2DEcho || How to READ 2DEcho report || Echocardiography • Daily Cardiology
Summary
TLDRThis educational script delves into the interpretation of echocardiogram (ECHO) reports, detailing the significance of various heart components like mitro and aortic valves, and their abnormalities. It explains terms like MVP, mitro anular calcification, and the implications of valve regurgitation and stenosis. The script also covers chamber sizes, wall motion abnormalities, and pressure gradients, concluding with the assessment of heart function and potential conditions like hypertrophic cardiopathy and heart failure. It emphasizes consulting a cardiologist for accurate diagnosis.
Takeaways
- 🔍 An echocardiogram report provides detailed information about the heart's structure and function.
- 🌟 The mitral valve (MV) is crucial, and its normal functioning means it is anatomically normal without issues like mitral valve prolapse (MVP).
- ⚠️ Mitral valve regurgitation occurs when the valve doesn't close properly, causing blood to leak backward.
- 👴 Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is common in the elderly and involves the fibrous ring of the mitral valve.
- 📏 Mitral valve area (MVA) is measured; values below 2 cm indicate mitral stenosis, which may require repair or replacement.
- 🚀 The aortic valve (AV) is vital, and abnormalities can lead to aortic stenosis, affecting blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.
- 💔 Valve replacement surgery is indicated by the presence of a prosthetic valve, which is noted in the report.
- 🌡 The aorta's (AO) width is crucial; widths over 3 cm may indicate a life-threatening aortic aneurysm.
- 🏠 The left atrium (LA) size is noted, with dilations of over 4 cm² considered abnormal.
- 🧱 The interatrial septum (IAS) and intraventricular septum (IVS) are assessed for integrity, with defects like ASD and VSD noted.
- 💓 Left ventricular function is gauged by the ejection fraction (LVEF), with ranges indicating normal, hyperfunctioning, low functioning, or possible heart failure.
Q & A
What is the purpose of a transducer in a chest examination?
-A transducer is a device used in chest examinations to capture images of the heart and its function, which are then printed on paper for further analysis.
What does MV stand for in a heart examination report?
-MV stands for Mitro Valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
What is mitro valve prolapse (MVP)?
-Mitro valve prolapse (MVP) is a condition where the valve flaps do not fit and close properly, potentially causing blood to leak backward through the valve into the left atrium, a condition known as mitro valve regurgitation.
What does mitro anular calcification (Mac) refer to?
-Mitro anular calcification (Mac) is a chronic, progressive condition involving the fibrous ring of the mitro valve, typically seen in elderly patients.
What is the significance of MVA in a heart report?
-MVA stands for mitro valve area, which indicates the size of the mitro valve orifice. If the area goes below 2 cm, it can cause an impediment to blood flow, leading to mitro stenosis.
What does AV refer to in the context of a heart examination report?
-AV refers to the Aortic Valve, which is situated between the aorta and left ventricle. Abnormalities in the aortic valve can lead to a condition called aortic stenosis.
What is the normal width of the aorta according to the script?
-The normal width of the aorta is less than 3 cm. A width greater than 3 cm may lead to life-threatening conditions such as aortic aneurysm.
What is the significance of the left atrium (La) size in heart health?
-The normal size of the left atrium is less than 4 cm squared. A size greater than this is considered dilated, which is not normal and may indicate a health concern.
What does IAS stand for and what does its integrity signify?
-IAS stands for Inter-atrial Septum, which is the wall between the left and right atria. An intact IAS means the wall is normal, while an abnormality could indicate an atrial septal defect (ASD).
What is the normal width of the intraventricular septum (IVs)?
-The normal width of the intraventricular septum (IVs) should be less than 1 cm squared. An increase in the size of the IVs may lead to conditions such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).
What does the term 'hypokinesia' refer to in the context of heart motion?
-Hypokinesia refers to a decrease in the movement of the heart walls, indicating a reduction in the heart's pumping efficiency.
What does LVF represent and what is the normal range for it?
-LVF represents the left ventricular ejection fraction, which indicates the heart's pumping capacity. The normal range for LVF is between 55% to 70%.
What does a normal 2D ECHO report conclusion look like?
-A normal 2D ECHO report conclusion would state something like 'Normal LV and RV function, no RWMA, normal size chambers, normal valves, no MR, AR, TR, and PH.'
