ANSC11 intro1

Summary

In this educational lecture, Mr. Philip Carla A. Martinez Jr. introduces Animal Science 1, exploring the domestication of animals and their mutualistic relationship with humans. He highlights the historical significance of animals in agriculture, their roles in ecosystems, and their economic utility in rural economies. The lecture also touches on the importance of animals in biodiversity, their functions in food chains, and their use in research, clothing, and as pets, emphasizing their multifaceted contributions to human society.

Takeaways

• 😀 Mr. Philip Carla A. Martinez JR is the instructor for Animal Science 1, focusing on the introduction to animal science, human-animal interactions, and the ecosystem.
• 🐕 Domestication refers to the process where wild animals adapt to live alongside humans, leading to mutualistic relationships that benefit both parties.
• 🐩 Dogs are the earliest domesticated animals, with domestication dating back approximately 15,000 years and initially used for hunting and protection.
• 🐏 Sheep and goats were domesticated around 10,000 years ago, providing early humans with meat, milk, and wool, marking the start of agricultural development.
• 🌾 Domesticated animals played a key role in the development of agriculture by providing labor and producing food, such as through draft animals.
• 🔄 The relationship with domesticated animals facilitated trade and social structures, with the possession of animals indicating wealth and social status.
• 📜 The Bible's Book of Job highlights the role of animals in ancient agriculture, showing Job's wealth in terms of livestock, which was a measure of prosperity.
• 🌿 Biodiversity is the variety of life forms within an ecosystem, and animals contribute significantly to this by supporting species and genetic diversity.
• 🐝 Animals serve as key players in ecosystem functions, such as pollination by bees, butterflies, and birds, which is crucial for plant reproduction.
• 🌱 The food chain involves producers (plants), consumers (herbivores and carnivores), and decomposers (organisms that break down dead matter), with animals playing various roles.
• 🐷 Livestock contributes to rural economies by providing direct income through household production and employment opportunities in larger farming operations.

Q & A

What is the definition of domestication in the context of the script?

Domestication refers to the process through which wild animals are adapted to live alongside humans, leading to a mutualistic relationship where both humans and animals benefit from each other.

Which animal is mentioned as the oldest to be domesticated, and what was its initial purpose?

Dogs are mentioned as the oldest animals to be domesticated, with domestication dating back to around 15,000 years ago. Early dogs were likely used for hunting and protection.

What role did domesticated animals play in the development of agriculture?

Domesticated animals played a key role in developing agriculture by providing labor and producing food. They were used as draft animals for labor and as a source of meat, milk, and wool.

How did the relationship with domesticated animals facilitate trade and social structures?

The relationship with domesticated animals facilitated trade by enabling the barter system and influenced social structures by allowing those with many animals to hold decision-making power and wealth within communities.

What is the significance of the biblical figure Job in the context of agriculture as mentioned in the script?

Job is introduced as an example of an agriculturist in the Bible. Despite not being as well-known as figures like Abraham, Moses, or Joseph, Job is highlighted for his perfection and uprightness, and his significant wealth in livestock, which symbolizes his status and success in agriculture.

What is biodiversity and how do animals contribute to it?

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms within a given ecosystem, including species diversity, genetic variation, and ecosystem complexity. Animals contribute to biodiversity by being key players in maintaining the balance and health of ecosystems.

What is the role of animals in pollination and how does it affect the ecosystem?

Animals play a crucial role in pollination by transferring pollen from one flower to another, which aids in the fertilization process and the production of seeds and fruits, thus supporting plant reproduction and diversity.

Can you explain the concept of the food chain as described in the script?

The food chain is a sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another. It starts with producers (plants), followed by primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores/predators), and may include tertiary consumers and apex predators. This chain helps regulate population sizes and maintains ecological balance.

How do livestock contribute to rural economies according to the script?

Livestock contribute to rural economies by providing direct income through household production and sales, creating employment opportunities in larger production scales, and offering economic resilience by serving as a resource that can be liquidated during financial hardships.

What are the different economic utilities derived from animals as mentioned in the script?

The script mentions several economic utilities derived from animals, including food (meat, milk), draft power for labor, pets (providing companionship and emotional support), research subjects for scientific studies, and materials for clothing and accessories like leather and hide.

