Minerals | Earth and Life Science
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script delves into the world of minerals, defining them as the building blocks of rocks and highlighting the significance of mineralogy. It outlines the essential characteristics minerals must possess, including being naturally occurring, inorganic, and having a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. The script also emphasizes the importance of minerals in everyday life, lists the physical properties used for mineral identification, and concludes with the steps a mineralogist takes to identify minerals, sparking curiosity about the diverse roles minerals play in our world.
Takeaways
- 🌟 Minerals are the fundamental building blocks of rocks, with the Earth's crust being composed of various types of rocks, each an aggregate of one or more minerals.
- 🔍 Mineralogy is the scientific study of minerals, and a mineralogist is a specialist in this field, focusing on the identification and properties of minerals.
- 📜 Minerals must exhibit five key characteristics to be classified as such: they are naturally occurring, inorganic, have a homogeneous solid structure, a definite chemical composition, and are crystalline in structure.
- 💎 Mineraloids are naturally occurring substances that lack crystallinity but possess chemical compositions similar to minerals, such as opal.
- 🛠️ The importance of minerals is highlighted by their widespread use in everyday life, including in glass, toothpaste, makeup, and electronics, and their essential role in human survival.
- 🌐 There are over 4,200 different minerals identified, with only about 100 being common, and rare ones like gold and silver holding significant value.
- 🎨 Physical properties of minerals, such as luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, specific gravity, crystal form, and tenacity, are crucial for their identification and classification.
- 📏 The Mohs hardness scale is a standard for measuring the scratch resistance of minerals, ranging from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond), aiding in mineral identification.
- 🔬 Specific gravity is a measure of a mineral's density relative to water, influencing whether it will float or sink, and is an important physical property for mineral identification.
- 📐 Crystal form, or habit, refers to the external shape of a mineral crystal, which is influenced by its internal structure and can be a distinctive feature for identification.
- 🔬 Tenacity refers to the cohesiveness of a mineral, with properties such as brittleness, malleability, ductility, flexibility, elasticity, and sectility aiding in the mineral's identification.
Q & A
What is the main topic of Module 3?
-The main topic of Module 3 is minerals, including their definition, importance, and physical properties.
What are mineralogists and what do they study?
-Mineralogists are scientists who study minerals, and mineralogy is the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals.
What are the five characteristics a substance must have to be considered a mineral?
-A substance must be naturally occurring, inorganic, a homogeneous solid, have a definite chemical composition, and be crystalline in structure to be considered a mineral.
What is the difference between a mineral and a mineraloid?
-A mineraloid is a naturally occurring, mineral-like substance that does not demonstrate crystallinity, unlike a mineral which must have a crystalline structure.
Why are minerals important in everyday life?
-Minerals are important because they are used in various applications such as making glass, toothpaste, coins, white paint, makeup, and electronic components.
How many minerals are there in the world, and how many are considered common?
-There are over 4,200 different minerals in the world, but only about 100 are common.
What is the term used to describe the brightness of light reflected from a mineral's surface?
-The term used to describe the brightness of light reflected from a mineral's surface is 'luster'.
What is the 'streak' of a mineral and why is it important for identification?
-The 'streak' of a mineral is the color of its pulverized powder and is important for identification because it is generally more constant than the color of the mineral itself.
What is the Mohs hardness scale, and how is it used to identify minerals?
-The Mohs hardness scale is a scale from 1 to 10 that measures the scratch resistance or durability of a mineral, with 1 being very soft and 10 being the hardest known substance, diamond. It is used to identify minerals by comparing their hardness to known standards.
What is 'cleavage' in mineralogy, and how does it differ from 'fracture'?
-Cleavage is the ability of a mineral to break along flat planes, controlled by the mineral's internal structure. Fracture, on the other hand, is the irregular breaking of a mineral without cleavage, resulting in a rough surface.
What is 'specific gravity' and how does it relate to a mineral's density?
-Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of an object to the mass of an equal volume of water. It relates to a mineral's density by providing a measure of how heavy the mineral is compared to the same volume of water.
