How I Got a First Class in Every Essay at University Using This Paragraph Structure + Examples
Summary
TLDRCette vidéo présente une méthode simple mais efficace pour améliorer l'écriture scientifique. L'oratrice propose une structure de paragraphe en quatre parties : la phrase de sujet, les preuves, l'analyse et la conclusion. Elle explique comment appliquer cette structure pour obtenir des dissertations bien organisées et fluides, tout en atteignant des notes élevées. Elle insiste sur l'importance d'une analyse critique et de la cohérence entre les idées. La vidéo recommande également des ressources gratuites, telles que la 'Manchester Academic Phrasebank', pour aider à améliorer le style d'écriture académique.
Takeaways
- 📝 L'écriture scientifique doit être structurée avec une introduction claire, des preuves, une analyse et une conclusion pour chaque paragraphe.
- 🏆 Pour obtenir de hauts scores, il est important que la structure, l'organisation, la connaissance, l'application de la connaissance, l'analyse critique et l'utilisation des sources soient de très haut niveau.
- 📖 La première phrase d'un paragraphe doit être une phrase-thème qui introduit une nouvelle idée ou relie le paragraphe précédent.
- 🔍 La preuve doit être appuyée par des références claires et montrer que le travail cité n'est pas de l'auteur.
- 🤔 L'analyse est la partie où vous pensez, comparez, évaluez et appliquez des théories pour approfondir la discussion.
- 📊 L'analyse peut inclure des données personnelles, des études de cas ou des méthodes utilisées pour soutenir ou contredire les données des autres chercheurs.
- 🔗 Il est important de lier les idées et de créer un flux cohérent tout au long du texte pour améliorer la compréhension.
- 🔗 La conclusion d'un paragraphe permet de résumer et de faire le lien avec les idées discutées, en préparant la transition vers le prochain paragraphe.
- 🔄 Bien que la structure soit importante, elle peut s'adapter en fonction du contexte et de la nécessité d'approfondir certaines parties de l'argumentation.
- 📚 L'utilisation de la banque de phrases académiques peut grandement améliorer la qualité du texte et la faciliter à comprendre pour le lecteur.
Q & A
Quelle est la principale difficulté que rencontrent les étudiants dans l'écriture scientifique selon l'orateur?
-Les étudiants ont du mal à communiquer leurs idées, structurer leurs arguments et rendre leur écriture cohérente et fluide.
Quelle structure de paragraphe est recommandée pour l'écriture scientifique?
-La structure recommandée comprend quatre parties : la phrase d'introduction, l'évidence, l'analyse et la conclusion.
Que doit inclure la phrase d'introduction d'un paragraphe?
-La phrase d'introduction doit introduire une nouvelle idée ou faire la transition avec un paragraphe précédent, sans discussion ni références.
Quel rôle joue l'évidence dans un paragraphe scientifique?
-L'évidence justifie l'affirmation de la phrase d'introduction en s'appuyant sur des sources fiables et citées correctement.
Pourquoi l'analyse est-elle cruciale dans un paragraphe?
-L'analyse permet d'évaluer et de critiquer les preuves, de comparer avec d'autres études et d'appliquer des théories pour renforcer l'argumentation.
Comment se distingue la conclusion d'un paragraphe dans un essai ou une dissertation?
-La conclusion résume les idées principales du paragraphe et peut servir de transition vers le paragraphe suivant pour assurer la cohérence de l'ensemble.
Quels types de connecteurs linguistiques peuvent être utilisés dans l'analyse pour montrer un raisonnement critique?
-Des expressions comme 'il est probable que', 'il est concevable que' ou 'par exemple' peuvent être utilisées pour suggérer des idées et montrer une réflexion critique.
Est-il obligatoire de suivre exactement la structure recommandée pour chaque paragraphe?
-Non, la structure peut être ajustée en fonction des besoins, avec la possibilité d'alternances entre preuves et analyses avant de conclure.
Comment le Manchester Academic Phrase Bank peut-il aider dans l'écriture scientifique?
-Il offre des phrases prêtes à l'emploi pour différents segments du texte scientifique, aidant à formuler des introductions, des conclusions et d'autres parties de manière claire et précise.
