ANA FRANK | La HISTORIA REAL de la escritora Ana Frank, su diario y el anexo secreto | Biografía

Summary

El video narrativa la historia de Anne Frank, una joven escritora judía que, a los 15 años, fue asesinada por los nazis. Su diario, escrito durante 25 meses de ocultación en Ámsterdam con su familia y otros, se convirtió en un documento simbólico del Holocausto. El vídeo también muestra imágenes del Anne Frank House, ahora un museo, y detalla la biografía de Anne, su vida en el escondite, las dificultades y la eventual captura y muerte en los campos de concentración. Además, explora el impacto y la importancia de su diario publicado post mortem.

Takeaways

• 📔 Anne Frank es una figura icónica de la Shoá y su diario es uno de los documentos más simbólicos de la persecución de los judíos por los nazis.
• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👧 Anne Frank nació en 1929 en Frankfurt, emigró a Amsterdam con su familia en 1933 y escondió con ellos y otros en el Ático Secreto durante 25 meses.
• 🏠 El Ático Secreto, localizado en la ciudad de Ámsterdam, se ha convertido en un museo que recibe a más de un millón de visitantes anualmente.
• 📖 El diario de Anne Frank ha vendido más de 35 millones de copias desde su publicación en 1947 y ha sido traducido a más de 70 idiomas.
• 🖋️ Anne comenzó a escribir en su diario dos días después de recibirlo como regalo de cumpleaños cuando tenía 13 años.
• 🕍 La familia Frank, junto con la familia Van Pels y Fritz Pfeffer, vivía en un espacio de 50 metros cuadrados en tres plantas, con muchas restricciones para no ser descubiertos.
• 🚨 El 4 de agosto de 1944, Anne y los otros en el Ático Secreto fueron arrestados por agentes nazis y llevados a campos de concentración.
• 🌿 Anne Frank murió en el campo de concentración de Bergen-Belsen en febrero de 1945 a causa de una enfermedad, probablemente la fiebre tifoidea.
• 📚 El diario original de Anne Frank fue encontrado por los protectores Miep Gies y Bep Voskuijl y entregado a Otto Frank, quien lo publicó póstumamente.
• 🏛️ El museo Anne Frank en Ámsterdam conserva la memoria del hogar y la historia de Anne y la familia, así como el contexto histórico de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el Holocausto.

Q & A

¿Cuál es la obra literaria simbólica de la historia de Anne Frank?

El diario de Anne Frank es una de las obras literarias más simbólicas de la historia, ya que detalla su vida en el escondite durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el Holocausto, convirtiéndose en un testimonio poderoso de lo que sufrieron los judíos bajo el régimen nazi.

¿Cuántos meses estuvo escondida Anne Frank con su familia?

Anne Frank estuvo escondida con su familia durante 25 meses.

¿En qué ciudad se encuentra la Casa de Anne Frank?

La Casa de Anne Frank se encuentra en Ámsterdam, en los Países Bajos.

¿Quiénes fueron los protectores de la familia Frank durante su ocultación?

Los protectores de la familia Frank fueron Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman, Miep Gies, Jan Gies, Bep Voskuijl y Johan Voskuijl.

¿Qué instrumento de escritura utilizó Anne Frank para documentar su vida en el escondite?

Anne Frank utilizó un diario como instrumento de escritura para documentar su vida en el escondite.

¿Qué le sucedió a Anne Frank y a su familia después de ser encontradas por los nazis?

Después de ser encontradas por los nazis, Anne Frank y su familia fueron arrestadas y llevadas al campo de concentración de Auschwitz-Birkenau, donde Anne y Margot murieron de enfermedades en el campo de Bergen-Belsen, mientras que su padre Otto Frank sobrevivió.

¿Cómo murieron Anne y Margot Frank en el campo de concentración?

Anne y Margot Frank murieron de enfermedades, probablemente la fiebre tifoidea, en el campo de concentración de Bergen-Belsen.

¿Qué se hizo con el diario de Anne Frank después de su muerte?

El diario de Anne Frank fue encontrado por los protectores Bep Voskuijl y Miep Gies, y finalmente entregado a Otto Frank, su padre, quien lo publicó postumamente en 1947.

¿Qué se simboliza dejar las habitaciones del Ático Secreto sin muebles o objetos?

Dejar las habitaciones del Ático Secreto sin muebles o objetos simboliza la vacuidad quedó tras los que se escondieron de los nazis, y representa todo lo que experimentaron durante su estancia en el escondite.

¿Qué se sabe sobre la persona que podría haber delatado a la familia Frank y los otros ocultos?