What are the different types of tenacity in minerals, and what do they indicate?
-Types of tenacity include brittleness, malleability, ductility, flexibility, elasticity, and sectility. They indicate the mineral's cohesiveness or how it breaks, bends, or deforms when subjected to pressure or force.
What are some special properties used in identifying minerals, besides the physical ones?
-Besides physical properties, special properties used in identifying minerals include taste, odor, streaks, magnetism, double refraction, X-ray diffraction, and chemical reactions with specific substances.
What is the correct sequence in identifying minerals as used by a mineralogist?
-The correct sequence in identifying minerals is: luster, hardness, streak, color, crystal form or habit, cleavage, specific gravity, and other special properties.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Minerals and Mineralogy
This paragraph introduces the topic of Module 3, which focuses on minerals. It explains that minerals are the building blocks of rocks and that the Earth's crust is composed of various rocks, each containing one or more minerals. The term 'mineralogy' is defined as the study of minerals, and 'mineralogist' as the person who studies them. The paragraph outlines the characteristics that a substance must have to be considered a mineral, including being naturally occurring, inorganic, having a homogeneous solid, a definite chemical composition, and a crystalline structure. It also introduces the concept of 'mineraloids,' which are mineral-like substances that lack crystallinity, with opal being a notable example.
🔍 Identifying Minerals in Everyday Objects
The second paragraph delves into an activity designed to identify minerals in everyday objects such as a pencil, salt, cell phones, cars, and roads. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing the presence of minerals in various items we use daily. The paragraph also discusses the significance of minerals in our lives, highlighting their use in the creation of common products like glass, toothpaste, coins, and makeup. It mentions that humans require 16 essential minerals for survival, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The vast diversity of minerals is noted, with over 4,200 identified, but only around 100 being common, while others like gold and silver are rare.
🌈 Physical Properties for Mineral Identification
This paragraph discusses the physical properties that mineralogists use to identify minerals. It begins with 'luster,' which refers to the way minerals reflect light, categorizing them as metallic, non-metallic, glassy, or earthy. The paragraph then moves on to 'color,' noting its variability and its limited use in mineral identification due to inconsistencies. 'Streak' is introduced as the color of a mineral's pulverized powder, which is more consistent and useful for identification. The paragraph also touches on 'hardness,' using the Mohs hardness scale, and provides examples of minerals and their relative hardness.
📐 Mineral Properties: Cleavage, Specific Gravity, and Crystal Form
The fourth paragraph continues the discussion on mineral properties, starting with 'cleavage,' which is the tendency of minerals to break along flat planes. It provides examples of minerals with different cleavage planes and those without cleavage, which exhibit a 'conchoidal fracture.' 'Specific gravity' is introduced as the ratio of the density of a mineral to that of an equal volume of water, with examples given to illustrate how this property can indicate whether a mineral will float or sink. 'Crystal form' or 'habit' is discussed as the external shape of a crystal, determined by its internal symmetry, and 'tenacity' as the mineral's resistance to breaking or shaping.
🧪 Special Properties and Identification Techniques
The final paragraph covers additional special properties used to identify minerals, such as 'taste,' 'odor,' and 'magnetism.' It also mentions 'double refraction,' where certain minerals split light into two images, and 'X-ray diffraction,' which uses the pattern of X-rays deflected by a mineral to identify it. 'Chemical tests' are highlighted as a method to observe a mineral's reaction to specific chemicals, like the reaction of carbonate minerals with hydrochloric acid. The paragraph concludes with the correct sequence a mineralogist uses to identify minerals, starting with streak and ending with other properties.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Minerals
💡Mineraloids
💡Mineral Identification
💡Luster
💡Streak
💡Hardness
💡Cleavage
💡Specific Gravity
💡Crystal Form
💡Tenacity
💡Special Properties
Highlights
Lesson focuses on Module 3 about minerals, covering their definition, importance, and physical properties.
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks, with the Earth's crust composed of various rock types.