Quel est l'impact de l'utilisation d'une bonne structure de paragraphe sur les notes des étudiants?
-Une bonne structure de paragraphe, avec une analyse approfondie, peut améliorer significativement les notes, potentiellement jusqu'à 80-90 %.
Outlines
📚 Structure de la rédaction scientifique
Le paragraphe 1 souligne les défis de la communication dans l'écriture scientifique, en mettant l'accent sur la structure de la rédaction. Il est expliqué que pour obtenir de hauts scores, il est crucial de suivre une formule simple composée de quatre parties : la phrase d'introduction, les preuves, l'analyse et la conclusion. Ces éléments forment le squelette de tout paragraphe dans une dissertation, un essai ou tout autre type de rédaction scientifique. L'auteur mentionne également le critère de notation qui valorise la structure, la connaissance, l'application de la connaissance et l'utilisation des sources.
🔍 Présentation des preuves
Le paragraphe 2 se concentre sur la deuxième partie de la formule, à savoir les preuves. Il est expliqué que, après avoir présenté une déclaration ou une idée, l'auteur doit apporter des preuves pour la soutenir. Les preuves incluent des références à des études antérieures et doivent être clairement identifiées comme n'étant pas du travail original de l'auteur. L'exemple donné illustre comment les études par résonance magnétique (MR) et électroencéphalogramme (EEG) ont été utilisées pour soutenir les changements dans le cortex pariétal pendant l'adolescence. L'auteur insiste sur l'importance de la cohérence et de la fluidité dans la présentation des preuves.
🧠 Analyse critique et raisonnement
Le paragraphe 3 traite de l'analyse, qui est la troisième partie de la formule et où se trouve la clé du succès pour obtenir de hautes notes. L'analyse implique la réflexion critique, la comparaison avec d'autres études, l'évaluation et l'application de théories ou de cadres. L'auteur souligne l'importance de la langue et du vocabulaire utilisés pour montrer une compréhension profonde du texte scientifique. Un exemple est donné où l'auteur analyse comment les différences dans le cortex pariétal peuvent contribuer à l'amélioration de la mémoire de travail, en utilisant des termes comme 'il est concevable que' pour montrer une analyse approfondie.
📝 Conclusion et transition
Le paragraphe 4 aborde la conclusion des paragraphes, qui permet de résumer les idées et de faire la transition vers les prochaines sections. L'auteur explique que la conclusion peut être courte ou longue, selon le contexte, et doit inclure une transition pour fluidifier la lecture. Il est également mentionné que la structure de la phrase d'introduction, des preuves, de l'analyse et de la conclusion peut varier, mais doit toujours être cohérente et fluide. L'auteur conclut en recommandant l'utilisation de la banque de phrases académiques pour améliorer la qualité de l'écriture et souligne l'importance de cette ressource pour la rédaction scientifique.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Communication
💡Structure de paragraphe
💡Phrase d'introduction
💡Preuve
💡Analyse
💡Conclusion
💡Cohérence
💡Réflexion critique
💡Banque de phrases académiques
💡Liens entre les paragraphes
Highlights
One of the biggest challenges in science writing is effective communication of ideas and logical arguments.
A simple formula for structuring paragraphs consists of four parts: topic sentence, evidence, analysis, and conclusion.
Following this structure ensures coherent, polished, and fluent writing, which is essential for top marks in academic work.
A topic sentence introduces the main idea of the paragraph without sources or comparisons; it frames the argument.
Evidence supports the topic sentence by citing previous work or literature with proper citations.
Analysis is critical for top marks, involving evaluation, comparison, and application of theory or data.
Using connectives and structured language like 'it is conceivable that' adds sophistication to the analysis.
The conclusion summarizes the paragraph and links it to the next idea, aiding the flow of the argument.
The paragraph structure can be flexible; more evidence and analysis can be introduced before concluding.
Topic sentences, evidence, analysis, and conclusions all need to be logically connected to create a coherent argument.
Strong analysis distinguishes higher-scoring work, turning descriptions into critical evaluations.
The academic phrase bank is a valuable tool for improving writing style and choosing appropriate language.
Applying the four-part structure can transform a student's writing, boosting clarity and coherence.
