Revisão PG 3° ano EM. 1° bimestre

Summary

This video provides a comprehensive review of the transition from the Medieval Age to the Modern Age, focusing on key historical shifts such as the collapse of feudalism, the rise of the bourgeoisie, and the emergence of capitalism. It explores the impact of the Renaissance in fostering technological, scientific, and cultural advancements, alongside the beginning of European expansion through maritime exploration. Key topics include the fall of Constantinople, the development of mercantilism, and the contrasting colonial practices of Spain and Portugal. The video emphasizes understanding the interconnectedness of these events in shaping the modern world.

Takeaways

• 😀 Focus on diverse study resources: Video, summaries, exercises, and class materials should all be used for studying effectively.
• 😀 Modern Age begins in 1453: The transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age is marked by the crisis of the 14th century, which includes agricultural decline, the Black Plague, and the Hundred Years' War.
• 😀 The fall of Constantinople: This event in 1453 closed vital trade routes, pushing European merchants to seek new maritime routes.
• 😀 Rise of new social classes: The death of a large part of the population during crises led to changes in the feudal social structure, enabling the rise of new merchant classes like the bourgeoisie.
• 😀 The importance of the Mediterranean: Italian merchants, especially the Genoese and Venetians, played a significant role in dominating the Mediterranean trade routes.
• 😀 Accumulation of capital: Wealth accumulated by new merchant classes laid the foundation for the development of capitalism, leading to the birth of the bourgeoisie.
• 😀 Technological development and the Renaissance: The Renaissance sparked scientific and artistic advancements that were linked to criticisms of the Church's influence, setting the stage for new ways of thinking.
• 😀 Mercantilism: This economic system emerged as a response to the decline of feudalism, emphasizing the importance of acquiring wealth through trade and colonies.
• 😀 The Age of Exploration: European nations, driven by mercantilism, began exploring new routes, leading to the great maritime explorations and discoveries.
• 😀 Colonial impact: The Spanish and Portuguese used different approaches in colonizing the Americas, with the Spanish relying heavily on indigenous labor and the Portuguese focusing on a plantation system with hereditary land grants.

Q & A

What event marks the beginning of the Modern Age?

The Modern Age begins in 1453, with various factors contributing to the end of the Middle Ages, including the crises of the 14th century like the Black Plague, the Hundred Years' War, and the crisis of feudalism.

How did the Black Plague contribute to the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age?

The Black Plague, along with the other crises, caused a significant loss in population, leading to the collapse of feudal structures and altering the social hierarchy. This paved the way for a new social order and eventually led to the rise of new classes, particularly the bourgeoisie.

What was the role of the fall of Constantinople in the shift to the Modern Age?

The fall of Constantinople in 1453 closed vital trade routes, especially the Silk Road, prompting European merchants to seek new maritime routes. This eventually led to the rise of Italian city-states like Genoa and Venice dominating Mediterranean trade.

What was the significance of the expansion of maritime trade during the early Modern Age?

The expansion of maritime trade was crucial as it allowed European merchants, particularly the Venetians and Genovese, to gain control over Mediterranean commerce. This shift from land-based to sea-based trade was part of the broader transition towards capitalism.

How did the rise of the bourgeoisie contribute to societal changes in the Modern Age?

The bourgeoisie, a new social class born out of the accumulation of wealth by merchants, gained significant political and economic power. This class played a crucial role in the development of capitalism and the cultural changes seen during the Renaissance.

What is meant by the term 'primitive accumulation of capital'?

Primitive accumulation of capital refers to the initial phase where wealth is accumulated by the merchant class, often through trade, exploitation, or other forms of accumulation. This wealth would later fuel the rise of capitalism.

How did the Renaissance influence the scientific and technological developments of the time?

The Renaissance fostered a cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized humanism, leading to advancements in science, technology, and art. The rise of the bourgeoisie funded these developments, which in turn contributed to the expansion of maritime trade and exploration.

What was the role of mercantilism in the establishment of European colonies?

Mercantilism was a system where European powers sought to amass wealth by controlling trade and resources, particularly through colonization. Colonies were established to extract natural resources and exploit indigenous populations for labor.

How did the Spanish and Portuguese colonization differ in the Americas?

Spanish colonization involved the establishment of viceroyalties and heavy reliance on indigenous labor, often through exploitation. In contrast, Portuguese colonization in Brazil used a system of hereditary captaincies and focused more on agricultural production, relying on slave labor.

What was the significance of the Protestant Reformation in relation to the Renaissance?

The Protestant Reformation, which began in 1517 with Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church, was directly linked to the Renaissance's critical approach to the church. It reflected a broader shift away from the church's authority, contributing to the intellectual and cultural changes of the time.