Todavía no se sabe con certeza quién delató a la familia Frank y a los otros ocultos; existen varias teorías, pero ninguna ha sido confirmada por documentos o investigaciones concretas.

¿Qué se puede ver en la Casa de Anne Frank durante una visita?

En una visita a la Casa de Anne Frank, los visitantes pueden ver el Ático Secreto, así como una sección que explica la historia de la familia y el contexto histórico del Holocausto y la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Outlines

00:00

📔 La historia de Anne Frank y su refugio secreto

Este párrafo introduce la historia de Anne Frank, una joven escritora judía que fue asesinada por los nazis a los 15 años. Se menciona su diario, 'El diario de Anne Frank', como un documento simbólico de la Shoá. Además, se relata la biografía de Anne, desde su nacimiento en 1929 en Frankfurt hasta su llegada a Amsterdám en 1933, y la preparación del escondite por parte de su padre, Otto Frank, con la ayuda de amigos y empleados.

05:06

🎁 El último cumpleaños de Anne y el inicio de su confinamiento

Anne Frank recibió un diario como regalo de cumpleaños en 1942, y comenzó a escribir en él dos días después. El 5 de julio de 1942, la familia Frank se escondió en las oficinas de la empresa de Otto Frank, en el edificio de 263 Prinsengracht, en Amsterdám, debido a una llamada deMargot a un campo de trabajo nazi. Con la ayuda de seis personas, la familia y el familia Van Pels lograron esconderse durante dos años. Se mencionan los detalles de los protectores y su rol en el escondite.

10:07

🏠 La descripción del escondite y la vida en el Secret Annex

El escondite, conocido como el Secret Annex, tenía 50 metros cuadrados repartidos en tres plantas. Se describe la distribución de las habitaciones y las reglas de vida impuestas por la situación de guerra, como el silencio durante el día y la movilidad solo por la tarde. Se relata la llegada de tres personas adicionales al escondite, incluyendo a Peter van Pels y su familia, y cómo Anne y Peter comenzaron a desarrollar una relación.

15:10

📝 La escritura como refugio y la llegada de Fritz Pfeffer

Anne Frank encontró en la escritura un medio para escapar de su situación y expresar sus sentimientos. A pesar de las limitaciones, Anne mantuvo sus estudios y desarrolló otros intereses como la lectura y la decoración de su habitación. En noviembre de 1942, un dentista llamado Fritz Pfeffer se unió al grupo en el escondite, aportando una dinámica nueva y un conflicto con Anne por el uso del espacio.

20:13

🚨 Las amenazas y la vida cotidiana en el Secret Annex

A pesar de los riesgos, la vida en el escondite continuó con sus altibajos, incluyendo las preocupaciones por la salud de los protectores y las incursiones de ladrones en el edificio. Anne y los otros ocultos tenían que mantenerse en silencio y en su habitación durante las horas peligrosas, lo que les obligaba a leer y estudiar en lugar de moverse por el edificio.

25:16

💔 La traición y el arresto en el Secret Annex

El 4 de agosto de 1944, las fuerzas nazi arrestaron a los ocho ocultos en el Secret Annex. Se especula sobre quién pudo haberlos delatado, pero la verdad no se conoce. Dos de los protectores también fueron arrestados, aunque sobrevivieron. Los nazis no solo arrestaron a los ocultos, sino que también a los protectores, aunque algunos lograron escapar o fueron liberados posteriormente.

30:19

🌍 La deportación y los últimos días de Anne Frank

Después de ser arrestados, los ocultos fueron llevados primero al campo de concentración de Westerbork y luego a Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot, Edith y Auguste fueron separadas de los hombres y forzadas a trabajar. Hermann, Peter y Fritz murieron en diferentes campos de concentración. Anne y Margot fallecieron en Bergen-Belsen de enfermedades, solo unos días antes de su liberación. Edith murió en Auschwitz y Auguste en circunstancias no claras.

35:23

📖 La legación de Anne Frank y su impacto mundial

El diario de Anne Frank, encontrado por los protectores Bep Voskuijl y Miep Gies, fue entregado a Otto Frank, quien lo publicó editando y adaptando ciertas partes. El diario ha sido traducido a más de 70 idiomas y ha tenido un impacto significativo en la concienciación sobre el Holocausto y la importancia de la tolerancia y la empatía. El Anne Frank House en Amsterdám es un lugar de conmemoración y educación que recibe a más de un millón de visitantes cada año.

Keywords

💡Anne Frank

Anne Frank fue una joven escritora judía nacida en 1929 que, a los 15 años, fue asesinada por los nazis. Su diario, "El diario de Anne Frank", se ha convertido en uno de los documentos más simbólicos del Holocausto, reflejando las experiencias de los judíos durante la ocupación nazi. En el video, se narra su vida y su escondite con su familia en lo que hoy conocemos como la Casa de Anne Frank en Ámsterdam.

