How Magellan circumnavigated the globe - Ewandro Magalhaes
Summary
TLDRIn 1522, the 'Victoria' completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, a historic journey fraught with mutiny, shipwrecks, and Magellan's death. The expedition began in 1519, driven by Spain's quest for a westward route to the lucrative Spice Islands. Despite setbacks, including Magellan's demise and the loss of ships, the surviving crew, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano, returned to Spain with a profitable cargo. The voyage's chronicler, Pigafetta, documented the journey, which defied conventional wisdom and left a lasting legacy.
Takeaways
- 🌐 The 'Victoria' completed the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1522, marking a significant achievement in maritime history.
- 👑 The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the New World between Spain and Portugal, with Spain gaining the right to explore westward for new trade routes.
- 🌍 Spain sought a westward route to the Spice Islands due to Portugal's control over the eastern sea routes, which were highly lucrative for the spice trade.
- 🏴☠️ Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese defector, was granted command of a Spanish fleet to find a westward route to the Spice Islands, with the promise of a share in the profits.
- 📜 Magellan's fleet set sail in 1519 with five ships and about 260 men, including a young slave named Enrique and a Venetian nobleman, Antonio Pigafetta.
- 🛑 The fleet faced mutiny and harsh weather conditions, with Magellan suppressing the mutiny and the 'Santiago' being wrecked during the journey.
- 🚢 The 'San Antonio' abandoned the expedition, leaving Magellan with three ships to navigate through what is now known as the Strait of Magellan.
- 🌊 The Pacific Ocean proved to be vast and challenging, with the fleet losing many men to scurvy and famine before reaching land again.
- ⚔️ Magellan was killed in the Philippines while attempting to subdue a rebellious chief, leaving the expedition without its leader.
- 🗺️ After Magellan's death, the expedition continued under new leadership, eventually reaching the Spice Islands and acquiring a valuable cargo.
- 🔥 The 'Trinidad' was lost, and the 'Victoria', under Juan Sebastián Elcano, successfully returned to Spain, completing the historic circumnavigation.
- 📔 Antonio Pigafetta's detailed chronicles and the world's first phrase book of native languages provide a record of the journey and its encounters.
Q & A
What significant event did the 'Victoria' achieve on September 6, 1522?
-The 'Victoria' achieved the first circumnavigation of the globe.
Why did the Catholic Spanish rulers turn to the Pope after Columbus's discovery in 1492?
-They sought to preempt any claims by Portugal to the new lands discovered by Columbus.
What was the outcome of the dispute between Spain and Portugal regarding new territories?
-The Pope drew an imaginary line on the world map, dividing the territories between Spain and Portugal, which was formalized in the Treaty of Tordesillas.
What were the main trade routes that Spain and Portugal were interested in, and why were they valuable?
-They were interested in trade routes to the Spice Islands in today's Indonesia because the spices found there were worth many times their weight in gold.
Why did Spain decide to sail westward to reach the Spice Islands?
-Due to Portugal's control over the eastern sea routes, sailing west was Spain's only viable option.
Who was Ferdinand Magellan, and what role did he play in the Spanish armada?
-Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese defector who claimed a westward route to the Spice Islands existed. He was made captain of the Spanish armada and given resources for the voyage.
What were the names of the two notable crew members on Magellan's fleet?
-The two notable crew members were Enrique, a young slave, and Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian nobleman.
What was the outcome of the mutiny against Magellan's leadership?
-Magellan crushed the mutiny with unspeakable cruelty, maintaining his leadership over the fleet.
How did the 'Victoria' return to Spain after Magellan's death?
-The 'Victoria' continued west, piloted by Juan Sebastián Elcano, one of the pardoned mutineers, and made it back to Spain with a full cargo of cloves and cinnamon.
What is the significance of Antonio Pigafetta's journal?
-Pigafetta's journal is significant because it chronicled the lands and people they encountered and compiled the world's first phrase book of native languages, allowing us to tell this story.