Concluding sentences should not only summarize but also provide a teaser for the following paragraph.
Using this structured approach consistently can help students achieve high grades (80-90%) in their essays.
Transcripts
okay so one of the biggest challenges
that i find when it comes to science
writing is communication communicating
ideas communicating thoughts
communicating what you've read from your
sources making logical arguments the
structure of writing these are all
things that i find that students
generally really struggle with and
there's a very simple formula that i've
picked up along the way and i thought
i'd share with you guys today so this
formula is made up of four parts and
that forms a typical paragraph so it's
just the topic sentence evidence
analysis and then the conclusion so
these are four parts of any paragraph
that you write within your essay
dissertation assignment whatever is that
you are writing within science
communication and science writing this
is the structure that you want to follow
when writing which will guarantee that
you hit those top marks now looking at a
mark scheme um let's just look at the
top grade so i'm looking at mark scheme
right now an undergraduate mark scheme
for a dissertation looking at 80 to 100
which is would be outstanding
distinction it says that structure and
organization is coherent polished and
fluent which means that those sentences
put together to make a paragraph need to
make sense and need to flow secondly
knowledge displayed is comprehensive
coherent polished and fluent so again
the sources that you use and the sources
that you want to present within your
writing needs to be
written in a way that makes sense and
that shows that you've actually done
that reading so again we'll look at that
structure and how you apply that the
third part the application of knowledge
and understanding is comprehensive
coherent polished and fluent so again
we're back to the whole coherent
polished and fluent thing and again
that's to do with your knowledge the
third analysis is comprehensive so not
you haven't just written down right i've
used this source and this is what it
means you're actually analyzing and
critiquing it in a way that makes sense
and then lastly use of source material
is comprehensive coherent polished and
fluent so as you can see i'm just
looking at a mark scheme from a top
university within the uk their structure
organization knowledge application so
critical reflection analysis so critical
evaluation and the use of source
material these are all things that need
to be really really high level in order
for you to kind of hit those top marks
and in order to do that using the
paragraph structure that i'm going to
talk about a bit more in this video will
ensure that you are able to keep that
kind of structure the coherent flow
correct within your writing to ensure
that you hit those top marks okay so the
first part is a topic sentence so the
first line the first sentence of any
paragraph needs to be a topic sentence
and i'm going to show you some examples
today of each of the sections and how
they flow all together so topic sentence
is the first sentence that introduces a
new idea right so you're bringing
together a new idea you're saying right
this is the idea there shouldn't be a
discussion there shouldn't be any
sources any references you are
introducing an idea or you are linking
in episode previous so let's say you had
a different paragraph first and then
you're now starting a second paragraph
you're now transitioning to a new idea
either way that first sentence should be
a statement right it shouldn't be a
comparison it should just be a statement
imagine the first sentence acting as a
frame right so you've started off that
first sentence framing what's to come
okay so you said you said that this is a
box the box is looks like this this is
the color and this is what i have right
so you're framing it so let's look at an
example so i'll put the example over
here so you can see this is an example
of a very very very beautifully written
paragraph quite a long one and i'll
break it down for you in a second but
the first sentence is a topic sentence
so you can see that it says in addition
to why it says that is because it's
linking it to a previous paragraph and
that's because it's communicating how
this paragraph relates to the previous
one so in addition to the frontal and
basal ganglia so i'm assuming that the
previous paragraphs are talking about
the frontal and basal ganglia the
parietal cortex also undergoes a great
deal of developmental change during
adolescence so
in the previous paragraphs they clearly
mentioned something to do the frontal
and basal ganglia so that was before
now in this paragraph we're going to be
speaking about how the parietal cortex
also undergoes this developmental change
during adolescence so even though i
haven't read what's coming up i have no
idea but this introductory sentence the
topic sentence tells me what this
paragraph is going to be about and it is
beautifully written it's given me all
the detail that i need without waffling
and i think when i'm editing work the
page doctor so i have an academic
consultancy called the pagedoctor.com
i'll leave a link for it down below
where i look at work and can support
students and structure their work better
essentially one of the biggest like
edits that i that i make and i see is
the first sentence and also the last
sentence because those are the sentences
where you're joining and you're linking
ideas you're introducing and when that's
not clear the rest of the sentence and
the rest of the paragraph just is is
very confusing okay the second part of