Mineralogy is the scientific study of minerals, and a mineralogist is a scientist specializing in this field.
A mineral must be naturally occurring, inorganic, and have a homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition to be classified as such.
Minerals are identified by their crystalline structure, which plays a crucial role in determining their physical properties.
Mineraloids are naturally occurring, mineral-like substances that lack crystallinity, such as opal.
An activity in the module involves identifying the type of minerals present in everyday objects like pencils and cars.
Minerals are essential in everyday life, with examples including sodium, potassium, and calcium for human survival.
There are over 4,200 different minerals in the world, with only 100 being common, and rare ones like gold and silver.
Physical properties of minerals are used for identification, including luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, specific gravity, crystal form, and tenacity.
Luster refers to how light is reflected by a mineral, distinguishing between metallic, non-metallic, glassy, and other types.
Color and streak are used to identify minerals, with streak being the color of the mineral's powder produced when scratched.
Hardness is measured on the Mohs scale, ranging from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest, like diamond).
Cleavage is the tendency of minerals to break along flat planes, with examples given for different cleavage directions.
Specific gravity compares the density of a mineral to that of an equal volume of water, indicating whether it will float or sink.
Crystal form or habit describes the external shape of a crystal or crystal group, important for identification.
Tenacity measures a mineral's cohesiveness or how it breaks, with types including brittleness, malleability, ductility, flexibility, elasticity, and sectility.
Special properties like taste, odor, magnetism, double refraction, X-ray diffraction, and chemical tests aid in mineral identification.
The sequence in identifying minerals includes observing, hardness testing, streak, luster, crystal form, cleavage, specific gravity, and other properties.
Transcripts
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our lesson is all about module 3 which
is minerals so she empress a module we
are going to discuss about the
definition of minerals
importance of minerals and physical
properties of
minerals
so this module encourages you to be
familiar
with the common rock forming minerals
using
the physical and chemical properties
so there are various activities such as
experiments
which are provided for you to perform to
strengthen your knowledge
and skills regarding the topic okay
let's start
so minerals
is said to be the building blocks of
rocks
so we all know that our earth's crust
is composed of many kinds of rocks
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and each of which
is an aggregate of one or more minerals
next
the term mineralogy
is used
in the defined
as the study of minerals and
the person who studies minerals
is what we call mineralogies
so don't forget that terms
mineralogy and mineralogies
so next we have the characteristics of
minerals a substance must have the
following characteristics or the flame
characteristics
for it to be considered a mineral and it
must be first one is naturally occurring
so what do we mean by that so when you
say naturally occurring it exists by
nature and without artificial aid
it must be formed by natural processes
meaning
a mineral cannot be man-made
manufactured or created in a laboratory
next one we have inorganic
so when a mineral is chemically
inorganic it means that its chemical
composition is without carbon
or minerals
have never been alive
and are not made up from plants or
animals so i mean or else
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next
we also have the homogeneous solid
next
definite chemical composition so all
minerals have a specific chemical
composition so it is a compound
having an orderly internal structure and
characteristics chemical composition
crystal form and physical properties
that is why
mineralogists use steps or use different
steps
in identifying physical and chemical
properties of minerals and lastly
the crystalline is structural so crystal
structure is a description
of the ordered arrangement of atoms
ions or molecules in a crystalline
material so crystalline structure
an important role in determining the
physical properties of a
mineral or material such as span
structure
and
optical transparency
so what if a specific substance need
only 3 out of 5
characteristics
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i named
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is a naturally occurring
mineral-like substance that does not
demonstrate crystallinity
the mineraloids possess chemical
composition that the body beyond the
generally accepted venges for specific
minerals
so one best example
is the
opal
so it is considered a mineraloid because
of its
non-crystalline structure so olivine
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so in this case
considered as mineral it's a mineral
like
substance
because of the absence of crystalline
