Den greske antikken - 2/2 - Athen og Sparta

Summary

This script explores ancient Greek politics, focusing on Athenian democracy and its rival, Sparta. It explains how Athens developed direct democracy in the 5th century BCE, contrasting it with modern representative democracy. The script also covers Athenian institutions like the Assembly, Council of 500, and People's Court, emphasizing their democratic yet exclusive nature, excluding women and slaves. It touches on Sparta's oligarchic system, the Persian Wars, and Athens' golden age under Pericles. The Peloponnesian War and its impact on Athenian dominance are discussed, along with the rise of Macedon and Alexander the Great's conquests, which ended Greek city-states' independence. The script concludes by highlighting Greek cultural influence on Western civilization and the Hellenistic period.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ Athens is renowned for developing democracy, but it was a form of direct democracy, not representative like today's.
• 🗣️ In Athenian democracy, all citizens could vote on laws and issues, and participate in governance.
• 👥 Athenian institutions included the Assembly, the Council of 500, and the People's Court, emphasizing citizen involvement.
• 🎰 The members of the Council of 500 were chosen by lot, ensuring any citizen could serve.
• 👑 Sparta was not a democracy but a hereditary kingdom with two kings and a militaristic society.
• 🛡️ Sparta's political system was an oligarchy, favoring an elite class and separating true Spartans from helots.
• 🌊 The Persian Wars were a turning point, with Greek city-states uniting against the Persian Empire, leading to Athens' rise.
• 🏺 The Athenian leader Pericles was instrumental in the construction of the Parthenon and the city's Golden Age.
• 💥 The Peloponnesian War was a conflict between Athens and Sparta, resulting in Sparta's victory and the decline of Athenian dominance.
• 🌍 Alexander the Great's conquests spread Greek culture, known as Hellenism, across his vast empire.
• 📚 The Library of Alexandria was a center of knowledge, reflecting the continuation of Greek culture and thought.

Q & A

What is the meaning of the word 'democracy' and how did it originate?

The word 'democracy' comes from the Greek 'demos' meaning people and 'kratos' meaning power or rule. It was developed in Athens in the 5th century BC, marking the beginning of the classical antiquity period.

How does Athenian democracy differ from modern democracy?

Athenian democracy was a form of direct democracy, where citizens would gather and vote on laws and matters, whereas modern democracy is largely representative, with elected officials making decisions on behalf of the people.

What were the main institutions of Athenian democracy?

The main institutions included the Ecclesia, the assembly where citizens could speak and vote on matters; the Boule, a council of 500 citizens chosen by lot to govern; and the People's Court, where jurors were also chosen by lot.

Who were the strategoi in Athenian democracy and what was their role?

The strategoi were generals elected by the citizens and had significant power during wartime. They were responsible for military command and played a crucial role in Athens' military affairs.

What was the political system in Sparta and how did it differ from Athens?

Sparta was not a democracy but rather a hereditary monarchy, often referred to as an oligarchy, where power was concentrated among the elite. It was a militaristic society with a strict class system.

How did the Persian Wars impact Athens and Sparta?

The Persian Wars brought Athens and Sparta together to fight against the Persian Empire. Athens led the naval forces and this contributed to its prosperity and the period known as the Athenian Golden Age.

Who was Pericles and what is his significance in Athenian history?

Pericles was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator, and general of Athens' city-state in the city's Golden Age. He is credited with the construction of the Parthenon and was a driving force behind the Athenian democracy.

What was the Peloponnesian War and what were its consequences for Athens?

The Peloponnesian War was a conflict between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies. Sparta emerged victorious, which led to the end of Athenian dominance, but Athenian society remained free and democratic for a time.

How did the conquests of Alexander the Great affect the Greek city-states?

Alexander the Great's conquests led to the end of the independence of the Greek city-states. After his death, his empire was divided among his generals, leading to further conflicts and the end of the classical Greek city-state era.

What is Hellenism and how did it spread?

Hellenism refers to the spread of ancient Greek culture, language, and religion. It spread through Alexander the Great's conquests, leading to the establishment of Greek colonies and the influence of Greek culture in the newly conquered territories.