How do decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, contribute to the ecosystem as explained in the script?

Decomposers break down dead plants and animals into simpler substances, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem. This process is essential for nutrient cycling and maintaining soil fertility.

Outlines

00:00

🐾 Introduction to Animal Science

Mr. Philip Carla Martinez Jr. introduces himself as an instructor of Animal Science 1 at CSU Sanchez Mira. He explains the concept of domestication, which is the process of adapting wild animals to live alongside humans, forming a mutualistic relationship. Domestication is highlighted as a key factor in the historical development of agriculture, with dogs being the earliest domesticated animals around 15,000 years ago. The roles of sheep and goats in early agriculture are also discussed, emphasizing their contributions to food, labor, and the development of trade and social structures.

05:03

🌿 Role of Animals in Ecosystems

The paragraph delves into the role of animals in ecosystems, focusing on their contribution to biodiversity. Biodiversity is defined as the variety of life forms within an ecosystem, including species diversity, genetic variation, and ecosystem complexity. The speaker explains the concept of species diversity and genetic diversity using examples such as pigs and their offspring. The paragraph also discusses the ecosystem functions of animals, including pollination by bees and butterflies, and their role in the food chain as both producers and consumers. The importance of decomposers in recycling nutrients is also mentioned.

10:06

🐄 Livestock and Rural Economies

This section discusses the economic utility of livestock in rural economies. Livestock serves as a direct source of income through household production and backyard farming. It also provides employment opportunities in larger production scales, where various roles such as farm technicians and veterinarians are necessary. The paragraph highlights the economic resilience that livestock offers, allowing farmers to manage resources and provide for their families even during tough times. The versatility of livestock in resource management is emphasized, where animals can be sold at any production stage.

15:07

🍗 Economic Utility Derived from Animals

The economic utility derived from animals is further explored, with a focus on food as the primary utility. The paragraph discusses the importance of fiber in the diet, explaining its role in maintaining a healthy digestive system. The use of draft animals for labor is also mentioned, highlighting their importance in agriculture. The paragraph then transitions to the role of pets in society, emphasizing the emotional and financial investment people make in their pets' well-being. The economic impact of animal research is briefly touched upon, with an example of how prolific animals like rabbits are used for rapid research outcomes.

20:10

👗 Clothing and Final Thoughts

The final paragraph discusses the use of animal products in clothing, such as leather and hide, which are used to make various accessories and garments. The video concludes with a summary of the economic utilities of animals, from food to clothing, and the importance of understanding their role in various aspects of human life. The speaker thanks the audience for their attention and concludes the first part of the video series on animal science.

Keywords

💡Domestication

Domestication refers to the process through which wild animals are adapted to live alongside humans, leading to a mutualistic relationship. In the video, it is mentioned that domestication began with the earliest animals such as dogs, which were likely used for hunting and protection around 15,000 years ago. This process is central to the theme of human-animal interaction and the development of agriculture, as domesticated animals provided labor, food, and other resources to early human societies.

💡Mutualistic Relationship

A mutualistic relationship is a type of symbiotic relationship in which each participant benefits. The video discusses how domestication led to such relationships between humans and animals, where both parties gain advantages, such as protection and labor from the animals, and care and companionship from humans. This concept is key to understanding the historical and ongoing significance of animals in human societies.

💡Agriculture

Agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock to produce food, fiber, and other products. The script mentions that the domestication of animals like sheep and goats around 1,000 years ago played a key role in the development of agriculture by providing early humans with meat, milk, and wool. This highlights the foundational role of animal domestication in the advancement of human civilization.

💡Biodiversity

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms within a given ecosystem, including the diversity of species, genetic variation, and ecosystem complexity. The video script discusses how animals contribute to biodiversity, which is crucial for maintaining the health and resilience of ecosystems. For instance, different species of animals can support various ecological functions, such as pollination and nutrient cycling.

💡Pollination

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male part of a plant to a female part, enabling fertilization and the production of seeds. The video mentions that animals like bees, butterflies, and birds play a critical role in pollination, which is essential for plant reproduction and, by extension, for the food supply of many other organisms, including humans.