💡Holocausto

El Holocausto fue un genocidio sistematico perpetrado por el régimen nazi alemán durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en el que se murieron aproximadamente seis millones de judíos. En el video, se menciona el Holocausto como el evento histórico que conecta la historia de Anne Frank y su familia con la sufrimiento de millones de personas.

💡Casa de Anne Frank

La Casa de Anne Frank es el lugar en Ámsterdam donde Anne y su familia se escondieron durante 25 meses para evitar ser capturados por los nazis. Actualmente, esta casa es un museo que recibe a más de un millón de visitantes al año, y se ha convertido en un lugar de conmemoración y educación sobre el Holocausto.

💡Diario de Anne Frank

El "Diario de Anne Frank" es una obra publicada póstumamente que contiene los registros escritos por Anne Frank mientras estaba escondida con su familia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este diario se ha convertido en un símbolo de la resistencia y la esperanza, y ha sido traducido a más de 70 idiomas, llegando a ser una de las publicaciones más vendidas en la historia.

💡Escondite

El escondite se refiere al período de tiempo durante el cual Anne Frank y su familia se ocultaron en la Casa de Anne Frank para evitar ser capturados por los nazis. Este escondite duró 25 meses y fue posible gracias a la ayuda de amigos y empleados holandeses que arriesgaron sus vidas para protegerlos.

💡Protegedores

Los protectores son aquellos individuos que, arriesgando sus vidas, ayudaron a la familia Frank y a otros a esconderse de los nazis durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En el caso de Anne Frank, su padre Otto Frank, junto con sus amigos y empleados holandeses, fueron los principales protectores que les permitieron esquivar la captura.

💡Joven escritor

Anne Frank se describe a sí misma como una joven escritora, ya que a través de su diario expresó sus pensamientos, emociones y experiencias durante el escondite. Su deseo de convertirse en una escritora y su talento literario son centrales en la historia y en el mensaje de su diario.

💡Diario

El diario se refiere a los textos escritos por Anne Frank durante su escondite, que posteriormente se convirtieron en "El diario de Anne Frank". Este diario no solo es una fuente valiosa de testimonio histórico, sino que también proporciona una visión íntima de la vida y los pensamientos de Anne durante el Holocausto.

💡Resistencia

La resistencia se refiere a las acciones tomadas por individuos o grupos para luchar contra una opresión o un régimen opresivo. En el contexto del video, la resistencia se manifiesta en la forma en que Anne Frank y su familia, junto con sus protectores, se esforzaron por sobrevivir y resistir a la persecución nazi.

💡Genocidio

El genocidio es la eliminación sistemática e intencional de un grupo étnico, racial o religioso. En el video, el genocidio se refiere específicamente al Holocausto, donde los nazis asesinaron a seis millones de judíos como parte de su política de exterminio.

💡Libertad

La libertad se refiere al estado de no estar sometido a la opresión o control de otra persona o grupo. En el contexto del video, la libertad es un tema central, ya que Anne Frank y su familia perdieron su libertad al tener que esconderse de los nazis, y Anne expresó su deseo de recuperarla a través de su diario.

Highlights

Anne Frank, a young writer, was murdered by the Nazis at the age of 15.

Anne and her family hid from the Nazis for 25 months in a secret refuge.

The Diary of Anne Frank is a symbolic document of the Holocaust.

Anne Frank's diary has sold more than 35 million copies since its publication.

The Anne Frank House in Amsterdam is now a museum that captures a special energy.

Anne Frank was born in 1929 into a liberal Jewish family and emigrated to Amsterdam due to the rise of Hitler.

Anne's father, Otto Frank, established a Dutch subsidiary of a German company after moving to Amsterdam.

Anne had to change schools to the Jewish Lyceum due to Nazi anti-Jewish measures.

Otto Frank prepared a hiding place for his family in the Secret Annex with the help of Dutch friends and employees.

Anne received a diary on her 13th birthday, which she used to document her experiences in hiding.

The family went into hiding ten days earlier than planned after Margot received a summons from the SS.

Six people risked their lives to help the Frank family and others remain hidden from the Nazis.

Anne Frank's legacy lives on through her diary, which has been translated into more than 70 languages.

The Anne Frank House in Amsterdam receives over a million visitors annually.

Anne Frank's diary was published posthumously by her father, Otto Frank, fulfilling her dream of becoming a writer.

The Secret Annex has been left empty to symbolize the emptiness left by those who hid from the Nazis.

Anne Frank's story serves as a reminder of the atrocities of the Holocaust and the importance of humanity.