your paragraph now is the evidence so
you've given your statement you're now
going to give the evidence like how can
you justify what you've just said you've
just said that the priority of cortex is
also involved but how do you know this
where have you read this where is it in
literature that this has been stated and
this is where the evidence comes in so
assuming this is for something like your
dissertation you are going to be
summarizing the work of others right
it's not your own work it's the work of
others so this next section should have
references it should be very clear that
this work is not yours there should be
citations and it should be very clear
that the work that you've taken is from
previously published work essentially so
let's take a look at an example so you
can see that similar to what has been
described above there have been numerous
accounts of parietal gray matter
reduction during adolescence and there
are three references here that this
person has added and in order to support
that these changes in the parietal
cortex track closely with similar
reductions etc etc additionally and
they've said what they've used in order
to evidence it this paper has used mr
studies eeg studies and then finally so
they've given like three kind of points
right so evidence is not just using one
paper and going in depth it could be
using two or three papers but you want
to kind of tell a story about the
evidence that you have found right so
they've said that the first sentence
they said that they've compared to what
they've mentioned before which is really
good because you want to make sure that
you're telling a story so if compared to
what they've said before they've then
said that these changes are closely
trapped with another part of the brain
which again is really interesting
because again you're linking to what you
know before they then talked about
adolescence because don't forget in your
topic sentence this person mentioned
adolescence so it makes sense for there
to be some evidence that they're talking
about that has to do with adolescence
again they've they've shown that their
understanding of what they've read in
the sources is very mature and it's
quite strong because they've talked
about the techniques the actual like
methods that were used to identify these
results these results were found in you
know eeg studies and this that's been
correlated they've used words like you
know connectives like finally
additionally similar to all of this
language really
shows a certain maturity in your
understanding and it shows like a slight
analysis as well without the in-depth
analysis so you'll notice the analysis
coming up next but they haven't really
discussed it they've just presented the
information that they've read which is
really good you can also see further
down there's also a little bit more
evidence that has been given and further
down as well so every sentence in this
paragraph in this section of the
paragraph has been referenced because it
is not their work okay then the third
section of the paragraph is analysis now
this is where the top
marks come in so again when i'm looking
at work you know typically topic centers
will be there evidence will always be
there that's something that students
like are you know know to do evidence
will always be there then analysis is
where the weakness is and that is where
your grades can go from like 40
up to 80 if the analysis is done right
because this is where the critical
discussion comes in so the analysis and
again i'll talk a bit more about
analysis of what it is so analysis is
thinking about um comparison so
comparing to what you have read before
or what other studies are out there you
can also evaluate and that's another way
of analyzing you can apply theories of
different frameworks and that is also
analyzing so using your knowledge using
the theory that you've learned within
your lectures and within university and
your other reading you're bringing that
into the discussion into this topic
analysis is also mathematical so if you
are if you have got your own data that
you've used then you can add this data
into this section here so you can say
whilst these papers and whilst these
researchers and this data shows this
my data also shows this or my data
contradicts or doesn't show this
whatever it is you're analyzing it and
you're bringing the mathematical and the
theoretical aspects within your
discussion so that is where this
analysis part comes into it okay so
let's take a look at an example so if we
continue on the same paragraph it says
that in addition to working memory the
observed observed difference in the
priority quartiles are also like to
contribute to improvements they've gone
beyond just saying that this is what the
cortex this part of the cortex does they
say that it's likely that it does this
so can you see the language that's being
used it is likely that right it is
conceivable that
okay so we've gone from saying these
changes are additionally this happens
finally this happens to now we are being
a bit more suggestive because we're
putting in our own analysis so this is
where like the critical reasoning the
critical analysis evaluation this is
where that comes in and the wording and
the language that you use also has to
change so it is conceivable that the
role is allowing an individual to try on
so they put that in because it's like
you know they're trying to give an
example they're trying to make this put
everything together to make it make
sense and then it says for example this
has become a rather common practice and
they give an example with golfing right
so this analysis is again so strong
because they've been able to bring