How did the Roman conquest of Greece influence Greek culture and thought?

The Roman Empire conquered Greece in 146 BC and while it brought an end to Greek independence, it also led to the Romans adopting and preserving many aspects of Greek culture, philosophy, science, and art.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Athenian Democracy and Ancient Greece

This paragraph discusses the political systems of ancient Greece, particularly focusing on Athenian democracy and its contrast with the more oligarchic Sparta. It explains that Athenian democracy was a form of direct democracy, where citizens could vote on laws and participate in governance, unlike the representative democracy seen today. The script also highlights that this form of democracy was not inclusive, as women and slaves were not granted rights. Institutions such as the Assembly, the Council of 500, and the People's Court are mentioned, illustrating how decisions were made by抽签 or direct election. The paragraph also touches on the military nature of Sparta, its class system, and the contrast between the two city-states.

05:00

🛡️ The Peloponnesian War and the Rise of Macedon

The second paragraph delves into the historical events that shaped ancient Greece, including the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War. It describes how the Greek city-states, led by Athens and Sparta, united to fight against the Persian Empire. The paragraph also discusses the dominance of Athens during the 5th century BC, under the leadership of Pericles, who initiated the construction of the Parthenon. However, this period of prosperity was followed by the Peloponnesian War, which was a conflict between Athens and Sparta. The war resulted in Sparta's victory and the decline of Athenian dominance. The paragraph concludes with the mention of Alexander the Great's father, Philip II of Macedon, who eventually conquered Greece and laid the foundation for Alexander's later empire.

10:01

🌟 Legacy of Ancient Greece and Hellenistic Culture

The final paragraph emphasizes the lasting impact of ancient Greek culture and the spread of Hellenism. It mentions the establishment of the Library of Alexandria, which became a center for knowledge and thought. The paragraph also notes how Greek culture, including philosophy, science, and architecture, was adopted and revered by the Roman Empire. The script concludes by stating that while Alexander the Great dissolved the direct democracy of Athens, Greek culture continued to thrive and influence the Western civilization.

Keywords

💡Athenian Democracy

Athenian Democracy refers to the political system developed in the ancient Greek city-state of Athens in the 5th century BCE. It was a form of direct democracy where citizens could participate directly in decision-making. In the video, this concept is central as it highlights how Athens was the birthplace of democracy with the term 'demos' meaning 'people' and 'kratos' meaning 'power'. The video discusses how Athenian democracy was different from modern representative democracy, involving frequent assemblies and direct voting on laws and policies by citizens.

💡Sparta

Sparta was one of the prominent city-states in ancient Greece, known for its military prowess and distinct social system. The video contrasts Sparta with Athens, emphasizing that Sparta was not a democracy but rather an oligarchy with two hereditary kings and a council of elders. Sparta is highlighted as an example of a rival city-state with a different form of governance that favored a warrior elite and had a rigid social structure.

💡Classical Antiquity

Classical Antiquity refers to a period in history, roughly between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, when ancient Greece reached its cultural and political zenith. The video uses this term to set the historical context for the development of Athenian democracy and the rivalry with Sparta. It marks the time when Athens was transitioning into its famous democratic form of government.

💡Direct Democracy

Direct Democracy is a system where citizens participate directly in the decision-making process, rather than through elected representatives. The video explains how Athenian democracy was a form of direct democracy, where citizens would gather to vote on laws and policies, contrasting it with the representative democracy practiced in many modern nations.

💡Citizens

In the context of the video, 'citizens' refers to the free, adult male inhabitants of Athens who had the rights and privileges to participate in the democratic process. The video points out that this was not inclusive of all residents, such as women and slaves, who were excluded from democratic rights, illustrating the limitations of Athenian democracy.

💡Ekklesia

The Ekklesia, or the Assembly, was the principal institution of Athenian democracy where citizens gathered to discuss and vote on legislation. The video explains its importance as a place where citizens could voice their opinions and vote on matters of state, emphasizing its role in the direct democratic process.