Transcripts

Welcome, curious minds! Do you know the story of the young writer Anne Frank,

who at the age of 15 was murdered by the Nazis? Would you like to know the secret refuge where she and

her family remained hidden for 25 months? So join us on this journey.

Beyond its literary value, 'The Diary of Anne Frank' is one of the most

symbolic documents of the Holocaust that the Jews suffered at the hands of the Nazis. Because

telling personal stories helps us to give dimension to what millions of

people suffered. “I will make my voice heard, I will go out into the world and work for humanity!”

Anne Frank wrote in her diary on April 11, 1944, and it is clear that her voice has reached us.

Since the newspaper's publication in 1947, more than 35 million copies have been sold.

In this video we will also show you images of the secret rooms of the Anne Frank House

in Amsterdam, which is now a museum. I visited it a few years ago and the truth is that

a very special energy is captured in the place. We are very grateful to the museum for letting us

have these images, since photos or videos cannot be taken during visits.

But, first of all, let's review the biography of our protagonist today. Annelies Marie Frank

was born on June 12, 1929 in Frankfurt, into a liberal Jewish family. Her

parents were Otto Frank and Edith Holländer, and she had a sister, Margot, three years older than her.

When in 1933 Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party

seized power, Ana's parents understood that there was no future for them in Germany.

And it is not surprising given the anti-Semitic discourse of the Nazi authorities,

who used terms such as “plague”, “vermin” or “rats” to refer to Jews.

So that same year, the Frank family decided to emigrate to Amsterdam. The first

to settle there was the father, Otto, to start up a company that was

a Dutch subsidiary of a German company. They manufactured and distributed Opekta, a product

used in making jam. A couple of months later his wife,

Edith, arrived to look for a house. Meanwhile, his daughters stayed with one of their grandmothers

in Aachen, a spa town near the German border with Belgium and the Netherlands.

In January 1934, with the arrival of Ana, who was then 4 years old,

the whole family was reunited. That same year,

the girl entered a Montessori school, but, after the summer of 1941, at the age of 12, she

had to change schools and leave all her friends behind to, together with her sister Margot,

join the Jewish Lyceum, a new school, since by then Germany had already invaded the

Netherlands and Jewish children were forbidden to go to the same schools as non-Jewish ones.

At the head of the country, Hitler had placed an Austrian Nazi, Arthur Seyss-Inquart,

who in an anti-Semitic speech in March 1941 already made his intentions very clear:

"We are going to attack the Jews wherever we can attack them," he said. And whoever helps them

will also be seriously affected.” The issuance of anti-Jewish measures was constant in Amsterdam.

Practically every week a new one emerged that further restricted the freedoms of that community.

And, even more serious, also in 1941, the Nazis began to arrest Jews – some were

friends or acquaintances of Otto – to send them to the Mauthausen concentration camp

in Austria. After a time news came that they had died.

As the situation had been getting worse and worse for the Jews in the Netherlands,

Otto Frank, in anticipation of even worse times and since it had been

impossible for him to obtain the necessary documents to emigrate to the United States with his family,

had been preparing a hiding place. He had done it together with his Dutch friends and employees

Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman. And also with his German friend Hermann van Pels,

Otto's Jewish employee at his second company, Pectacon, specializing in

herbs and spices. Van Pels' family had planned to hide in the same shelter.

Anne Frank's last birthday at her home in Amsterdam was in 1942,

when she turned 13. And it was that day when she received, among other gifts, a diary that she

herself had chosen after seeing it in the window of a bookstore in Amsterdam. The cover was

adorned with red and white squares, and on it she wrote: "I hope I can trust you with everything

as I have never done with anyone and I hope you will be of great help to me." She considered it one of

the best gifts she had ever received. She started writing on it two days after his birthday.

It was on July 5, 1942 that everything came crashing down for her family. Margot received a summons from

the SS to join a labor camp in Germany. She couldn't refuse to go or she would be arrested.

So the next morning, ten days earlier than planned, through a note the Franks

informed their tenant, a certain Goldschmidt from whom they had rented a room,

that they were leaving, leaving what had been their home. No suitcases, since that might

draw the attention of the police, so they were covered in several layers of clothing. On foot,

with a Star of David on their chest that prevented them from taking any kind of transport,

they went to the building where Otto had the offices of his two companies,

at 263 Prinsengracht, located in front of one of the main canals of Amsterdam.

There, on the second floor, at the back of the building, Otto had fitted out the

rooms in which they would try to hide and which we now know as the House Behind or

Secret Annex. And for two years they succeeded. Thanks to the help of these six people,

who risked their lives to prevent them from being found by the Nazis.

