PA Talks 02 – Mario Carpo (The Second Digital Turn)
Summary
TLDRIn this interview, Mario discusses the profound impact of computer-aided design and artificial intelligence on architecture. He explains how the traditional separation between design and fabrication has collapsed, allowing architects to become makers of notations directly translated into physical objects. The rise of AI and 3D printing enables unprecedented levels of detail and customization in design. Mario emphasizes the importance of a balanced architectural education, combining studio practice with classroom and lab learning, and predicts that while AI will be a valuable tool, it won't replace the need for human architects anytime soon.
Takeaways
- 🏗️ The advent of computer-aided design (CAD) has fundamentally changed architecture by collapsing the separation between design and fabrication. Architects now use the same tools for thinking, drawing, and making physical objects.
- 🖌️ Traditionally, architects were agents of notation, creating drawings and technical notations for builders to construct buildings. With CAD, architects can now also be agents of fabrication.
- 🤖 The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in architecture is shifting the role of architects from problem solvers to decision-makers, as AI can handle complex decision-making processes traditionally reserved for humans.
- 🔍 The 'second digital turn' in architecture refers to the shift towards using digital tools like 3D printing and AI, which enable more precise and granular design and fabrication at a microscopic level.
- 🔢 The concept of 'discretization' in design, or the use of discrete components like voxels, is becoming more prevalent due to the capabilities of modern manufacturing technologies like 3D printing.
- 📦 Discrete manufacturing processes like 3D printing allow for the creation of complex, high-resolution structures that would be impractical for humans to design and fabricate manually.
- 🏙️ While digital tools can solve some architectural problems, they are not relevant to all aspects of architecture. There are still many problems that are non-computational and rely on human intuition, taste, and personal choices.
- 💼 The economic feasibility of using AI and robotics in architecture is limited by the cost of these technologies compared to the relatively low cost of architectural labor, suggesting that AI will not replace architects in the near future.
- 🌟 The idea of 'starchitects' or celebrity architects is seen as an anomaly and not a goal for the next generation of architects, emphasizing the importance of focusing on good design rather than fame.
- 📚 Mario recommends that young architects should focus on a well-rounded education, combining studio work, classroom learning, and laboratory experiments to become well-trained professionals capable of competing in the global market.
Q & A
How has computer-aided design (CAD) changed the way architects think about design space, building, and the relationship between human and environment?
-CAD has fundamentally changed architecture by collapsing the separation between design and making. Traditionally, architects were agents of notation, creating drawings that builders would then translate into physical structures. With CAD, the same digital file can be used to produce both an image and the physical object itself, making architects both thinkers and makers.
What is the significance of the shift from traditional architectural practices to computer-aided design in terms of architectural profession?
-The shift signifies the end of the separation between design and making. Architects are now able to notate, represent, and fabricate at the same time, which was not possible in the traditional practice where architects made drawings and builders made the physical objects.
How does the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in architecture affect the role of architects?
-AI is increasingly being used for decision-making in architecture, which traditionally was a human task. This can lead to more informed and reasonable decisions, but it also raises questions about the extent to which AI will replace human architects in the future.
What is the 'second digital turn' in architecture, and how does it relate to the use of AI and computational tools?
-The 'second digital turn' refers to the further integration of digital technologies into architecture, including AI. It involves the use of computational tools not just for design and making, but also for solving complex problems and optimizing solutions, potentially leading to more efficient and precise architectural designs.
How does the use of 3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies influence the style of architecture, particularly in terms of 'oxidization' or 'discretization'?
-3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies have led to a style of architecture characterized by discretization, where structures are made up of individual, distinct pieces or 'voxels'. This contrasts with the smooth, subtractive style of the 90s, which was influenced by CNC milling machines.
What are the implications of the shift towards a 'discrete logic of manufacturing' in architecture?
-The discrete logic of manufacturing, where each component is individually fabricated, can become an aesthetic attribute. Architects may choose to display the technical logic of the construction process in the final design, showcasing the individual components that make up the structure.
How can the use of computational tools and AI in architecture lead to more efficient and sustainable designs?
-Computational tools and AI can optimize designs by calculating and fabricating structures at a microscopic level of resolution. This can lead to significant savings in building materials and energy, as only the necessary material is used where it is needed.
What are the potential drawbacks of mass customization in architecture, and when might it be unnecessary?
