Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

Summary

In this lecture, the instructor introduces key theories of learning under behaviorism and classical conditioning, emphasizing the works of Pavlov and Watson. The class covers how learning occurs through interactions with the environment, the role of stimuli and responses, and how behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning is explained in detail, highlighting its applications in the classroom, such as reinforcing positive behaviors, creating routines, and managing classroom dynamics. The lecture concludes with an overview of upcoming topics on other behaviorist theories and a quiz announcement.

Takeaways

• 🧠 The class focuses on the concept of learning theories, particularly under behaviorism.
• 📜 The lecture covers Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning, highlighting its importance in behaviorism.
• 🐶 Classical conditioning involves linking two stimuli to produce a learned response, as demonstrated by Pavlov’s experiment with dogs.
• 🔔 Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with the presentation of food, resulting in salivation—a conditioned response.
• 👨‍🏫 Behaviorism emphasizes conditioning and reinforcement in shaping students' responses to stimuli in a classroom environment.
• 🌍 Watson's theory, influenced by Pavlov, argues that individual differences in behavior stem from learned experiences rather than inherent traits.
• 🏫 In the classroom, classical conditioning can reinforce positive behavior, such as associating participation with praise.
• 👏 Teachers can use techniques like clapping or cues to signal students for desired behavior, fostering classroom management.
• 📚 The principles of classical conditioning—acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and generalization—are explained with examples relevant to teaching.
• 🎓 Future lessons will cover other behavioral learning theories, such as Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura’s social learning theory.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the lesson discussed in the transcript?

The main focus of the lesson is on the 'theories of learning' under behaviorism, with an emphasis on classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov and its implications in education.

What are the two major categories of learning theories mentioned in the transcript?

The two major categories of learning theories mentioned are behaviorism and cognitivism.

How does behaviorism differ from cognitivism according to the transcript?

Behaviorism focuses on learning through interaction with the environment and conditioning, while cognitivism emphasizes internal mental processes and how learners organize and relate new information to existing knowledge.

What is classical conditioning as described in the transcript?

Classical conditioning is a learning process where two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response. It involves associating a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Who pioneered the concept of classical conditioning, and what experiment is most famous?

Ivan Pavlov pioneered classical conditioning, and his most famous experiment involved making dogs salivate in response to the sound of a bell after repeated association with food.

What are the four components of classical conditioning outlined in the transcript?

The four components of classical conditioning are: (1) Unconditioned stimulus, which naturally triggers a response, (2) Unconditioned response, a natural response to the unconditioned stimulus, (3) Conditioned stimulus, a previously neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, and (4) Conditioned response, the learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

How can classical conditioning be applied in the classroom as per the lesson?

In the classroom, classical conditioning can reinforce positive behaviors by associating certain stimuli (like praise or rewards) with desired behaviors, such as participation in class or completing homework. It can also help establish routines, manage behavior, and capture students' attention.

What is the importance of reinforcement in classical conditioning for learning?

Reinforcement strengthens the association between the conditioned stimulus and response, helping students learn new behaviors more effectively. Positive reinforcement, like praise or rewards, encourages students to repeat desired behaviors.

What is extinction in classical conditioning, as described in the transcript?

Extinction occurs when the conditioned response decreases or disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

What is stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?

Stimulus generalization is the tendency for a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. For example, students may react similarly to different but related stimuli, like different sounds used to signal the same behavior.

What is the significance of Pavlov's experiment in understanding human learning, according to the transcript?

Pavlov's experiment is significant because it demonstrated that learning occurs through association, influencing the field of behaviorism and helping explain how humans and animals learn through environmental stimuli. This understanding has practical implications for educational practices, such as behavior management and reinforcement in classrooms.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Learning Theories

The lecture begins with an introduction to the topic of learning theories, specifically focusing on behaviorism and cognitivism. The speaker outlines the plan for the session, which includes discussing the learning theories of Thorndike, Skinner, Tolman, and Bandura, and applying these theories to facilitate learning. The key difference between behaviorism and cognitivism is highlighted, with the former focusing on observable behaviors and the latter on internal mental processes. The speaker emphasizes the importance of understanding these theories to arrange environmental conditions that promote proper student responses.

05:03

🐕 Classical Conditioning and Its Components

This section delves into the concept of classical conditioning, pioneered by Ivan Pavlov. The speaker explains the four components of classical conditioning: the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. The lecture uses the example of Pavlov's experiments with dogs to illustrate how neutral stimuli can become associated with natural responses through repeated pairing. The speaker also outlines the three stages of classical conditioning: before conditioning, during conditioning, and after conditioning, providing examples for each stage.

10:03

🔔 Applications of Classical Conditioning in the Classroom

The speaker discusses the practical applications of classical conditioning in educational settings. Techniques such as using positive stimuli to reinforce desired behaviors, implementing reward systems, and establishing classroom routines through conditioned responses are explored. The lecture also touches on the importance of timing in classical conditioning, where the conditioned stimulus should precede the unconditioned stimulus to be effective. Examples like the 'three clap' technique for classroom management are provided to illustrate how these principles can be used by teachers.

15:04

🎓 Principles of Classical Conditioning and Classroom Implications

This part of the lecture focuses on the principles of classical conditioning, including acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. The speaker explains each principle with examples and relates them to classroom scenarios. The discussion highlights how these principles can be used to manage student behavior and establish effective classroom routines. The speaker also emphasizes the importance of modeling behavior for students to initiate the conditioning process.