What legacy did Magellan and Elcano leave behind?
-Magellan's legacy includes having galaxies and space programs named after him, while Elcano was celebrated in Spain with a coat of arms and his face on currency and stamps.
Outlines
🌏 First Circumnavigation of the Globe
The script narrates the historic voyage of the 'Victoria', which in 1522 completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, a feat that began with the departure of a fleet three years prior. The story is rooted in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal, and the subsequent Spanish quest for a westward route to the lucrative Spice Islands. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese defector, led this expedition with five ships and a crew that included a young slave named Enrique and a Venetian nobleman, Antonio Pigafetta. The journey was fraught with challenges, including mutiny, harsh weather, and Magellan's death in the Philippines. Despite these setbacks, the expedition pressed on, with Juan Sebastián Elcano eventually piloting the 'Victoria' back to Spain, fulfilling the expedition's goal and securing a profitable return.
📚 Legacy of the First Global Voyagers
This paragraph delves into the legacy of Magellan's expedition and its impact on history. Antonio Pigafetta, an obsessive chronicler, documented the journey extensively, creating the world's first phrase book of native languages and providing a detailed account of the lands and people encountered. His journal serves as the primary source for recounting this story. Magellan's name has been immortalized in galaxies and space programs, while Elcano is celebrated in Spain with a coat of arms and his image on currency and stamps. The survivors and the many who lost their lives on this expedition defied conventional wisdom and accomplished what was once deemed impossible, leaving a lasting imprint on human history.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Victoria
💡Circumnavigation
💡Treaty of Tordesillas
💡Spice Islands
💡Ferdinand Magellan
💡Mutiny
💡Strait of Magellan
💡Mar Pacifico
💡Scurvy
💡Juan Sebastián Elcano
💡Antonio Pigafetta
Highlights
On September 6, 1522, the 'Victoria' completed the first circumnavigation of the globe.
The voyage began in 1494 with the Treaty of Tordesillas, dividing new world claims between Spain and Portugal.
Spain sought westward trade routes to the Spice Islands, rich in valuable spices.
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese defector, was granted command of a Spanish armada to find a westward route to the Spice Islands.
The fleet set sail on September 20, 1519, with five ships and about 260 men, including a young slave named Enrique.
Mutiny erupted among the crew due to resentment towards their Portuguese captain, which Magellan quelled with cruelty.
The 'Santiago' was wrecked by a storm, and the 'San Antonio' abandoned the expedition to return to Spain.
Magellan's fleet discovered the Strait of Magellan, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
The Pacific Ocean proved to be vast and treacherous, with many sailors dying from scurvy and famine.
Enrique, the young slave, was instrumental in communicating with the natives upon reaching land.
Magellan was killed in battle while attempting to subdue and convert the chief of Mactan.
Enrique's suspected betrayal led to the death of 30 Spaniards, and he was freed as per Magellan's will.
The expedition continued under Juan Sebastián Elcano, one of the pardoned mutineers, after Magellan's death.
The fleet reached the Spice Islands in November 1521, acquiring a valuable cargo of cloves and cinnamon.
The 'Trinidad' sank, and the 'Victoria', under Elcano, made the difficult journey back to Spain.
Antonio Pigafetta's detailed chronicles and the world's first phrase book of native languages provide historical records of the voyage.
The successful return to Spain with a profitable cargo validated the expedition's achievements.
Magellan and Elcano are celebrated for their roles in this historic journey, with lasting legacies in space programs and national recognition.
Transcripts
On September 6, 1522,
the "Victoria" sailed into harbor in southern Spain.
The battered vessel and its 18 sailors were all that remained
of a fleet that had departed three years before.
Yet her voyage was considered a success
for the "Victoria" had achieved something unprecedented:
the first circumnavigation of the globe.
But this story really begins in 1494,
two years after Columbus's voyage on behalf of Spain.