-While mass customization allows for the production of unique items at no additional cost, it may not always be necessary or desirable. For example, creating one million different glasses when a standard design works for everyone could be seen as excessive and wasteful.
How does the speaker view the future role of architects in the context of advancing digital technologies?
-The speaker believes that architects should not become complacent and should continue to learn and adapt to new technologies. However, he also emphasizes that architects should maintain their human-centric approach and not rely solely on technology for decision-making.
What advice does the speaker have for young architects regarding their education and professional development?
-The speaker advises young architects to engage in systematic learning beyond just studio work. He emphasizes the importance of a balanced education that includes design, scholarship, and scientific experimentation, suggesting that a well-rounded education is crucial for success in the field.
How does the speaker perceive the current state of architectural education and the job market for architects?
-The speaker acknowledges that the number of jobs available to architects is influenced by market fluctuations and is not solely dependent on the number of graduates produced by architecture schools. He also suggests that some architectural education programs may not be adequately preparing students for the competitive international market.
Outlines
🖥️ The Impact of CAD on Architectural Design
The speaker discusses the transformative effect of computer-aided design (CAD) on architecture, moving from a tradition of architects as notators to agents of both notation and fabrication. The advent of computers has collapsed the separation between design and making, as the same digital file can now serve as both a blueprint and a direct template for physical construction through 3D printing or milling machines. This shift challenges the Renaissance tradition where architects were thinkers, not makers, and suggests that with computational tools, architects can now represent, notate, and fabricate simultaneously. The speaker also touches on the emerging role of artificial intelligence in decision-making within architectural practice.
🔍 The Discretization Trend in Design
This paragraph delves into the concept of discretization in design, comparing it to the process of oxidation. The speaker describes how the shift from subtractive manufacturing methods, like CNC milling, to additive ones, like 3D printing, has influenced the aesthetic of design. The additive process, which builds objects from small, discrete units, has led to a style where the individual components or 'chunks' are visibly distinct, reflecting the technical process of fabrication. This is contrasted with the smooth, continuous forms produced by traditional milling machines. The speaker also discusses the implications of this for structural engineering, where computational tools can now allow for the design of components with a level of detail and customization that was previously impractical.
🛠️ The Role of Big Data and Voxel-based Design
The speaker explores the application of big data and voxel-based design in architecture, questioning the necessity and appropriateness of such detailed customization in the field. They discuss the potential for mass customization, where each item can be unique without incurring additional costs, and contrast this with the economies of scale traditionally associated with standardization. The speaker also addresses the practicality of designing at a microscopic level of resolution, which can lead to significant material savings, and the types of architectural problems for which these methods may or may not be suitable solutions.
🤖 The Future of AI in Architecture
In this paragraph, the speaker contemplates the potential impact of artificial intelligence on the future of architecture. They argue that while AI can be a powerful tool for problem-solving, particularly in quantifiable areas, it is unlikely to replace architects due to the subjective and intuitive aspects of architectural design. The speaker also highlights the economic considerations, suggesting that the high cost of AI technology compared to the relatively low cost of architectural labor makes it an unlikely candidate for replacement in the industry.
👨🏫 Advice for Young Architects
The speaker offers advice to young architects, emphasizing the importance of a well-rounded education that includes studio work, classroom learning, and laboratory experimentation. They caution against an overemphasis on the studio as the sole method of training, arguing that a combination of design, scholarship, and scientific exploration is necessary for a comprehensive architectural education. The speaker also addresses the fluctuating job market for architects, noting that it is subject to the cycles of the real estate industry and not necessarily a reflection of the quality of architectural education.
🏛️ Reflections on Architectural Education and the Profession
In the final paragraph, the speaker reflects on the state of architectural education and the profession. They express concern about models of education that fail to prepare architects for the international job market and criticize the notion of 'starchitects' as an historical anomaly rather than a goal for aspiring architects. The speaker advocates for a balanced approach to architectural training, combining creativity, scholarship, and experimentation, and encourages young architects to focus on developing a broad set of skills rather than seeking fame.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
💡Parametric Architecture
💡Second Digital Turn
💡Discretization
💡Voxel
💡Artificial Intelligence (AI)
💡Fabrication
💡Notation
💡Mass Customization
💡Structural Engineering
💡Architectural Profession
Highlights
Mario discusses the impact of computer-aided design on the architectural profession, emphasizing the shift from architects as notators to makers of notations for direct physical fabrication.