💡Food Chain

The food chain is a sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another. In the video, the concept is used to illustrate how different animals fit into ecosystems, from producers like plants that create their own food, to consumers like herbivores that eat plants, and predators that eat other animals. This concept helps viewers understand the interconnectedness of life within ecosystems.

💡Decomposers

Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals into simpler substances, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem. The video script mentions that decomposers, often microorganisms like fungi and bacteria, are essential for nutrient cycling and maintaining soil fertility, which in turn supports plant growth and the overall health of ecosystems.

💡Livestock

Livestock refers to domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber, and labor. The script discusses the role of livestock in rural economies, providing direct income through the sale of animals and their products, and employment opportunities in larger farming operations. Livestock is also highlighted as a means of economic resilience, especially in times of hardship.

💡Economic Utility

Economic utility refers to the value or usefulness of something in economic terms. The video script explores various ways animals provide economic utility, from direct food sources like meat and dairy to the use of animal products in clothing and other industries. The term encompasses the multifaceted contributions of animals to human economies, emphasizing their importance beyond mere companionship or labor.

💡Animal Research

Animal research involves the use of animals in scientific studies to advance knowledge and develop new technologies or treatments. The video mentions the prolific nature of some animals, like rats and pigs, which are used in research due to their rapid reproduction rates and the ability to observe multiple generations in a short time. This keyword is important for understanding the role of animals in scientific discovery and the potential ethical considerations involved.

💡Leather

Leather is a durable and flexible material created from the skin, hide, or fur of an animal. In the context of the video, leather is mentioned as an economic utility derived from animals, used to make various products such as clothing, shoes, and accessories. This keyword highlights the diverse ways in which animals contribute to human material culture and the economy.

Highlights

Introduction to the concept of domestication and its significance in the development of agriculture.

Domestication defined as the process by which wild animals adapt to live alongside humans.

Dogs being the earliest domesticated animals, with domestication dating back to 15,000 years ago.

Sheep and goats were domesticated around 10,000 years ago, contributing to early human sustenance.

Domesticated animals played a key role in the development of agriculture by providing labor and food.

The relationship between humans and domesticated animals facilitated trade and social structures.

The story of Job from the Bible, highlighting his role as an agriculturist and his wealth in livestock.

Importance of animals in ecosystems, including their contribution to biodiversity.

Explanation of species diversity and genetic diversity within animal populations.

Role of animals as key players in ecosystem functions, such as pollination and seed dispersal.

The food chain and the different roles animals play as producers, consumers, and decomposers.

Livestock as a source of income for rural economies through direct sales and employment.

Economic resilience provided by livestock, allowing farmers to manage resources during tough times.

The various economic utilities derived from animals, including food, fiber, and labor.

Importance of fiber in human diet and its role in maintaining a healthy digestive system.

Use of draft animals in agriculture for labor and their classification.

The economic utility of pets and the costs associated with pet care and veterinary services.

Animal research and its contribution to scientific understanding, using rats as an example.

Clothing as an economic utility derived from animals, with a focus on leather and hide products.

