Monkeypox Virus | Introduction #worldhealthorganization

Summary

Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease first identified in 1958, is caused by a virus primarily transmitted from infected animals to humans, notably rodents. Although its origins are in Africa, outbreaks have spread globally, including a notable case in the USA in 2003. Symptoms resemble chickenpox but are distinguished by lymphadenopathy. The virus is diagnosed using PCR tests, and while there's no specific treatment, Tecovirimat shows promise. Preventive measures include vaccination against smallpox, which is 85% effective against monkeypox. Proper precautions are essential for healthcare workers and families to minimize transmission risk.

Takeaways

• 🦠 The monkeypox virus was first discovered in 1958 among monkeys used for research.
• 👥 The first human case was identified in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• 🐭 Monkeypox primarily spreads from rodents to humans, not monkeys.
• 🧬 The virus is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus.
• 🌍 There are two main genetic clades of the monkeypox virus: Central African and West African.
• 💔 The Central African clade has a higher fatality rate compared to the West African clade.
• 🦠 Monkeypox can spread through direct contact with infected animals, body fluids, or skin lesions.
• 👶 Human-to-human transmission can occur through respiratory droplets or close contact, including from mother to baby.
• 🩺 Initial symptoms resemble those of chickenpox and smallpox, with lymphadenopathy being a distinctive feature.
• 🧪 PCR tests are recommended for diagnosis, while antigen and antibody tests are not advised due to potential inaccuracies.

Q & A

What is monkeypox and how did it get its name?

Monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which was first discovered in 1958 in monkeys used for research. The virus was named after these initial findings.

When was monkeypox first detected in humans?

Monkeypox was first detected in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

What are the two distinct genetic clades of the monkeypox virus?

The two distinct genetic clades of the monkeypox virus are the Central African clade and the West African clade.

How does monkeypox primarily spread to humans?

Monkeypox is believed to spread to humans primarily through direct contact with infected animals, particularly rodents, as well as through human-to-human transmission.

What are the main symptoms of monkeypox?

The main symptoms of monkeypox include fever, intense headache, lymphadenopathy, back pain, myalgia, and intense asthenia, followed by a rash that develops from macules to papules and then to crusts.

How is monkeypox diagnosed?

Monkeypox is diagnosed using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests, with samples collected from the surface of skin lesions or lesion fluid. Blood samples are not recommended due to the short duration of the virus in the blood.

What precautions should healthcare workers take when handling monkeypox cases?

Healthcare workers should take extensive precautions, including proper training, vaccination against smallpox, and careful handling of samples to reduce the risk of infection.

Is there a specific treatment available for monkeypox?

Currently, there is no specific treatment for monkeypox, but Tecovirimat (ST-246), an antiviral drug for smallpox, has been licensed for monkeypox based on trials.

Can smallpox vaccination prevent monkeypox?

Yes, smallpox vaccines are shown to be about 85% effective in preventing monkeypox, so prior vaccination may help prevent the disease or reduce its severity.

What is the typical duration of monkeypox symptoms?

The symptoms of monkeypox typically last from 2 to 4 weeks.