Jan Gies. The only one who didn't work for Otto. He was a social worker,

as well as a member of the Dutch resistance, and he was listed as the director of Pectacon, as we have

said Otto Frank's company, but he was only a director on paper. And it is that in 1941,

after the Nazis prohibited Jews from being owners of companies, Jan lent a hand to Otto

by founding, together with Victor Kugler, another of the protectors of the Frank family, the

successor company of Pectacon, which passed to be called Gies & Co. In this way, they prevented the

German occupation forces from requisitioning Otto's company. Jan often visited them in the Secret

Annex and was the one who was in charge of getting the ration cards and bringing them books.

Then there were the four people who worked in the offices at 263 Prinsengracht.

Miep Gies. Jan's wife. The only Austrian of the six; all the others were Dutch.

Miep was in charge, among other things, of taking the provisions,

meat and vegetables, and also books from the library to those in hiding. And, as we will see later, she

played a fundamental role in the preservation of Ana's diary.

Johannes Kleiman. Otto's right hand. He was the one who gave him the idea to prepare a hiding place in

the back of the offices. From 1941 he was listed as director of Opekta,

although Otto remained in command de facto. He was also in charge

of issues such as carrying insecticides when there was a flea infestation in the Secret Annex.

Victor Kugler. In addition to keeping Opekta and Gies & Co. going,

he often took magazines and newspapers into hiding.

Bep Voskuijl. Secretary and the youngest of the six, at 23 years old. She

was in charge of meeting the needs of the clandestine. Thus, she made sure

that they had milk and bread. And she even provided them with courses: she enrolled

in a Latin correspondence course that was actually for Margot, Ana's sister.

And the group of six protectors was completed by Johan Voskuijl,

Bep's father. He worked in the warehouse, on the ground floor. He was attentive so that his

colleagues in the warehouse would not notice the presence of those in hiding, and every morning he

discreetly took care of making the residues that they left disappear.

Returning to the Frank family, it is striking that Otto had to hide from the Nazis

when he had fought alongside his compatriots, the Germans, in the First World War.

He participated, for example, in the bloody battle of the Somme, in 1916, and after being appointed sergeant,

in 1918 he was promoted to lieutenant. But the fact that he had shown his patriotism

in that world war did not stop Hitler's men in pursuit.

Barely a week after the Franks moved into the Secret Annex,

as planned, three more people arrived at the shelter: Hermann van Pels; his wife,

Auguste; and his son, Peter, who was 15 years old. He appeared with his cat, Mouschi,

something that surely did not sit well with Ana, whose parents had forced

her to leave behind her, Moortje, so that his neighbors could take him in. The mother, Auguste,

amused Ana because she showed up with a chamber pot in a hatbox,

since without it, Mrs. Van Pels claimed, she did not feel at home. At first Ana barely

had a relationship with Peter, who was quite shy. But that, as we shall see, has changed.

The hideout had 50 square meters spread over three floors. As you entered,

to the left, was Edith and Otto's bedroom, and next to it was Ana and Margot's,

this one barely 7 square meters. To the right, the bathroom the seven shared, with

a sink and toilet. Going up some very steep stairs, the Van Pels room,

which during the day served as a living room for everyone and a kitchen, since it had a sink

and a stove because Kugler used to have his laboratory there. During the entire period in which they

were hidden in this room they listened to the radio together, always hoping to finally

receive good news, such as the one that arrived on June 6, 44 with the hopeful landing

of the allies in Normandy or the different, although unsuccessful, attacks against Hitler. Next

to the room of the Van Pels couple was the one used by their son, Peter, very small and with

a ladder that went up to the attic. At the top of the Secret Annex there was also an attic.

When the activity of the rest of the world began around them,

they had to remain in a kind of invisible bubble. Everyone knew that

between 8:30 and 9 in the morning they had to remain completely silent, since at

that time the warehouse workers began their work day on the ground floor.

The Franks and the Van Pelses couldn't even use the bathroom at the dangerous hours,

since the drain ran through the warehouse; not even walking,

not to make noise, so they used to take advantage of those moments to read. And, starting at 9 o'clock,

which was the time at which their four protectors joined their posts in the office,

they could finally lead a somewhat calmer life, but always keeping more or less silence. They

took advantage of the moment when the store boys went out to eat,

to eat themselves in their hiding place. And, starting at a quarter to six in the evening,

when all the employees left, they could come out of hiding and move

around the building. In fact, Otto and Hermann continued to work for Opekta and Gies & Co:

they worked in the evenings and on weekends.