Transcripts

Good morning

everyone once again gusto ko lang

magpakilala I'm Mr Philip Carla a

Martinez JR na taga Claveria pero

nagtuturo dito sa csu Sanchez Mira and I

will be your instructor in Animal

science 1 the introduction to animal

science so we go with the man animal and

the

ecosystem ang human animal interaction

natin historically um nag-start ang

agriculture dahil sa domestication of

animals so ang

domestication ang ibig sabihin lang non

is yung mga wild animals before

ay inalagaan ng tao at pwede na silang

mag-exist kasama ang tao so domes

refers to the process through which wild

animals are adapted to live alongside

humans leading to a mutualistic

relationship we benefit as humans from

animals and the animals benefit from us

and we live alongside each other yun ang

domestication na

tinatawag so ang dogs ang pinakaunang

na- domesticate na animal so ang

domestication daw nagsimula 15,000 years

ago and early dogs were likely used for

hunting and protection ah Although ang

karaniwan na ngayon ay for protection

tumatahol sila kapag

may hindi sila kilala pero pag nandiyan

na yung tao minsan sila naman yung unang

tumatakbo pero at least meron Iyung

warning di ba and before they are used

for hunting kasi malakas ang pangamoy

nila ang sheep and goats domesticated

around 1,000 years ago providing early

humans with meat milk and wool so dito

na halos nag-start ang

agriculture for the agricultural

development domesticated animals played

a key role in developing agriculture by

providing Labor and producing food labor

ito yung tinatawag natin na mga draft

animals Later on idi-discuss din po

natin economic and social changes the

relation with domesticated animals

facilitated trade Ayan pwede na meron na

yung barter system social structures

kasi dito mo na makikita kung sino ang

mayaman Sino ang may kaya Sino ang

makapangyarihan kasi usually kung sino

naman yung maraming alagang hayop sila

ang nagde-decide for the community or

isa sa mga konsehal noon and the Rise of

complex

societies Uh This is the scripture From

the bible from the book of job chapter 1

So gusto ko lang na ma-amaze tayong

lahat kasi si Job sa bible hindi siya

ganon kakilala Hindi tulad nila Abraham

nila Moses nila Joseph na kilalang

kilala sa bible pero bilang

agriculturist Gusto kong ipakilala sa

inyo si Job sabi sa verse 1 there was a

man in the land of uz Whose name was job

and that man was perfect and up right

and one that feared God and estu Evil so

iilan lang si Job sa tinawag ng

Panginoon sa bible na perfect Hindi

naman sinasabi

na hindi never siya nagkasala pero ang

ibig sabihin kasi ng perfect in this

sense is is Isa siya sa mga mature

mag-isip na kahit anong problema ang

dumaan sa buhay niya nagre-relax

ganon verse two and there Were Born unto

him seven sons and three

daughters verse 3 and this substance

also was 7,000 sheep so Magkano ang tupa

ngayon and 3,000 camels ang camels Kasi

noon ito ang main mode of transportation

kay sabihin na lang natin meron siyang

3,000 na kotse and 500 yoke of oxen ang

ox para lang siyang kalabaw pero ibig

sabihin kasi ng yoke mag-asawa yan so

500 yoke ibig sabihin 500 na lalaking ox

at 500 na babaeng ox and then meron pa

siyang 500 she Asses and a very great

household may mansion siya so that this

man was the greatest of all the men of

the east sabihin na lang natin ang kay

manan niya kayang pumantay sa buong

Luzon buong Visayas or buong Mindanao

iisang tao lang yon si Job lang yon

Later on nagkaroon talaga siya ng

matitinding problema sa buhay but yet He

still relied on the Lord Okay so bilang

agriculturist and As a christian gusto

ko lang i-share sa inyo or gusto ko lang

ipakilala sa inyo si Job sa

bible so role of animals in ecosystems

unang-una contribution to biodiversity

biodiversity refers to the variety of

life forms within a given ecosystem

including the diversity of species

genetic variation and ecosystem

complexity Silipin ko lang Ayan

um ito

ang ibig lang sabihin nito ng

biodiversity bio meaning life tapos

diversity meaning

sa isang lugar in a given place marami

kang makikita na life forms maraming

klase ng halaman maraming klase ng

insekto maraming klase ng land animals

maraming klase ng marine animals or

aquatic animals Gan lang so iba ang

biodiversity sa ilalim ng dagat iba ang

biodiversity sa Sahara or sa Desert

sabihin na lang natin Iba ang

biodiversity sa kagubatan or sa forest

and

etc animals as key players number one

