
all children exist within a social
context that shapes them
and is shaped by them this two-way
interaction is at the heart of the
ecological systems model
proposed by the psychologist yuri
bronfenbrenner
he suggested that child development can
be understood within this model that
accounts for both nature
and nurture so not only a child's
biological and psychological traits
but all the social and environmental
influences like family
school community culture and belief
systems
and all the interactions that influence
behaviours events and outcomes
there are five systems of influence in
bronfenbrenner's model
the microsystem is comprised of the
individual child
and those they directly interact with
such as family
friends neighbors school and service
providers
the meso system is concerned with social
connections
relationships links or interactions
between the various settings
in the micro system the exosystem is the
broader social context
and it includes the political legal
educational and health systems
and the job market the macro system
includes social norms
cultural mores religious beliefs and the
dominant ideologies which are the
drivers of laws policies
and practices these four systems
are embedded in a fifth system the
chrono system
which is concerned with time individual
time as in personal biology and
biography
historical or social cyclical as in the
changing of the seasons or the
celebration of anniversaries
and future time each system
influences and is influenced by other
systems so a change in one
has the potential to produce a change in
another
let's look at the example of substance
use in the ecological system
at the microsystem level maternal
substance
use can affect the development of the
unborn baby the inner world
an infant exposed to alcohol in utero
may develop any one of three fetal
alcohol spectrum disorders which can
result in abnormal facial features
small head size growth deficit poor
coordination
hyperactive behavior difficulty with
attention
and poor memory which will of course
affect the child's behavior
and the relational responses to that
child in the meso system
still at the microsystem level substance
use can influence the child
through role modelling of family members
and friends
or through access the child may live in
a neighborhood where alcohol or certain
drugs are widely available
and commonly used
at the level of the meso system the
child's family may experience conflict
with the child's school or with service
providers such as child protection or
police
or the family may enjoy good
relationships with service providers
and be open to support and the meso
system may provide
options that can help improve the
situation in the child's microsystem
exosystem influences might include
punitive laws that increase the
likelihood of the removal of children
from parental care
whereas a benefit might be a policy that
provides
access to family sensitive interventions
that include something like parenting
skills development
legislation and policy on substance use
are heavily influenced by the macro
system
particularly through society's views on
the dangers of using illicit drugs
macrosystem influences such as
government policy
society's values and media messages can
have
as great an impact as microsystem
influences
such as peer pressure and family
expectations because they not only
impact on uptake and continued use of
substances
they also result in stigma which
influences help seeking behaviours
and recovery let's look at the role of
stigma from an ecological perspective
stigma which is associated with the
macro system is born from stereotypes
and prejudice
discrimination occurs with both
conscious and unconscious bias
common stereotypes for substance users
include that they're dangerous
self-destructive unreliable and that
they're bad
parents those with substance use issues
are judged based on these stereotypes
and this can result in acts of
discrimination this can be clearly seen
in experience of mothers with substance
issues and the judgment and blame
directed towards them from friends
family services child protection and the
court system
the bias of these systems puts these
women at a disadvantage
discrimination over time from a
trauma-informed perspective
compromises self-efficacy and an
individual's ability to respond and to
self-regulate
which perpetuates behaviour their
situation
and the stereotyping and demonization of
their substance use
the chronosystem shows us where
intergenerational trauma occurs
children who grow up in out-of-home care
may not learn the parenting skills to
bring up their own children
and this can contribute to the cycle of
substance use and separation
here's another example that concerns
single mothers beginning with the macro
system the cultural context
up until the 1970s the dominant belief
in australia was that children should
only be raised in two parent families
with a mother and a father as a result
there were no payments for sole parents
unless they were abandoned wives or
widows
this payment was of course based on a
decision made in the exo system where
social security provisions are enacted
consequently using the terminology of
the day
unwed mothers were often pressured to
give up their infants for adoption
or had no means of supporting them the
resulting separation
profoundly impacted the microsystem of
both the mother and her child
during the 1970s the women's movement
drew attention to the relationship
between the personal and the political
women began to form pressure groups to
lobby for payments for mothers who gave
birth outside of marriage
thereby influencing the macro system
through changes to society's attitudes
changes in the exo system meant that
there were more women working in jobs
that could influence policy making
the result was the introduction of the
sole parent payment
an action at the exosystem level which
enabled women
and their infants to remain together
thus influencing the microsystem
which in turn radiated effects out
through all the levels of the ecological
system
you
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