Columbus's discovery had prompted the Catholic Spanish rulers
to turn to the Pope to preempt any claims by Portugal to the new lands.
The Pope resolved this dispute by drawing an imaginary line on the world map.
Spain had the right to claim territories west of the divide,
and Portugal to the east.
Spain and Portugal, the two major seafaring super powers at the time,
agreed to these terms in what came to be called the Treaty of Tordesillas.
At the time, these nations had their eyes on the same prize:
trade routes to the Spice Islands in today's Indonesia.
The spices found there,
which were used as seasonings,
food preservatives,
and aphrodisiacs,
were worth many times their weight in gold.
But because of Portugal's control over eastern sea routes,
Spain's only viable option was to sail west.
So when a Portuguese defector named Ferdinand Magellan
claimed that a westward route to the Spice Islands existed,
King Charles made him captain of a Spanish armada,
and gave him all the resources he would need.
Along with a share in the voyage's profits,
he granted Magellan five ships and about 260 men.
The crew included a young slave named Enrique,
captured by Magellan on a previous journey to Malacca,
and Antonio Pigafetta,
a Venetian nobleman seeking adventure.
On September 20, 1519, the fleet weighed anchor
and headed southwest.
After making landfall in what is now Brazil,
it proceeded along the coast, exploring any water way leading inland.
They were looking for the fabled passage linking east and west.
As the weather worsened,
the Spaniards resentment at having a Portuguese captain escalated.
A full-blown mutiny soon erupted,
which Magellan crushed with unspeakable cruelty.
But his problems were only just beginning.
During a reconnaissance mission, the "Santiago" was wrecked by a storm.
Then while exploring a narrow waterway,
the captain of the "San Antonio" took the first opportunity to slip away
and sail back home.
Magellan pressed forward,
and on October 21, he started exploring a navigable sea way.
27 freezing days later,
the three remaining ships emerged from what we now call
the Strait of Magellan into the Mar Pacifico.
The fleet never expected the new ocean to be so vast.
After 98 days at sea, dozens of sailors had succumbed to scurvy and famine.
When they finally reached land again,
Enrique, the young slave, proved able to communicate with the natives.
Their goal couldn't be far.
Sailing further west, Magellan was warmly received by Rajah Humabon of Cebu.
So when the ruler asked him to help subdue
and convert the rebellious chief of Mactan,
the captain readily agreed.
The adventure would be his last.
Overconfident and severely outnumbered, Magellan's force was overwhelmed,
and the native's bamboo spears ended the captain's life.
Yet the voyage had to continue.
Magellan's will specified that Enrique should be freed,
but the expedition still needed an interpreter.
With his freedom at stake,
Enrique is believed to have plotted with the Rajah
to have about 30 of the Spaniards killed at a feast on the beach.
Enrique was never heard from again,
but if he ever made it back to Malacca,
he may have been the first person to actually circumnavigate the globe.
Meanwhile, the survivors burned the Concepcion
and proceeded onward.
They finally reached the Spice Islands in November of 1521
and loaded up on precious cargo.
But they still had to return to Spain.
The "Trinidad" sank shortly after being captured by the Portuguese.
The "Victoria" continued west, piloted by Juan Sebastián Elcano,
one of the pardoned mutineers.
Against all odds, the small vessel made it back to Spain
with a full cargo of cloves and cinnamon,
enough to cover the expedition and turn a profit.
An obsessive chronicler,
Pigafetta described the lands and people they encountered.
With the help of a humble slave,
he also compiled the world's first phrase book
of native languages.
His journal is the reason we can tell this story.
Magellan's legacy lingers.
He had galaxies and space programs named after him.
Elcano, too, was celebrated in Spain
with a coat of arms and his face on currency and stamps.
United by fate, the survivors
and the hundreds who sacrificed their lives
challenged conventional wisdom
and completed a historic journey once thought impossible.
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