That same summer of 1942, as the Dutch population did not want to hand over their bicycles to

the Nazis and the clandestine and their protectors feared that, in a search of the building, they would

find the hiding place, Victor Kugler proposed placing a revolving shelf to hide

the access door to the Secret Annex. It was commissioned to manufacture by Johan Voskuijl, who was very handy.

Meanwhile, Anne, along with Margot and Peter, continued as best she could with her studies in

shorthand, French, German, mathematics, history... By the way, history was

her favorite subject. Although that situation of confinement was very complicated for the young woman,

she tried to find ways to escape: and writing helped her a lot. “It seems to me that

the best thing of all,” she explained in her diary on March 16, 1944, “is that what I think and feel,

at least I can write. Otherwise, I would completely suffocate.”

Among her hobbies, in addition to reading, was cutting photos from magazines that

her protectors brought her to decorate the walls of her room with them. In fact,

Ana was already collecting postcards and photos of movie stars before she had to go into hiding.

The young woman wanted to become a journalist and later become a famous writer.

In November 1942, the seven hidden in the shelter were joined by an acquaintance of the

Franks and a friend of the Gies couple, the dentist Fritz Pfeffer. His story is very curious: he

was divorced and engaged to a Catholic named Charlotte Kaletta. They

had been unable to marry due to German racial laws. After the famous and sad

Night of Broken Glass, he decided to run away with his girlfriend to the Netherlands. But they

were not allowed to marry there either because German law governed due to an old

treaty. He wanted to leave the Netherlands with Charlotte, apparently to Chile,

where he wanted to work as a horse breeder. That's why I studied Spanish. But unfortunately,

his passport had expired. His partner did not need to hide because, not being Jewish, she was not in

danger; and, furthermore, she did not know that Fritz was still in Amsterdam, because he preferred not to tell her.

After the dentist arrived, Margot went to her

parents' room and Ana had to share a flat with that man, the same age as her father.

Of course, there was friction between the two, because Ana, in addition to being intelligent,

was a young woman with character who fought for what she considered fair:

for example, for the distribution of hours at the only desk in her room. In fact,

there were often arguments in the house, and not only between Ana and the others -everyone insisted on

reprimanding her, not only her mother, with whom she had a difficult relationship-, but

fights were the order of the day. between the Van Pels couple. Like when Hermann forced his wife

to give him the fur coat so that the protectors could sell it and be able to finance

the expenses of the family in the hideout. But everyone always ended up reconciled.

As time went by, the conditions of the

eight inmates began to worsen. For example, in the case of food, as the war dragged on,

it became increasingly difficult for the protectors to get them food. In addition, there was the fear

that Allied bombing could fall on them, since they could not come out of

hiding to go to a bomb shelter; in fact, on one occasion, in July 1943,

the projectiles remained just a few kilometers from the area where they were and,

as a consequence, more than 200 civilians were killed. Not to mention the fear that their protectors

would be arrested or fall ill; because there were times when the health of several of them

suffered at the same time. Thus, they lost Mr. Voskuijl in the summer of 1943,

since he had to leave his job due to very advanced stomach cancer; yes, he

still visited them in the secret Annex on some other occasion. He died in 1945, at the age of 53.

There were also the robberies that occurred in the building, and that endangered the safety of

those in hiding. The most serious took place one night, in April 1944. The criminals had entered

the warehouse. The four men from the Secret Annex went downstairs and Hermann van Pels chased

the thieves away by shouting “Police!”, but before long someone from the street passing by

shined a very powerful flashlight into the warehouse through the gaping hole. at the gate by

thieves. The eight hidden took refuge on the other side of the revolving shelf, waiting

for the worst, because they thought that someone had called the police and that they were going to inspect

the place... They believed that the Gestapo was coming. And a noise reached them outside the door of the

hideout... The tension was devastating... until they heard the footsteps receding. They spent

most of the night awake, waiting for the police to return. Luckily that didn't happen.

On many occasions, Ana felt alone and misunderstood by those around her,

something that she recorded in her diary. In addition, she was very aware of what she was

missing in life, those things that seem everyday to us today and many times we are not

able to value. In the room that belonged to Ana, today we find a sentence from her diary,

dated December 24, 1943, when she had already been locked up for a year and a half:

“I would like to ride a bicycle, dance, whistle, contemplate the world,

feel young and free (…) However, I can't let it show, because imagine if

we all started to complain or put on long faces... Where would we end up?

Despite everything, Ana was fully aware, as she also acknowledges in her writings,

that the eight people locked up in those 50 square meters lived

as if in a paradise compared to the Jews who were not hidden,

that is, those who were imprisoned in concentration camps.