What is the difference between mild, moderate, and severe pulmonary artery hypertension according to the script?
-Mild pulmonary artery hypertension is indicated by an RVP between 29 to 40, moderate by an RVP between 41 to 50, and severe by an RVP greater than 50.
What is the significance of the inferior vena cava (IVC) size?
-The normal size of the inferior vena cava is between 1 to 2 cm. An increase in size suggests too much fluid in the body, which can occur in conditions like heart failure, while a collapsed IVC suggests dehydration.
What does the term 'vegetation' refer to in the context of heart health?
-Vegetation refers to masses composed of fibrin, platelets, and infecting organisms held together by antibodies, which are generally seen on heart valves in conditions like endocarditis.
Outlines
🩺 Understanding Echocardiogram Reports
This paragraph delves into the details of an echocardiogram report, a document generated after a doctor examines the heart using a transducer. It explains various heart valves, such as the mitral valve (MV), and their potential abnormalities like mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and mitral annular calcification (Mac). The report also discusses the importance of the mitral valve area (MVA) and conditions like mitral stenosis that may necessitate valve repair or replacement. Additionally, it covers the aortic valve (AV), tricuspid and pulmonary valves, and the implications of valve replacement surgery. The paragraph concludes with the significance of the aorta (AO), left atrium (La), interatrial septum (IAS), and intraventricular septum (IVS), highlighting their normal conditions and potential abnormalities such as atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
🏥 Echocardiogram: Heart Wall Motion and Chamber Dimensions
This section of the script focuses on the analysis of heart wall motion and chamber dimensions as revealed by an echocardiogram. It introduces terms like hypokinesia and akinesia, which describe reduced and absent movement of the heart walls, respectively. The walls mentioned include the anterior, posterior, lateral, inferior walls, apex, and IVS. The script then discusses the left ventricular internal diameter (LVID and LVIDs), explaining what constitutes a normal range and the implications of dilation. It also explains the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which indicates the heart's pumping capacity, and categorizes it into normal, hyperfunctioning, low functioning, and possible heart failure based on percentage values. The paragraph also touches on the right atrium and ventricle (R and RV), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAP), and pulmonary artery dimensions, concluding with the significance of pressure gradients and velocities in diagnosing valve stenosis.
🛑 Echocardiogram Conclusions and Additional Findings
The final paragraph of the script outlines how to interpret the conclusions of an echocardiogram report. It describes the conditions under which the report would indicate normal left and right ventricular function, the absence of wall motion abnormalities, and normal chamber and valve conditions. The paragraph also addresses additional findings that may be present in an echo report, such as pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, vegetation, and thrombus, which can indicate various cardiac conditions. The severity of regurgitation and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) are also discussed, with ranges provided for normal, mild, moderate, and severe conditions. The script emphasizes that the echo report is for educational purposes and advises consulting a cardiologist for accurate diagnosis.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Mitro Valve
💡Mitro Valve Prolapse (MVP)
💡Mitro Annular Calcification (MAC)
💡Mitro Valve Area (MVA)
💡Aortic Valve (AV)
💡Tricuspid Valve
💡Pulmonary Valve
💡Left Ventricle
💡Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)
💡Regional Wall Motion Abnormality (RWMA)
💡Pulmonary Artery
💡Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
Highlights
Introduction to the process of receiving and interpreting a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) report.
Explanation of the mitral valve (MV) and its normal function.
Description of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and its implications.
Mitral annular calcification (Mac) as a chronic condition affecting the mitral valve.
Details on mitral valve leaflets and their potential abnormalities.
Mitral valve area (MVA) and its importance in blood flow.
Mitral stenosis as a condition requiring valve repair or replacement.
Aortic valve (AV) and its role in aortic stenosis.
Information on tricuspid and pulmonary valves, their normalcy, and potential for replacement.
Aorta (AO) measurements and the risk of aortic aneurysm.
Left atrium (La) size and its dilation implications.
Interatrial septum (IAS) and atrial septal defect (ASD).
Intraventricular septum (IVs) and its role in ventricular septal defect (VSD).
Posterior wall (PW) and its relation to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).
Regional wall motion abnormality (WMA) and its impact on heart pumping efficiency.
Left ventricular internal diameter (LVID) and its dilation.
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and its significance in heart health.
Classification of LVEF into normal, hyperfunctioning, low functioning, and possible heart failure.
Right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) conditions and their dilation.
Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and its use in assessing right ventricular function.
Pulmonary artery (Pa) and its dilation as an indicator of pulmonary hypertension.
Inferior vena cava (IVC) size and its implications for fluid status in the body.
Pressure gradient (PG) and mean pressure gradient (MPG) in valve stenosis assessment.
Velocity measurements in mitral and aortic valves for stenosis severity.
Regurgitation and its classification based on severity in different heart valves.
Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and its relation to pulmonary artery pressure.
Other findings such as effusion, vegetation, and thrombus in echocardiogram reports.
Conclusion writing in echocardiogram reports based on normal or abnormal findings.
Transcripts
you will receive a piece of paper like
this after doctor examine your chest for
a couple of minutes with a device called
transducer and then it will be typed and
printed on paper this paper consists of
many information about heart and its
function n
abnormality there are many different
types of format for todco report but we
are choosing this one so it will be easy
for us to understand although they all
have the same
information let's start one by one at
first we have MV MV means mitro valve
mitro valve is also known as bicuspid
valve because it has to leaflets and it
is situated between left atrium and left
ventricle normal means mitro valve is
anatomically normal and well
functioning let's see
abnormality MVP means mitro valve
prolapse a prolapsed mitro valve means
that the valves flaps do not always fit
and close properly between each bead of
the heart which may cause the valve to
leak blood backward through the valve
back to the left atrium this condition
is called mitro valve
regurgitation Mac means mitrol anular
calcification mitro anular calcification
is a chronic progressive condition
involving the fibrous analy of the mitro
valve and it is generally seen in
elderly
patients to Deo also givs detailed
information about the leaflets of mitro
valve which are anterior mitro leaflet
and posterior mitro leaflet which can be
normal thicken or calcify MVA means
mitro valve area the normal area of the
mitro valve orifice is about 4 to 6 cm
and the mitro valve area goes below 2 cm
the valve causes an impediment to the
flow of blood into the left ventricle
creating a pressure gradient across the
mitro valve this condition is called
mitro stenosis that may require mitro
valve repair or
replacement next is Av AV means aortic
valve this valve is situated between
aorta and left ventricle an abnormal
aortic valve can be scerotic or calcific
and it leads to condition called aortic
stenosis the other two valves are
tricuspid valve fan pulmonary valve
tricuspid valve has three leaflets and
is situated between right atrium and
right ventricle and pulmonary valve is
situated between right ventricle and
pulmonary
artery these both valves are normal in
most of the
cases if patient had a valve replacement
surgery then there will be written
prosthetic valve in situ which means
prosthetic valve is present in heart
situ means
present next Is AO AO means aorta aorta
sends blood to all parts of the body
normal width of aorta is less than 3 cm
more than 3 cm aorta may lead to
life-threatening condition like aortic
aneurysm that may lead to aortic
rupture next is La La Means left
atrium the normal size of left atrium is
less than for cm square more than for
cenm square consider as dilated left
atrium which is not normal
next is
Ias IAS means in atrium
septum it is a wall between oper to
chambers of heart left and right
atrium intact means the wall is normal
and the abnormality is
ASD ASD means atrial sepal defect
commonly known as whole in a
heart next is
IVs IVs means intraventricular septum it
is a wall between the lower to chambers
of heart left and right
ventricles intact means the IVs is
normal and the abnormality is vssd
ventricular septile
defect between ASD and vssd ASD is more
commonly
seen the normal width of IVs should be
less than 1 cm
square next is
PW PW means posterior wall the normal
width to posterior wall is less than 1
cm increase in a WID to posterior wall
and intraventricular septum may lead to
condition called
LVH left ventricular hypertrophy which
is one of the cause of high blood
pressure next is our
WMA in full form it is regional wall
motion
abnormality it is about the movement or
motion of heart in other words it is
about how fluidly the heart is pumping
with help of all
walls most common words are here is
hypokinesia and
ainio hypo means less or decrease and
kinesia means movement so hypokinesia
means decrease movement and akinesia
means no movement at
all and the walls are anterior wall
posterior wall lateral wall inferior
wall Apex and
IVs next is LV ID and
lvids lvid means left ventricular
internal diameter and
diast an lvids means left ventricular