The interview explores the historical transition from traditional architectural practices to the integration of digital tools, leading to a convergence of design and making.
Mario explains how the advent of computers has imploded the separation between design and fabrication, allowing the same file to be used for both image production and object creation.
The interview delves into the role of artificial intelligence in architecture, suggesting a future where AI could assist in decision-making processes traditionally reserved for architects.
Mario introduces the concept of the 'second digital turn' and the rise of a new aesthetic characterized by the use of discrete components in design, influenced by additive manufacturing technologies.
The discussion highlights the shift from a parametric style of the 90s to the current trend of voxel-based design, reflecting the capabilities of modern fabrication tools.
Mario describes the potential for mass customization in architecture, where computational tools allow for the design of unique elements without additional cost.
The interview addresses the question of whether the new digital tools can solve all architectural problems, with Mario asserting that they are part of a broader toolkit.
Mario argues against the notion of a single 'starchitect' dominating the field, advocating for a diverse range of architects contributing to the profession.
The conversation touches on the economic feasibility of using AI and robotics in architecture, suggesting that the cost of these technologies may not yet justify their widespread adoption.
Mario emphasizes the importance of a balanced architectural education, including studio work, classroom learning, and laboratory experimentation.
The interview suggests that the role of architects in the future will not be replaced by AI, but rather augmented by computational tools that serve their creative intentions.
Mario provides advice to young architects, urging them to engage in a systematic learning process that extends beyond the studio environment.
The discussion critiques current architectural education models, suggesting that some are not adequately preparing students for the competitive international market.
Mario reflects on the fluctuating job market for architects, noting that the availability of work is not solely dependent on the number of graduates produced by schools.
The interview concludes with Mario's perspective on the future of architecture, highlighting the importance of embracing new technologies while maintaining a human-centered approach.
Transcripts
[Music]
hello dear Mario welcome to gid
foundation thanks for accepting our
interview request
this interview is organized by GED
Foundation and parametric architecture
magazine
we invited you to ask a couple of
questions around your latest book and
your latest theories about the second
digital term according to your study of
the history of architecture how do you
think this computer-aided design has
changed the way architects think about
the design space building and the
relationship between human and
environment that's a 1 million dollar
question which will take 1 million words
but in short the first fundamental
change is that architecture as we know
it or as we knew it was an act of
notation architects in the Western you
know Renaissance tradition to not make
buildings they make drawings of building
notations which we give to the builders
builders make the building we don't cut
bricks we don't like we don't cut stones
we don't just make drawings the pencil
in the humanistic tradition is the tool
of our work we have ideas with the
pencil we translate these ideas into
drawings with drawings of technical
notations with even builders but we'll
just make the building we don't because
we don't do that just make drawings this
is very of the architect which was
invented in the
which was good until a few years ago
when computers came and with computers
with separation between design and
making is imploded doesn't exist anymore
because when you have something on the
screen the same file can be used to
produce an image and to produce the
object itself the same file on the
screen is an image you put it on a 3d
printer or another milling machine and
you make the object so the notation is
at that point the representation and the
fabrication at the same time whereas
traditionally we are agents of notation
not agents of fabrication with
separation between thinkers and makers
in the Renaissance tradition we are
fingers not makers we think we do not
make makers make and we are not allowed
to think but with computers the same
tool is a tool for thinking for drawing
and for making and so this separation
which was the foundation of
architectural profession the reason why
we made drawings and not physical
objects that's not good anymore because
theoretically using computational tool
we could and we can notate represent and
fabricate at the same time now this is
the field in practice you can 3d print a
teapot you cannot be print a skyscraper
so if you build a bigger object you
still need all the you know degrees and
layers of technical separation but with
robotics even this degrees of separation
are little by little being reduced so
this is the next step but anyway that
was the first important thing we used to
be makers of drawing and now we are
makers of notations which can be used
immediately and directly for physical
fabrication this is what computers do
well computer lead computers today are
increasingly choice of artificial
intelligence and so that's another story
because we can solve problem of decision
making which traditionally we kept for
ourselves but increasingly they can be
devolved to an artificial intelligence
which is increase
be capable of making reasonable informed
decision in our state when we delegate
so phase one inherent to architectural
profession the end of a separation
between design and making phase two with