And, despite the life of seclusion, she came to know what it is to fall in love. She and Peter,

more and more often, had been talking about their things, sharing what they felt

in that situation, what they thought of the rest of their fellow prisoners... Above

all they talked in the attic, and that was where they met. they gave their first kiss in April

1944. Although the young woman would end up distancing herself from Peter again;

perhaps she felt more attracted by the task of undertaking, especially from May,

the conversion of her diary, which was originally going to be something private, into a book to be published.

The idea arose after hearing on the radio, at the end of March 1944, that a member

of the Dutch government living in exile in London, Minister Gerrit Bolkestein,

asked his compatriots to keep any letters, diaries or other documents that might

prove after the war how they had experienced the Nazi occupation. Ana decided to write a book

about their locked lives that she would title 'The Secret Annex' and that would be based on her

diary texts. For that reason there are two versions of certain letters from the diary,

and I say letters because, as many of you know, they have an epistolary format.

There is the original version and the rewritten one, which the young woman wrote on separate sheets.

Many believe that 'The Diary of Anne Frank' was a single diary, but Anne soon finished the one she

was given for her thirteenth birthday, and so her sister and the protectors

provided her with other notebooks and sheets in which to continue writing. According to the

official website annefrank.org -in the description of this video we have left you the link to their website,

because it is worth visiting-, although the

original letters written in the diary of 1943 are not preserved, and it is not known why that diary was lost,

luckily we do have the rewritten version of that period. And also the two notebooks from 1944.

Among the differences that we can find between the original diary and the rewritten one,

is that in the second one does not appear, for example, her infatuation with Peter nor

her harshest attacks against her mother. Phrases like "In most things,

my mother is an example for me, but rather an example of what I should not do."

Although in almost all the published versions of 'The diary of Anne Frank', the young woman begins

each entry with a "Dear Kitty", in her original diary she addressed different friends,

in some cases invented, and in others real. For example,

Jackie is Jacqueline van Maarsen, one of her best friends at the Jewish Lyceum,

whom she couldn't even say goodbye to before hiding in the Secret Annex.

And what about that famous Kitty, whom she first addresses in the diary on

September 22, 1942? It's... a fictional character. She is a very funny,

intelligent and mischievous character, named Kitty Francken, who appears in some children's books

by the Dutch writer Cissy van Marxveldt that Ana liked to read.

A part of these novels are written in epistolary format, which suggests

that perhaps Ana was inspired by them when shaping her diary in the form of letters.

Ana not only wrote the diary, but also 34 short stories that deal with her time at school,

about the events in the Secret Annex and also fantasy stories imagined by her. And he even

started a novel, called 'Cady's Life', but she only wrote a few chapters. As the

young writer said, she was her main critic, she was very demanding with herself.

The last letter she recorded in her diary is dated August 1, 1944,

just three days before the Nazis discovered her family's hiding place.

On August 4, 1944, when they had been hiding for 760 days, Dutch agents,

commanded by the Nazi non-commissioned officer Karl Josef Silberbauer, arrived at the shelter where

the eight people were hiding, including Ana, and took them all under arrest.

But who ratted them out? Even today, after eight decades, we do not know who it was, since there are no

documents about the search during which they were detained. Not even Otto Frank, who died in

1980 at the age of 91, ventured to name names. Every once in a while, new theories emerge.

One of the most recent is the result of a six-year investigation carried out

by a retired FBI agent, Vince Pankoke, whose conclusions were collected by the

Canadian writer Rosemary Sullivan in the book 'Who Betrayed Anne Frank?' This

was published in January 2022. In said work, a Jewish notary, Arnold van den Bergh, is pointed out,

and it is said that, as part of the Jewish Council, he had access to lists of those in hiding and that he passed

the information to the Gestapo to save his own family. But Dutch historians

specializing in the subject do not take this theory for granted. And it is that we cannot even

know for sure if someone reported them or they were found by chance by

Nazi police officers while investigating the black market for ration cards.

The agents not only detained the eight in hiding, but also two of the protectors:

Johannes Kleiman and Víctor Kugler. Luckily, the two survived: Kleiman was

soon released thanks to pressure from the Red Cross due to his poor health - he had

been suffering from serious stomach problems for some time, undoubtedly influenced by the stress he had experienced

during the last two years; and Kugler managed to escape half a year after being caught. He

did so amid the chaos caused by an Allied attack while the Nazis were moving him along

with a group of 600 prisoners. By the way, all the protectors of the Secret Annex ended up

receiving, at the request of Otto Frank, the high Israeli award “Righteous among the Nations”.