internal diameter and
syy the normal range for lvid is 3.5 to
5.6
cm and the normal range for lvids is 2.0
to 4.0
CM increase in a size of these are
called dilated left ventricle next is
lvf left ventricular ejection fraction
lvf represents the pumping capacity of
heart and in common words it represents
the heart
health lvef presented in
percentages lvef between 55 to 70%
consider as normal functioning heart
more than 70% tell the F consider as
hyperfunctioning heart which is not
normal this may lead to the condition
called hypertrophic
cardiopathy lvf between 40 to 55%
considered as low functioning heart ant
lvf less than 40% considered as possible
heart failure the Ino lvf is classified
as normal LV function f LV function mild
LV dysfunction moderate LV dysfunction
and severe LV dysfunction 60 to 70% lvf
is considered as normal LV function 51
to 60% LV f is considered as feral the
function 41 to 50% LV f is considered as
mild LV dysfunction 31 to 40% tvf is
considered as moderate LV dysfunction an
alv F less than 30% considered as severe
LV
dysfunction next is r and RV right
atrium and right ventricle these
Chambers are either normal or dilated
dilated ra and RV scene in right
ventricular
dysfunction next is
tapay tapay means TripIt annular plane
systolic Excursion it is study to
determine the right ventricular systolic
function tap say less than 1. for
CM considered as right ventricular
dysfunction next is Pa Pa means
pulmonary
artery pulmonary artery carries blood
from heart to lungs
and the normal diameter of pulmonary
artery is between 20 to to 28 mm
increase in a size of pulmonary artery
consider as dilated pulmonary artery
next is
IVC inferior venina Cava inferior venova
brings blood from the lower half a body
to Heart the normal size of inferior
venova is between 1 to 2
cm increase in a size of inferior venne
Cava is is called dilated IVC which
suggests too much fluid in body which
happens in a condition like heart
failure collapsed IVC suggests
dehydration and patient needs fluid
replacement next is PPG and Dam PG teak
pressure gradient and mean pressure
gradient the gradient study is to
determine the severity of valve
stenosis which happens in heart valve
disease the normal gradient value for
mitro valve is zero and for aortic valve
it is less than
five in mild stenosis the MPG for mitro
valve is between 1 to 5 and for aortic
valve it's between 6 to
25 in moderate stenosis dmpg for mitro
valets between 6 to 10 and for aortic
valet between 26 to
50 and in severe stenosis the mpg for
mitro valve is more than 25 and moric
valve it's more than
50 next is
velocity in mitro valve the velocity
during e wave should be greater than the
velocity during a wave it means the
ratio of peak velocity blood flow from
left ventricular relaxation in early
diast which is ewave to Peak velocity
flow and late diast caus biotrial
contraction which is a wave and for
aortic valve the normal velocity is one
in mild stenosis it's between 2.5 to 2.9
in moderate stenosis it's between 3 to 4
and in severe stenosis it's more than
four next is
regurgitation valve
regurgitation is a condition in which
the heart's valve doesn't close tightly
which allows blood to flow backward in
the
heart regurgitation can happen in mitro
valve aortic valve and tricuspid
valve severity of rigur itation can
classifi in Trivial mild moderate and
severe next is our
VSP our VSP means right ventricular
systolic
pressure our VSP helps to assess the
pulmonary artery pressure or pulmonary
artery
hypertension are vssp less than 28
consider as normal pulmonary artery
pressure
our VSP between 29 to 40 considered as
mild pulmonary artery
hypertension our VSP between 41 to 50
considered as moderate pulmonary artery
hypertension and our vssp more than 50
considered as severe pulmonary artery
hypertension axillary other important
information from
too first we have a fusion it means
collection of too much fluid in outer
area of organ if a fusion happens in
heart's outer area it's called
pericardial diffusion and if a fusion
happens in lung's outer area it's called
plural
effusion next is
vegetation vegetation or masses composed
the fibron plets and infecting organisms
held together by aguena antibodies
produced by the bacteria and generally
seen on heart's valve which is seen in
condition like
endocarditis
and last is
thrombus thrombus is a clot of blood
cells which can present in any chamber
of
heart conclusion if the 2D EO report is
normal then conclusion will be look like
this normal LV and RV function no R WMA
normal size Chambers normal valves no Mr
a r TR and
pH and if to De Echo is not normal then
conclusion will be written according to
report please note that this video is
only made for educational purposes
kindly consult a cardiologist before
jumping into any
conclusion for many such informative
video please like And subscribe to daily
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