the rise of artificial intelligence but
this is not just what we are attached to
the profession for every human activity
increasingly the machines are no longer
tools for making we're becoming
increasingly tool for thinking so but
this is not going to happen overnight
that's a trend
what's a training course in your new
book you have talked about the second
digital turn and the oxidation or
maximization style in design how would
you define these terms yes in a simple
word yes box emulation of oxidization we
could even call it discrete ISM the
style of discretization so the idea but
mainly little bits and pieces chunks
pixel boxes whatever they are notated
calculated and fabricated individually
and they show as units so you can see
all the little chunks which compose the
physical object in to some extent this
is a consequence of the shift in the use
of the tools for computer-aided
fabrication because in the 90s the
driving the most common machine for
computer aided making or manufacturing
was a CNC milling machine which was a
milling machine which cars would and
takes away subtractive technology taking
matter out and they did it mostly by
following smooth lines which created a
spline a smooth style of the 90s which
we still call parametric see now we were
eyes of 3d printing a 3d printer print
each machine from subtractive to
additive technologies instead of taking
matter out matter is fabricated almost
out of nothing almost out of thin air
but it is printed out by little chunks
we
jeongsuk all voxels the way the machine
works it makes a box and then another
and then another
each box it even individually fabricated
now you could theoretically merge all
the bottle you need in a single smooth
uniform surface you can do it it's
possible but as it always and or often
happens the logic of the tool fits back
on to the mentality of the operator and
so if you are using a machine that makes
everything by little discrete piece you
may want at some point to show the
technical logical using in the object
you're making and so since the machine
by its own technical logic and nature
makes everything by little chunks at
some point it becomes reasonable and
logic to show the chunks and so and so
the discrete logic of manufacturing
becomes an aesthetic attribute because
instead of hiding it you actually
display it and so increasingly if you
use machine for almost artificial
intelligence you know it marries a piece
of something which is made of fourth
gazillion voxels meaning big number of
words yeah if we had to work that way we
couldn't because as humans we cannot
well be good but it would take forever
that's not right notate calculate and
fabricate 4 gazillion balls one by one
it's not a practical proposal because
you start today you will never end but a
machine can notate calculate and
fabricate four trillion voxels in ten
minutes
so this logic of discrete components
which we humans would never use because
it would take too long for machines it
is quite usable because machines can in
fact machines are very good computers
are making very simple operation very
many times it's what they do
arithmetics but I pursue per fast speed
and so the idea we could in a you know
in a game for a practical joke calculate
a box which is made of 27 boxes it's
possible it's a
charge game but if we want to make a
building which you've made of or an
object which is even a tip which make
the 4 gazillion voxels is we couldn't do
it computers can do it so this is a
shift between our way of thinking our
way of making and the way computers
think and make we tend to simplify
objects to make them understandable for
our you know limited capacity of
arithmetic or calculations computers
don't have those limits because we are
done but we are very fast and so they
can show the logic well they can produce
pieces of solid matter which are made of
a huge well call it excessive resolution
a huge degree of resolution it's not
excessive for them it's excessive for us
because we cannot count those voxels
computers can and so this shows it's a
style it's an aesthetic but in
engineering it is a big change because
if you think what a structural engineer
typically does well our limit up to the
degree of resolution to which we can
push our calculation of a physical
object think of a beam a
reinforced-concrete we simplify it we do
not micro design each little each little
chunk of it we could but it would take
forever computer can to limit push the
resolution of the structural object to
an almost microscopic level of
resolution and they can calculate and in
fact fabricate a beam of structural
piece where each microscopic component
it's different from all others which
means you know in a beam of reinforced
concrete we admit but concrete is the
same all over even in fact it isn't but
we have to assume for calculating it but
concrete is the same all over and the
steel the iron was still on you call it
beam rod it's best still rod it is in
fact always the same excited we tweak it
so we can take into account but here it
is a 45 degree yet is so we
admit of small variation in the steel
rod which is merged inside this is as
far as we can go beyond that it becomes
too complicated for our traditional
computational instrument because we have
to calculate everything by hand whereas
using computational intelligence and 3d
printing you can print out a beam where
each voxel is different from all apps
not accidentally but by design so you
can calculate this voxel here to be
stronger than the box next to it and the
one next to it perhaps you don't need a
box where you leave it empty and so you
can must customize the structural
component to a microscopic level of
resolution so instead of designing the
structure paradox it could be manual the
statute is already the same you design
what happens inside the structure which
is what typically we couldn't do so for
engineering this is a big change because
you can design a level of granularity