together what they've read bring
together a link into what they've read
before like spoken about before and
given an example and said like you know
use language like it is conceivable that
and this is really powerful because it
does show it shows like i said a
maturity and it shows a really high
level thinking when it comes to
analyzing scientific texts and then last
but definitely not least is the
conclusion of a paragraph so conclusions
allow you to bring together ideas they
allow you to kind of like bring together
that discussion and sort of highlight or
sort of summarize the sources that
you've been speaking about now there's a
small conclusion and there's like an
actual conclusion so if this was a
dissertation
and you're writing a paragraph then you
might have a small concluding sentence
at the end of that paragraph but then
you obviously carry on if you have an
actual conclusion that's a whole
different thing but i'm speaking more on
like the paragraphs within your
dissertation within your like literature
review what that looks like the last
sentence should be concluding and
possibly transitioning so if you're if
you're going to continue to speak and
discuss this particular topic then you
want to conclude it and then give a
little like i like to call it a teaser
so a little something that then allows
the sentence to string on to the next
topic sentence of the next paragraph and
again when it's done well this looks
beautiful and it just helps the whole
dissertation and the whole like the text
flow beautifully now one thing to note
is that although i've just mentioned a
structure which is the topic sentence
and the evidence
analysis and then a conclusion it
doesn't have to be structured exactly
like that for every single paragraph so
what you may find is that you introduce
a topic um sentence so you bring that in
and then you give some evidence you
analyze it and then you might want to
give a bit more evidence and analyze
that so that might make sense but and
then you conclude at the end so
depending on like where in your essay
and your dissertation that you are you
might want to give like a bit of
evidence so one bit of evidence another
bit another bit and then you can you
analyze or one thing that i used to do
quite a bit is i'll give evidence and
then i'll analyze that bit of evidence
and then give some more evidence to like
continue to support or even not to
continue to support but to actually like
like develop that argument so you've
introduced it you've given some evidence
and you've discussed that evidence but
then you want to like develop that
argument you want to go a bit more in
depth you feel free to add some more
evidence there always making sure to
reference at all times and then of
course um then you analyze and then you
conclude it but the whole way through do
make sure that everything is being
linked and the flow is beautiful with
this
topic like with this structure honestly
like one thing i found is it just
transforms work it completely transforms
work when you think of it like that have
i got a topic sentence yes have i
presented my evidence yes have i
analyzed that evidence okay and have i
concluded it once you've done that it's
just a matter of sort of lightly editing
maybe taking some things out maybe
adding a little bit but the structure
itself isn't going to change actually
what i'll do in a future video is i'll
talk a bit more about what like the
evidence how do you pick like how do you
pick information from a paper right so
you have to read like a whole paper and
you're just writing two sentences from
that paper like how do you actually do
that that'll be a video for the future
and do let me know if you want to see
something like that but um that is
essentially the structure and if you do
that you can hit 80
90
in your essays it is as easy as that
literally as simple as that and before i
finish i want to just quickly mention
the academic manchester academic phrase
bank which i think is really helpful and
a really cool tool to be able to find
that terminology and find that language
to use within your paragraph structure
so just changing a few like phrases and
a few words that you use can have a huge
impact on the way that your paragraphs
sound so the academic phrase bank again
i'll show you over here the academic
phrase bank is a free like source which
i i think is just like completely
underrated and it's like we're so lucky
to have people that will develop these
things for us and put on the internet so
you can see here that for example for
the introduction you can say
something has been instrumental in our
understanding of something else and then
that can be your introductory sentence
or the issue of x has received
considerable critical attention and then
that's how you continue you can refer to
previous work several theories on the
origin of x have been proposed and that
can be like your introductory topic
sentence before you then go into the
other sections and they've got so many
phrases here that you can use and then
if you go up again you can see that
you've got a whole range of other
language functions that you can use for
the other sections as well so invaluable
oh my gosh i cannot believe we have this
just available on the internet for free
like we are so so lucky and i i just
wanted to share with you guys in case
you didn't know about it before but yeah
i hope you guys found this video helpful
let me know if you are going to use it
don't forget to save this video when you
do write an essay next come september
but let me know if you found this
helpful and i'll see you guys in my next
video bye
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