merong tinatawag na species diversity

um ang isang baboy for example maraming

pinagka ay I'm sorry ah mali ah ang

ine-explain ko is number two ang

sinasabi ng number one ang species

diversity Ayun nga merong hayop merong

four legged animals merong insects

merong halaman yun ang species diversity

ang genetic diversity naman sa isang

klase ng hayop for example ang baboy

merong pinagkaiba iba ang magkakapatid

na baboy o ganon so parehas ng nanay

parehas ng tatay pero

pinanganak Magkakaiba yung mga

magkakapatid yun ang genetic diversity

so sa genetic level or yung genes nila

Magkakaiba sila ng nakuha galing dun sa

parents

nila ecosystem functions una Ah so in

General muna tayo ah animals in General

muna number one is

pollination bees butterflies and Birds

kapag ang mga butterflies or mga Beast

kapag lumalapit sila sa flower nag

nag-college

nectar yung matamis na substance sa

flower ang nangyayari is kumakapit yung

pollen doun sa legs nila tapos habang

palipad-lipad ang mga bees Nahuhulog

yung pollen na iyon So parang nagtatanim

na sila ng seeds ng flower So yun ang

purpose ng pollination

um Ayon makikita naman sa picture ang

nangyari as yung B pa- transfer transfer

siya ng transfer sa iba't ibaang halaman

Meron yung pollen sa unang ano d sa

unang flower ita-transfer niya doun sa

kabilang flower tapos magkakaroon ng

mabubuo na mafe fertilize na yung ano

nila yung pollen kaya Ay kaya meron yung

ovary Meron yung pollen ganyan ah kapag

na- fertilize y doon na magstart yung

bunga

Okay number two peral birds mammals and

insects kahit mga tao nangyayari to Pag

palakad-lakad tayo sa damuhan Meron yung

kumakapit sa pantalon natin or sa

sapatos natin Ta's pag tinatanggal natin

yon eventually mahahangin tapos ayan

madi-disappoint picture so ang nagagawa

kasi niyan kapag nagbi-birthday

mabuhay or even insects Pwede

rin explaining the food chain unang-una

merong producers na tinatawag at ito ang

mga plants they are organisms that

produce their own food through processes

like

photosynthesis animals are not producers

producers but interact closely with them

so kita naman sa picture merong Producer

ito yung grass ito yung trees shobs kasi

itong mga to kaya nilang lumaki kaya

nilang lumago kahit hindi pakialaman ng

tao so they can produce their own

food using photosynthesis using the

process

photosynthesis Okay pangalawa we have

consumers herbivores that feed on

producers so itong rabbit ito yung

example ng primary Consumer natin ang

kinakain lang ng rabbit ay puro dahon

puro grasses puro halaman so ang primary

Consumer yun yung kumakain ng mga

producers

natin ang secondary consumers naman ay

Itong mga predators they are carnivores

that eat herbivores itong Fox itong owl

eagle Pwede rin naman yung snake kahit

anong hayop na kumakain ng ibang hayop

yun ang tinatawag na secondary

Producer meron din namang tertiary so

another classification to Apex predators

that eat other carnivores examples are

lions hunting other predators Ayan they

occupy the top of the food chain and

help regulate population sizes of other

species So kaya nga king of the jungle

ang lion kasi lahat pwede niyang kainin

kapag sa dagat naman sharks ang Apex

predators number three We also have

decomposers organisms that break down

Dead plants and animals into simpler

substances recycling nutrients back into

the ecosystem so we

have different examples ng decomposers

pero usually they are microorganism yun

yung fungi bacteria Ayan ang ginagawa ng

mga yon kinakain nila yung Dead matter

tapos mai-in ulit siya sa soil

Okay livestock and rural economies Ayan

papasok na tayo sa mundo ng farm animals

livestock as a source of income

unang-una direct

income So merong household production

tapos ay sa direct income kasi nasa

backyard may

backyard backyard farming ka tos

ibebenta mo yung manok sa kapitbahay mo

pwede naman yon or itlog or baboy kahit

ano man basta pwede siyang source of

income additional source of income

number two we have employment sa mga

nasa mid or large production scale nasa

50 100 heads ng baboy ganyan hindi yun

kaya ng mag-isa so ang ginagawa ng mga

business owners na to ay nag-a ng mga

Ayan meron na silang mga empleyado may

mga farm technician eh kung Malaki na

talaga yung kumpanya e meron na silang

sariling

veterinarian merong

ah merong nagha-handle sa breeding

merong nagha-handle sa Nutrition So kung

fully established na yung kumpanya

agricultural

na kumpanya so Ayun

Uh nagbo-boyfriend

[Musika]