which would allow a degree of precision
in the calculation which means saving a
lot of building material for example
because where the material is not needed
you will not use it whereas
traditionally we could never even if we
could calculate it we could not notate
it in a way which was precise enough for
an artisan or even you know a fabricator
to execute it because you cannot expect
master builder to build the beam with
the precision of a serger or a dentist
if we're so precise it would be a
dentist not a Master Mason
but today with 3d printing we can print
a beam with the degree of resolution
which a dentist with the printer a
dental implant yes this can save a lot
of well work work and material resources
you know steel is expensive shouldn't
waste
what is the need of architecture today
to use big data and walks elation style
and design for what kind of architecture
problems is this method a solution for
all the problems to which it provides
solutions well I promise to which it
doesn't provide any solution and then if
you don't even try with today's
architectures I think I don't know maybe
using this kind of ornaments or very too
much detail is there any need for that
exactly exactly these are all tool of
mass customization the possibility to
micro design variations at no additional
cost but the question is do we need that
or when do we need it for example using
these technologies you could imagine but
you know this glass is probably cheap
because it is made somewhere with a mold
where the same mode is used to reproduce
1 billion identical glasses
standardization mass production
economies of scale the more identical
glasses you make the cheaper each class
will be that's the logic of Industrial
Revolution using computational tool you
could theoretically in practice we are
not yet there but in theory you could
make 1 million of these glasses all
different from every other one
1 million all different are the same
unit cost so variations would not entail
any supplemental cost is possible
assuming it's possible the question is
why on earth would you need 1 million
different glasses if this glass is good
is good for me as it is good for you as
it is good for everyone else probably we
don't need to make one get zillion
different glasses one of the founder of
inventor of the digital turn in the
nineties burn our cash as an example he
always lectures with a big pen a plastic
big pain in his hand of great product of
French consumer design and this argument
is I use I could use a 3d printer to
make this big pen customized
specifically for me
and you could do a different one
specifically for you and each one would
basket mask customize a big ballpoint
pen specific to her or him but why would
we need to do it since this big pen is
perfect and it works just fine for every
user on earth so there are cases when
mastica customization is an pleasant
solve any problem there are cases where
it solves be problems because there are
cases where one size does not fit all
a big pen it's one size which fits more
or less everyone but for example if you
need a dental implant probably one I
need is different from the one you need
it's like fingerprint but surgery is
done some of these technologies were
developed for surgical implants before
we were use at a scale of you know
engineering because if you need a knee
replacement or a hip replacement it has
to be custom-made and so using 3d
scanning and 3d printing you can
customize it more precisely and cheaper
than using traditional mechanical tools
but same for dentistry of course we have
more money than we do in the building
and construction industry because a knee
replacement is more expensive and you
know peace-offering sport concrete but
yeah thank you how good second digital
turn and voxel asian-style will change
the future of architecture for better
I'm not certain that they can but it's
one of the tools but we have at our
disposal we must try to use them because
there are there is evidence that they
solve some problems we will not solve
every problem but these tools are out
there why should we not try to make
something out of them I am certain that
many architectural problems are
completely irrelevant to computation and
computation is completely irrelevant to
many architectural questions as we were
saying yesterday in the conference in
the lecture some architectural problems
are computable when computers can help
some are non computable and when
computers cannot help but where
quantification
part of again computers are a big help
because we had to optimize the solution
has to save time money resources
renewable material minimize energy waste
etc etc all things we care about thank
you but of course architecture is way
more than that yes technological and
cultural changes and expansion of the
tools for design what do you see as the
role of Architects in future could a I
be the future are no it's not going to
happen anywhere anytime soon so this is
a debate between the designers and
architects it's gonna design for us what
I would what it's gonna do AI what is AI
well we don't know what is a I for the
time being is the tool we use but it is
not a tool but is going to replace us
for many reason but basically AI is a
problem-solving device it is good for
solving the problem of a certain degree
of complexity architecture is such a
complex problem
each architectural project has levels of
complexity but we cannot quantify
because we cannot even rationalize for
better for worse and then don't say it
is good but it is inevitable much of
what happens in the decision-making
process of an architectural design is
based on intuition feeling taste
ideology personal choices an
idiosyncratic opinions it's not
something that you can prove as in a
mathematical demonstration and in that
area of subjectivity computational tool
are perfectly irrelevant then as we said
there are many areas of pure technical
rules you know quantification where