💡Council of 500

The Council of 500 was a significant body in Athenian democracy, chosen by lot from all citizens, tasked with preparing the agenda for the Ekklesia and overseeing the administration of the city. The video mentions the council to illustrate how ordinary citizens could participate in governance, as members were selected by lot, not by election.

💡Peloponnesian War

The Peloponnesian War was a series of conflicts between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies that took place in the 5th century BCE. The video discusses this war as a turning point that eventually led to the decline of Athenian dominance. Sparta's victory in the war is highlighted as a key event that disrupted Athenian democracy.

💡Pericles

Pericles was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator, and general of Athens' city-state. The video mentions him as a significant figure during Athens' Golden Age, noting his role in the construction of the Parthenon and his influence on Athenian democracy, despite the system's inherent corruption.

💡Hellenistic Period

The Hellenistic Period followed the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and marked the spread of Greek culture and ideas throughout the Mediterranean and Asia. The video uses this term to describe the continuation of Greek culture and thought after the decline of the city-states, emphasizing how Greek influence extended beyond politics into art, science, and philosophy.

💡Philip II of Macedon

Philip II of Macedon was the father of Alexander the Great and the man who conquered the Greek city-states, including Athens, in the 4th century BCE. The video mentions Philip as a key figure who laid the groundwork for the expansion of the Macedonian Empire, which would later be further expanded by his son, Alexander the Great.

Highlights

Athens is known for developing democracy in ancient Greece.

The word 'democracy' originates from the Greek 'demos' meaning people and 'kratos' meaning power.

Athenian democracy was direct, not representative, with citizens gathering for decisions and voting.

Athenian democracy was not the same as modern democracy and had its unique characteristics.

Other city-states copied Athenian democracy, but not all were democratic; some were monarchies or other forms of republics.

In a direct democracy, all citizens could vote on laws and participate in governance.

Athenian institutions included the Assembly, the Council of 500, and the People's Court.

The Council of 500 was selected by lot, ensuring any citizen could serve.

The People's Court was the highest court, with members chosen by lot, similar to a jury system.

Sparta was not a democracy but an hereditary kingdom with two kings and a militaristic society.

Sparta had a strict social hierarchy with full-time soldiers and a focus on warfare.

The Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire.

Athens' naval power grew significantly due to the Persian Wars, contributing to its prosperity.

The Peloponnesian War was a conflict between Athens and Sparta, with Sparta emerging as the victor.

Athenian democracy was eventually replaced by the rule of Alexander the Great's father, Philip II.

Alexander the Great expanded his empire to include Persia, Egypt, and the Middle East.

After Alexander's death, his empire was divided among his generals, leading to further conflicts.

Hellenistic culture survived and thrived, influencing Western civilization and being adopted by the Roman Empire.