structure
so in your module
there's an activity and we will identify
developing objects
and in your answer sheets
you will better need what type of
minerals are present in each of the
presented objects in the
table so i'm adding first picture is
pencil
second one is stable salt or salt
third we have
cell phone or cellular phones
fourth is car and number five is road so
so in this activity
so since
identifying an attenuation different
objects all you have to do is to
determine
minerals
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so now let us proceed to the importance
of minerals so why
minerals are
important
minerals are important because we use
them in everyday life so the neural
parts is used in making glass
graphite is used in making pencil or
lead in pencil fluoride for toothpaste
taco pyrite for coins and wiring
we have rutile and illuminite for white
paint
top and muscadine for makeup
and both silver and platinum are used in
making
[Music]
gilbert it is said to be that humans
cannot survive without minerals actually
we need 16 minerals
for us to survive
so some of which
are sodium potassium calcium magnesium
copper and
phosphorus
how many minerals are there in the world
so there are over 4 200 different
minerals but only 100 are common and
ones that are more rare
includes gold and
silver
now that we have already discussed
the importance of minerals so let us
proceed
to the properties or physical properties
of minerals
so mineralogist identifies minerals
based on its chemical and physical
properties so for today we will talk
about the different properties used in
identifying minerals
so all minerals have physical properties
that can be used to define
describe and identify them
it's at a unique minerals
let's start with the last word
so
blaster refers to the brightness of
light reflected from the minerals
surface it is the manner in which a
mineral reflects light so the main types
of blaster
are metallic and non-metallic or the
glassy or metallic so when you say
glassy it reflects light like a piece of
glass and metallic it reflects light
like a piece of metal
so we have here the non-metallic
minerals
so first we have the
adamantium so in adamantine
it has a brilliant line
structure or appearance
like diamond
next we have earthy
that is dal
next we have silky for having the shin
of itself
grizzy
having an oily appearance
we also have the arizona waxy appearance
vitreous appearance of broken glass and
snake reuse appearance of
pearl
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blind is the color
so the color of the mineral is often
variable and therefore
it's often an available power mineral
identification
so the color of a specific substance
may be helpful and first
but not clearly understandable because
color may change depending on the
surface
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the third one is the streak so streak is
the color of pulverized powder of a
mineral
so the color of the mineral may vary but
is generally constant
the color of powder produced when
mineral is grabbed against an unplaced
porcelain tape for other fine grain
heart appreciate the surface
so the color could be different from the
crystals color
and is always distinctive
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fourth one is hardness
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so it is the scratch ability
of a mineral or a minerals durability
so it uses the moss hardness scale with
a reading system of one to
10 so 1
as very soft
and 10 as the hardest substance known to
man
so the strict plate
used in identifying minerals
has
the seven
or
seven
hardness of
scale
we have here a sample in identifying the
hardness of the following
items
here are the most hardness scales so
first is
or the soft text
mineral is top
two is gypsum
three calcite
four fluoride
five appetite
six ortho clays
quartz for number seven
opus orbital for number eight
burundum for 49 and number 10
as the hardest mineral is for diamond
so we have here the
different items with corresponding
hardness scale combustion fingernails
and gypsum at calcite
second
third is still knife or cuccillion
appetite at fourth place
we have also glass with 5 to 5.5 scale
and last
strict plate number 6.5 and concern
scale of
hardness
so number five is the mineral cleavage
or
cleavage so it is the ability of a
mineral
to break when it's trapped a long plate
so we have here different samples of
minerals with
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numbers of cleavage so cleavage in one
direction is an example of muscovite
so in feldsparinoman
cleavage into direction
and
in three direction we have halide and
also calcite with
cleavage in to
direction so we also have
um a minerals
with no cleavage example is
white so
so mineral can have one thing of
cleavage
just like the biotite
third
minerals can have multiple planes of
cleavage
just like beyond fluoride
halide
and calcite
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so the way a substance breaks were not
controlled by by
cleavage so minerals with no cleavage
generally break with regular
fracture
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so if minerals break with
fractured surface