poverty or ng kahirapan una economic

resilience Ayan kahit mahirap ang buhay

eh Kung meron kang baboy Meron nga kahit

mahirap ang buhay eh dahil may baboy

sila grad weight yung anak ah hindi na

nila binebenta yung baboy nilon na agad

so mga ganon ah merong economic

resilience kahit magmahal ang presyo ng

baboy kahit magmahal ang mga bilihin at

least merong sariling animals na pwede

nilang

katayin okay number two Resource

management So you at any stage of

production naman ng manok ng baboy

ganyan pwede mo silang ibenta so it's

the choice of the farmer or ng backyard

racer kapag walang wala na talaga silang

pera at least pwede silang magbenta so

they can manage their resources they can

liquify ang ibig sabihin n ah kung ano

yung assets na meron sila in this case

is yung farm animals na nasa backyard ay

pwede nilang ibenta para maging

pera economic utility derived from

animals number one is food of course um

merong chicken merong Burger at meron

tayong gulay so question Bakit nga ba

tayo kumakain ng gulay nakasulat dito

fiber eh ' ba pag kumakain tayo ng

favorite example ko talaga to p kumakain

ng mais yan kinain mo siya minsan

lalabas siya sa katawan natin mais pa

rin So ano ang point na Kinakain natin

ang mais hindi tayo tulad ng mga baka

that we can efficiently utilize or we

can efficiently Digest yung mga fibers

so Bakit ang tao bakit ang nanay tatay

lola lolo natin pinapagalitan tayo kapag

hindi tayo kumakain ng kulay kasi ang

purpose ng fiber na nasa gulay fruits

and the

rest ang purpose niya ay para walisan or

linisin ang ating digestive system This

is to prevent yyung build up ng toxin sa

katawan imagine kung yung kinain mo 2

years ago Andiyan pa rin sa tiyan mo

malalason ka na niyan puro toxins na

lang yung matitira diyan so ang purpose

ng fiber is to cleanse our digestive

system Meron nga yong mga nagbebenta ng

different supplements ngayon na helps in

bowel movement helps in Ano ba

pampapayat mga ganyan So ang ang ano

lang naman yan na-enhance lang yung

fiber content Yun lang naman pinagkaiba

non sa usual na foods na Kinakain natin

Okay pangalawa ito na ung sinasabi ko

na draft animals so pwedeng baka this

ito yung Asses a donkey tapos pwedeng

kalabaw sa vegan considered na draft

animals yung mga nagkakalas na mga

kabayo Ayan so anything yung tumutulong

sa field na mag-araro ganyan So ang mga

animals natin used for power they are

called draft

animals We also have pets ang daming

pera sa pagiging veterinarian or kung

nagha-handle ka ng pets kasi meron

talaga ung mga tao hindi na nila alam

gagawin sa pera nila sila justin beaver

nagpa-aral mga ganong tao ' ba ah Anyway

kahit naman tayo meron naman yung mga

puspin or Mga asong aspin ayan ah pag

pag napamahal talaga ung pamilya pag nag

kasakit yung mga hayop na yan ah inee

effortan naman na bilhan ng gamot pinapa

vet kada check up 500 agad yun kahit

wala paang masyadong ginagawa iba pa

yung gamot mas mahal pa nga yung gamot

ng mga hayop kaya sa tao minsan so ayan

ah We also have

research so just to explain kung

sinasabi kasing animal research usually

ang pinapakita sa mga movies ay mga daga

kasi ang mga daga they have the special

characteristic of being very prolific so

ang term na yan ay gagamitin ulit natin

later pero i-explain ko na ngayon ang

prolific kasi na tinatawag ay yung

ability ng animal na manganak maraming

beses tapos every time na manganganak

siya maramihan yun ang measure ng

prolific ngayon ang mga daga kasi

mabilis sila dumami

kaya kapag nagre-research sa daga ah

Makikita mo agad yung effects niya hindi

lang doun sa daga mismo pati doon sa

magiging anak ng anak ng anak nung daga

kung saan ka nag-experiment so mabilis

ang labas ng resulta ng

research Okay so in the world of animal

science naman farm animals ang aar ang

prif kasy makikita mo sa baboy so ang

baboy mabilis siang manganak every year

pwede siyang manganak 2.4 times pwede

siyang mabuntis at manganak Tapos kapag

nanganganak sila yung commercial na

baboy 6 to 8 ang piglets na lumalabas

yun yung liter size na tinatawag so mas

prolific ang baboy compared sa Baka na

ang baka isang beses ng manganak sa

isang taon tapos iisa lang ang nilalabas

niya

okay we have clothing also as economic

utility ng animals yung leather or yung

hide na tinatawag yan Ito leather hide

so animal skin ang ginagamit to make

purses clothes shoes

etc

Okay so for now doon muna mag-end yung

unang video natin Thank you so much po