Transcripts

Ja da skal jeg prøve og gi litt mer

informasjon om den greske antikken med

fokus egentlig på statsstyre i Athen og

deres store Rival Sparta for starte her

da Det er demokratiet i Athen ikke sant

som som vi har skjønt demokratiet ble

oppfunnet der og eh ordet demokrati er

gresk demos betyr folk kratos betyr styr

så dette folkestyret eh og ble utviklet

på 500 tallet eh sånn at det var da var

Athen allerede inne i denne styreformen

da den klassiske antikken begynte i

500 men viktig også få med seg at dette

er ikke typ det samme type demokrati som

blir praktisert i verden i dag Dette er

direkte demokrati ikke representativt

demokrati Det betyr sånn som vi ser

liksom på bildet her at hais med folk

bare samler seg og så har de liksom folk

avstemninger hele tiden da så man kan si

sin mening å

delta poliser de greske polene hadde

forskjellige styresett mange

forskjellige styresett eh så så Aten er

den berømte demokratiske som utviklet

demokratiet eh men mange kopierte Aten

så så det er ikke det er ikke det er nok

ikke bare Aten som var demokratiske men

andre var det og men det var fortsatt

mange som som også var kongedømmer og

kanskje andre type republikker der Det

var en som som som styrte kanskje som

diktator kanskje samarbeid med andre

litt

forskjellig men i et direkte demokrati

som i Athen så er det sånn at alle

borgere kunne stemme over lover og saker

folk av stemninger da som ble holdt om

om alt mulig og delta i statsstyre på

rundgang altså hvis man kaller det en

regjering det som man hadde da så

statsstyre så så er det sånn at folk

kunne eh være med og være i regjeringen

på rundgang altså egentlig ltk Vi skal

gå litt inn i dyden på det straks eh

unnskyld en ting som jeg må ikke glemme

å nevne er at dette her gjaldt bare alle

borgerne eh ikke særlig demokratisk når

kvinner ikke hadde disse rettighetene og

en annen ting man kan huske på er at de

greske polene gamle Hellas var faktisk

et Slaves samfunn altså hver gang man

var i krig mot noen så tok man fanger Og

så gjorde dem til slaver så så så eh og

altså vanlige bønner hadde gjerne slaver

som jobber med dem på jorden så det var

mange slaver der kvinner og slaver kunne

ikke ha disse rettighetene så dermed så

er det jo altså kun et mindretall som er

borgere ikke sant for å så ta

institusjonene eh man har

folkeforsamlingen der man altså kunne

møte opp for å så tale si sin mening

dersom man ønsker det og det er ganske

viktig og selvfølgelig stemme over saker

500 manns rådet som er liksom

regjeringen deres og og viktig er at

medlemmene av dette 500 manns rådet ble

trukket ved loddtrekning altså hvem som

helst kunne jo end opp der av Borger

ikke sant Og Folkedal stolen som er

liksom tilsvarende høyeste rett for oss

de hadde bare denne eh der medlemmene

Jeg vet ikke om jeg skal kalle dem

dommere eller juri medlemmer Det høres

mer ut som en juri ble trukket ved

loddtrekning eh ganske mange og så

skulle de kunne stemme over om man

skulle dømme eller frikjenne den

tiltalte en annen viktig institusjon er

strategene som er generalene og så

viktig å huske på at aen i storhetstiden

sin på 400-tallet var egentlig ganske

sånn krigersk og og mektig og

generalene hadde derfor mye makt i

krigstid men poenget er at strategene eh

ble folkevalgt dette gikk ikke dette

mbet gikk ikke på rundgang man ble det

var ikke noe loddtrekning her Det var

selvfølgelig også få frem de beste og

mest populære

eh Athen var altså den mest folkerike

polisen den største polisen og med en

stor eh mektig Flåte som ble som som ble

stor og mektig på grunn av perser

krigene eh og og bidro veldig til til

Athens velstand skal komme litt til det

straks tror jeg eh først Sparta eh

Sparta var ikke demokratisk og hadde

ikke et sånt eh nærsagt republikansk

system men var egentlig et arvelig

kongerike du husker fra filmen 300

Kanskje dette er kong Leonidas men det

var ikke bare en konge det var To Konger

To konger og dynastier eh altså to

konges lekter ved siden av hverandre som

styrte sammen eh styr i Sparta kalles

gjerne et oligarki fordi det var ikke

konger som styrte akkurat som de ville

men for andre folk eh liksom de rikeste

eller eh de med høyest status deltok mer

i statsstyre og da Da kan vi kalle det

et fåmannsvelde et fåmannsvelde

for alle borgere men det var altså et

system som favoriserte en Elite og ikke

alle kunne tale og delta i statsstyre

det var også et veldig stort

klassesamfunn som skilte mellom ekte

spartanere eh og annenrangs borgere som