it is called concordal fracture
and this is seen in glass the igneous
wrap
oxygen and
parts
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for number six we have specific gravity
so it is the density of a
mineral so the density is equal to the
mass of an object over
the wall
so the specific gravity is the ratio of
the mass of an object to the mass of an
equal volume of
water
so
the density of pure water is equal to
one gram over
ml if the density of the object is less
than one
or lighter than water so it will flop or
substance will float
and if the density of the objects
greater than one or heavier than water
so the substance will sink so we have
here examples like quartz so parts has a
specific gravity of
2.65 grams over
ml
so galena we have 7.5 grams
and for your gold
it is equal to
19.3 grams over
ml
so we have number seven for crystal form
or
habit so crystal form is a solid
crystalline object that is bounded by a
set of flat faces that are related to
one another by
symmetry so when we say habit it is the
characteristic external shape of an
individual crystal or
crystal group
for number eight we have the tenacity so
when you say tenacity it is the measure
of a minerals cohesiveness or afternoon
so we have here different terms
in
tenacity so first one is
the brutalness
when you say brutalness it breaks or
powders easily or the mineral turns into
powder so the best example
is the fire right
again so the mineral pyrite or iron fire
right is also known as fool's gold
in the picture
gold
because it has metallic luster and pale
brass yellow you give it a superficial
resemblance to both so it is much
lighter but harder than
gold 3d it is brittle and will break
rather than bend as bulls does
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second is multiplicity
so in malleability
the substance can be hammered into thin
plates or sheets so we have here
both
so gold is one of the densest of all
metals so it is also the soft
and most malleable of the element so
just an ounce of gold could be founded
into a thin sheet that could be spread
over an area of 1000 square feet
so another term for tenacity is the
ductility so i want to say ductility so
a mineral can be stretched into wire
or can be drawn into wire so we have
here copper so copper can be formed and
stretched into complex
and intricate surfaces without breaking
to the very small diameter wires which
transmits
power
in cars computers
televisions
lighting and mobile phones only exist
because of the highly ductility and
malleability of copper
we also have flexible and
elastic
so in this minerals are bent and they
bring back to the original position so
the minerals
pins and resumes
its original position or shape when
pressure is released so our best example
for flexible and elastic is the biotite
so biotite is also called as black mica
a silicate mineral in the common mica
group
and last is sectility
it is the ability of minerals
to be is sliced by a
knife or it can be cut or shaved with a
knife so
best example for sectility is the gypsum
the gypsum is a one of example
[Music]
and
it is a soft sulfate mineral composed of
calcium sulfate dihydrate
and it is used in manufacturing wall
board cement and the lights
[Music]
for number nine
so we have here other special properties
so that includes stays
or door
creation
magnetism
double reflection
x-ray fingerprints and chemical tests so
the following are just an additional
test
used in
identifying the physical properties of
minerals so first one is taste
so few minerals have a cross
productivistic taste so just like halite
so hey life tastes like
salt
but
in taste when these applicable
minerals because
minerals
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so next one is odor few minerals have
productivistic odor so just like clay
minerals
it has early
smell
these are straight parallel lines
on the flat surface of the cleavage
direction so we have here samples or
sample images of the station
next we have
number
or
letter d is magnetism
so some minerals with large amounts
of iron oxide
are attracted to
magnets
for letter e so we have double
refraction
so it is a clear mineral or a clear
mineral place over an image will show
two images by the light being split as
it enters some crystalline
minerals so example is the
calcite
for letter f we have x-ray fingerprints
so when x-rays are directed through
minerals
the x-rays
are deflected out at the specific
pattern or specific
pattern for letter g we have chemical
test
so it says how do minerals react to
specific
chemicals so we have here
carbonate minerals or calcite
will react with hydrochloric acid
and they will face to produce carbon
dioxide or co2
gas
and last we have here the correct
sequence in identifying minerals
used by a mineralogist
so first one is
plaster so in
nothing it is a
plaster
second is hardness
by the use of most hardness scale
number three is follower
number four is trick
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number five for crystal form or habit
six four cleavage
seven for specific gravity
and last one for number eight is
the other properties so that ends our
discussion for module three
in minerals
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