As for the eight Jewish people, they were first taken to the Westerbork transit camp

in the Netherlands. And on September 3, 1944, they were transferred by train to Auschwitz-Birkenau,

in occupied Poland. It was the last train that made that journey. Birkenau had four

huge gas chambers in which prisoners were murdered with Zyklon B. Upon arrival,

men and women were separated. It was the last time Otto saw his

wife and daughters. Of the 1,011 Jews traveling on the train, 371 of them were

deemed unfit for work and sent directly to the gas chambers.

Anne, Margot, Edith and Auguste stayed in the

Auschwitz-Birkenau camp for the time being to do forced labor, while Otto, Hermann,

Peter and Fritz were taken to the Auschwitz I camp, some 3 km away,

to work too. The first to die was Hermann, murdered in the gas chambers

in 1944. He was 46 years old. That same year Pfeffer, the dentist, lost his life

in the Neuengamme concentration camp, according to the website annefrank.org, probably

due to an inflammation of the intestine caused by the harsh conditions in which they had to

perform forced labor. As a curiosity, we will tell you that his girlfriend, Charlotte, managed

to have her marriage with him legally recognized in 1953, as if they had married in 1937.

The young Peter Van Pels also died of illness in the

Mauthausen concentration camp, in Austria, on May 10, 1945, five days

after US troops liberated the site. His age? 18 years.

But let's go back to October 30, 1944. Because it was on that day that Edith saw her

daughters for the last time, as they were transferred, along with Auguste, to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

in northern Germany. There people were starving, with an extreme lack of hygiene

and overcrowding that caused infectious diseases such as typhoid fever to be spread.

Anne Frank died in February 1945 in that Nazi concentration camp.

She was one of the six and a half million Jews murdered at the hands of the Nazis. She did not

die in the gas chambers, as has sometimes been said: she died ill, surely of

typhus. And just two months before, on April 15, British troops liberated the camp.

You can imagine what the last days of this talented 15-year-old teenager were like: hungry,

sick, in tattered clothes and covered in lice, and, above all, with the sorrow of having

seen her beloved sister die. Margot died at the age of 19 or about to turn 19.

The mother, Edith, had died in Auschwitz, sick, a few weeks before her daughters,

on January 6, about to turn 45 years old. The father, Otto,

was the only one of the four to return alive from an extermination camp. In reality,

he was the only one of the eight to survive, as Auguste also passed away. Although,

in her case, it is not known exactly how it happened: a witness stated that she died of typhoid fever,

while she was being transferred by train, along with other prisoners; another, on the other hand, said

that she had lost her life because the Germans threw her from said train. August was 44 years old.

And what happened to Ana's diaries? They were found by two of the protectors,

Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, and it was she who was in charge of keeping all the notebooks

and papers of the young woman, with the hope of being able to return them to her one day. It could not be,

but at least she managed to deliver them to Otto Frank, who, after preparing a compilation of the diary,

the rewritten texts and some stories, and after omitting and changing certain parts - it is known that,

for example, he left out some of the reflections of her daughter talking

about her parents' marriage-, published Ana's book on June 25, 1947.

She did it with the title that she herself had chosen, 'The Secret Annex', in Dutch Het

Achterhuis. And so he made Ana's dream of becoming a famous writer come true,

and also launching a message that seeks to make this world a better place. Anne

Frank's work has been translated into more than 70 languages. In Spanish it was published for the first time in 1955,

with the title of 'Las habitaciones de atrás'. ('The back rooms'). In 1986, the NIOD Institute for

War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies published a scientific version containing the three versions

of Anne Frank's diary: the original diary letters that have survived,

the version rewritten by the young writer and the edition compiled by Otto. In this way,

you can see the changes that her father made: what he adapted or directly omitted.

As we told you at the beginning, in Amsterdam you can visit the place where Anne Frank

hid for 25 months with her family, the Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer. It opened its doors

to visitors in 1960. Every year it receives more than a million visitors, and there you can not only

visit the Secret Annex, but it also has a section that explains the history

of the family and the historical context: World War II and the Jewish Holocaust. As you have

seen in the images that we have shown you, there are no objects or furniture in the Secret Annex,

just some postcards and photos of movie stars on the walls of Ana's room, a

map of Normandy with pushpins that represent the progress of the allies after D-day and some

pencil lines that mark the growth of Ana and Margot in those two years of confinement.

In its day, the hideout of course had furniture, but it was taken away after the

arrest. And, as they explain from the museum, "it was the wish of Otto Frank, Ana's father, to

leave the rooms of the Secret Annex empty." To symbolize the emptiness left

by those who left, to symbolize everything that they lived there while hiding from the Nazis.

And you? What do you think of the life of Anne Frank? Have you read her diary? I would like you to tell us

below, in the comments. And if you want to know more interesting stories, subscribe

to our channel. Thank you so much for being there, curious minds! See you in the next video!