kaltes heloter som som dy var egentlig

de som dyrket jorda men ekte spartanere

de de jobbet ikke de var liksom

profesjonelle krigere ikke sant Og det

så stort så fokus på det å være soldat i

Sparta det var så veldig altså en

militaristiske sant spartanske menn var

soldater på heltid og de elsket krig og

det var veldig veldig strengt eh samfunn

ordet

spartansk jeg vet ikke om det blir brukt

så mye nå lenger men ordet spartansk Det

er et Det er et norsk ord og det betyr å

være streng og leve strengt og det

kommer fra dette Pers krigene bare for å

ta dette begynte med at poliser i

lilleasia det vil si det som vi kaller

Tyrkia Det kalles Lille Asia fordi det

var ikke Tyrkia den gangen det fantes

ikke tyrkere der men begynte med at

poliser greske poliser lilleasia gjorde

opprør mot Pers riket for de var

allerede under Pers riket men de gjorde

opprør Pers riket forsøkte derfor å

erobre Hellas eh Dette hadde å gjøre med

at Athen prøvde å hjelpe dem og sånn

polene inkludert Sparta og aen fra 300

er jo spartanerne var i hovedrollen

dette her er en kjent gresk strateg i

oppfølgeren De sto sammen og vant Athen

ledet

sjøfors med mange andre poliser der de

var liksom Lederen og og Dette førte til

atens storhetstid eh Her ser vi et sånn

kart som viser liksom det athenske riket

poenget er at de misbrukte denne

forsvarsalliansen Dette

sjøfors selv liksom drev litt sånn

utpressing av andre greske poliser også

det B jo til deres velstand det athenske

riket Kan vi Også kalle det ikke sant eh

ble i den perioden dominert av strategen

pericles som veldig rart at selv om selv

om det var der de var veldig

demokratiske så var de altså Også

korrupte med denne

krigspensjon og det er strategen

perikles faktisk som bygde eh eller

avgjorde at partenon på Akropolis skulle

bygges saml som det store symbolet og

blir værende som et symbol på den greske

storhetstiden i

Athen men så kommer peloponneskrigen

peloponnes hvis dere er nysgjerrig er

navnet på denne øya her nederst i Hellas

og peloponneskrigen var altså en krig

mellom Athen og Sparta denne gangen

Dette er jo litt senere på 400 tallet så

de har jo samarbeidet mot perserne men

denne gangen så er de mot hverandre og

hver av dem hadde forskjellige allierte

så det var liksom en stor krig Hvem tror

dere vant det var faktisk Sparta Sparta

vant og da ble Athens dominanse brutt eh

Men det athenske samfunnet var fortsatt

fritt og de kunne i en liten periode der

så så var kunne de ikke fortsette

demokratiet men det kom litt senere

igjen eh Så da var det ikke så mye så

store endringer egentlig

men det endret seg til slutt da aen ble

erobret av Alexander den stores far

Filip Filip den and på 300-tallet

Alexander den store for å så ta han han

gikk videre Med å altså da var det ikke

bare Hellas han styrte Han er Robert

hele perserriket som inkluderte Egypt og

hele Midtøsten i år

330 som vi ser av kartet her ikke sant

Dette er at Unnskyld Alexander stores

rike men etter at han døde ung i 323 så

ble dette riket splittet opp generalen

Hans delte riket mellom seg egentlig Og

det var så mye krig mellom dem til å

begynne med så noen viktige perspektiver

antikkens Hellas er den vestlige

sivilisasjonen s vugge slik vi har sagt

tidligere eh Men moderne demokrati

kommer ikke fra Athens direkte demokrati

Dette må bare påpekes Ja de liksom

eksperimenterte med dette demokratiet og

det er veldig berømt for oss nå som vi

leser historie men dette forsvant jo det

forsvant med Alexander den store eh men

eh moderne demokrati har mer å gjøre med

eh ting som skjedde etter middelalderen

i tidlig moderne tid det kommer vi

tilbake til mye senere tror jeg

Alexander den store altså oppløste

demokratiet men gresk kultur utenom

politikken altså levde videre og dette

er ordet dekkes av ordet hellenismen

ikke sant henis sering av Asia som vi

ser på kartet her eh og i Alexandria som

var den største byen i verden der ble

som ble styrt altså etter Alexander

store av en en av hans generaler Der ble

det største biblioteket i verden bygd

opp så all vitenskap og tenkning skulle

samles der fra Eh det greske

riket gresk Tenkning og kulturuttrykk

ble også videreført av Romerriket som

endte opp med også erere Hellas i 146

før vår tidsregning som vi ser på kartet

eh gresk tenkning filosofi vitenskap

kulturuttrykk som selvfølgelig eh

arkitektur og skulptur og mye annet så

så Det er veldig viktig å huske Ja det

var alt jeg hadde denne gangen Tusen

takk for at du fulgte med