computers are a big help but again we
shouldn't confuse instrument and
intentions computers are instruments
they are help to implementing our
intentions but intentionality is ours
instrumentality is very very our
instrument in the service of our
intentions but we don't provide
intentions intentions are ours we have
intentions computer instrument
intentionality is a Spencer mentality is
them then I have a second argument why I
don't think what artificial intelligence
going to break a promise anytime soon
artificial intelligence sticks so
expensive and architectural a belief so
cheap
but it doesn't make any sense to use an
expensive machine to replace cheap human
labor yes so you say you say robots are
not gonna kill us more expensive an
architect for the tiny well robots are
going to replace expensive profession
profession with a huge amount of added
value yes and so economic logic if there
is a surgeon whose work is paid
$1,000,000 per hour there is an
incentive to replace it with a good
computer or a good robotic hand you know
how much architectural labor cost $15
per hour so there is no incentive to
replace any of us with a computer which
is going to be way more expensive than
we are so don't worry it's an instrument
we should learn to use because it solves
many problem yeah that's already - yeah
it's a total instrument the instruments
is there intentions is here in your
guess or predictions who are the next
generation of architects who will dive
into this world and become starchitects
in other words who is the next Frank
Gehry of late 90s I hope no one becomes
a starchitect in this field no no no I
don't like there's a good profession we
do a good job you don't need to become a
stirrer
there will be good architects there will
be better architects and there will be
architects in between the stardom of
architectural profession in my opinion
is an accident of history it happens not
a precise point in time I do not know
why it happened particularly around the
turn of the millennium I mean luckily he
was a famous architect but it didn't
have in the thirties nor during the
sixties the level of stardom but some of
our friends have today
never happened before it's unprecedented
so in my opinion it's a perk it won't it
won't last
I mean I would argue that we'll have a
good reputation record busy leave the
good life
people invited him around the world and
they travel first-class and they made
some money particularly the second part
of his life that's ok you don't need to
be as well it was a start at a human
scale yes was a starchitect it made a
decent life of you know a successful
professional yeah thanks for your time
in closing may I ask what advice would
you like to share with young architects
to do a lot of work and particularly to
devote a lot of work to a systematic
learning in classroom of topics which
you do not learn in a studio because
what I see is many of our students and
colleagues the studio is becoming the
only pedagogical site for the training
of an architect everything else is
ornament that was the Bazar system a
system of a School of Fine Arts which
was eliminating the 20th century because
it proved its ineffectiveness we
shouldn't go back to that because it
already failed the 20 century great
invention was a school of architecture
where the architect is trained in
different formats one is to do based one
is classroom based and one is lab based
we must train as designer in a studio as
scholar in a classroom a scientist in a
lab we need these three pillars to be
well trained only one is not enough
that's my my ideal school as these three
pillars the studio the classroom and the
lab the studio for designing and making
creative stuff the classroom for
learning boring stuff in the stew and
the lab for making daring experiments we
need these three forms we work on these
three
modes only one it may be good for some
starchitect but for most of us it would
not work we need all three but about
today's architecture programs in
universities do you have any comment so
is it working or not
except Bartlett or a do you think it is
they are on the wrong way or on the
right way because we have a lot of
graduated architects now and they're
complaining there's no work there's no
do you think it's because of
architecture programs and universities
is there any problem number of jobs that
are available to architects does not
depend on the number of artists we
trained in the School of Architecture
real estate booms and busts all the time
and we are at the mercy of a fluctuation
of the markets there are times when
there are not enough architects on the
market and times were you know newly
graduated architects no but for five
years there will be no jobs when I came
onto the market myself there were no
jobs but feeling things saying we cannot
we cannot do much about that
concerning the level of training we
provide in schools yes there are
different models there are different
approaches some are more successful some
including the example I just provided
are in my opinion doomed because we do
not train professionals which are apt to
compete on an international marketplace
so there are winners and losers there
are some schools that are winning some
school but are losing and not going to
make any nice but don't think but some
of the big names are the winners some of
the big names I'm thinking of are
actually losers and some little schools
which have no star reputation are doing
excellent training so not everything
that looks like gold is gold something
like that it's an Italian problem so
don't be misled by the shimmering
shining appearances do you Mario thanks
for your time and we do really
appreciate the ADA foundation for
sponsoring and organizing this
Thanks thank you
[Music]
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#57 - Tim Fu: Artificial Intelligence, Zaha Hadid Architects, Building our future with AI
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