20:04

📈 Conclusion and Upcoming Topics

The lecture concludes with a summary of the key points discussed about Pavlov's classical conditioning and its applications in the classroom. The speaker provides a preview of upcoming topics, which include other learning theories under behaviorism such as connectionism, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. The lecture ends with an announcement of a quiz to be taken via Google form, encouraging students to review the material before participating.

Keywords

💡Behaviorism

Behaviorism is a learning theory that emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli in shaping behavior. In the video, behaviorism is discussed as a key framework for understanding how learners respond to external conditions and reinforcement, which can include rewards or punishments. For example, teachers are encouraged to arrange environmental conditions to evoke desired student behaviors.

💡Cognitivism

Cognitivism focuses on internal mental processes, such as how learners process, store, and retrieve information. It contrasts with behaviorism by emphasizing the importance of understanding knowledge structures and how new information relates to what is already known. In the video, cognitivism is positioned as important for helping learners organize and relate new information to existing memory.

💡Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a learning process where two stimuli are paired to produce a new learned response. The video explains this concept through Ivan Pavlov's experiments, where a neutral stimulus (a bell) became associated with an unconditioned stimulus (food), leading to a conditioned response (salivation). This is used as a basis for understanding how stimuli can influence behavior.

💡Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for his discovery of classical conditioning. In the video, Pavlov's experiments with dogs, where the dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with food, are highlighted as foundational to behaviorist theory and classical conditioning.

💡Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning. In Pavlov's experiment, food is the unconditioned stimulus, which naturally causes the dog to salivate. The video uses this to explain how natural stimuli elicit automatic responses.

💡Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response. In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus after being associated with food. The video uses this concept to explain how learning occurs through stimulus pairing.

💡Conditioned Response (CR)

A conditioned response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. In the video, the conditioned response is the dog's salivation in response to the bell, after it has learned to associate the bell with food.

💡Reinforcement

Reinforcement is the process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behavior through rewards or punishments. In the video, reinforcement is discussed in the context of teaching, where positive reinforcement (e.g., praise or rewards) can be used to encourage participation or good behavior in the classroom.

💡Extinction

Extinction in classical conditioning refers to the weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. In the video, this concept is explained using the example of the dog no longer salivating when the bell rings, if the bell is no longer followed by food.

💡Stimulus Generalization

Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. In the video, this is illustrated by the idea that a dog might salivate not only to the sound of a bell but also to similar sounds. This concept shows how conditioning can transfer to similar stimuli.

Highlights

The lecture discusses the principles of learning under behaviorism and cognitive approaches.

Behaviorism focuses on arranging environmental conditions for proper student responses.

Cognitivism emphasizes meaningful knowledge and helping learners relate new information to existing knowledge.

Classical conditioning is a learning process through association between environmental and natural stimuli.

Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs revolutionized the field of psychology.

Classical conditioning involves linking two stimuli to produce a new learned response.

John Watson believed that all behaviors are learned through conditioning.

The four components of classical conditioning are the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.

The three stages of classical conditioning are before conditioning, during conditioning, and after conditioning.

In the classroom, classical conditioning can reinforce positive behaviors and attitudes towards learning.

Reward systems can be used to associate completing work with positive outcomes.

Classical conditioning helps establish classroom routines and foster management.

The principles of classical conditioning include acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination.

Classical conditioning can be applied to classroom management techniques such as the three-clap technique.

The lecture concludes with a discussion on the practical applications of classical conditioning in the classroom.

Next week's lecture will cover learning theories under behaviorism, including connectionism, operant conditioning, and social learning theory.

The lecture will also discuss cognitive theories, emphasizing internal mental processes in learning.

The lecture concludes with a quiz on the discussed material.

Transcripts

okay good uh good day class so today

we'll be discussing the ches of learning

under uh behaviorism and at the end of

our uh discussion we will explain the

concepts of ches of uh learning under

publ and then for next week we will be

discussing the ches of uh learning of

Tor d like wef sker Tolman and bandura

and then after that we will create a

simple plan applying this ches of

learning in facilitation of learning but

before we proceed with our discussion uh

let's try to look at this advanc one sir

actually the cuties of

learning uh is divided into two as per

our discussion the first one is under

the behaviorism and then the second one

is under

theive so behavioral ches it implies

that teachers as teachers we ought to

arrange environmental conditions so that

our student respond properly to

presented stimuli and under the

cognitive Jes Nam this emphasize major

knowledge meaningful and helping our

Learners organize and relate new

information to um existing knowledge in

their memory

so what's the difference between the two

Kap cognitive uh cognitivism this jury

focus on internal mental processes that

affect how our learner feels and behav

on the other hand uh the

behaviorism jues under behaviorism it uh

concentrates on how our Learners learn

through their interaction with the

environment and it is based on the idea

that all behaviors are acquired through

conditioning which is a process of uh

reinforcement or uh and

Punishment so again here are the ches of

learning under the uh

behaviorism and let's try uh to discuss

Pablo's uh classical conditioning

okay classical conditioning class is a

psychological concept that has been

widely used to explain how humans or

even animals learn to associate

different stimuli and the Pioneer in

this field was Ivan Pablo he is a

Russian physiologist who conducted a

series of experiments on dogs in the

late uh 19th century and uh Pablo's

finding revolutionalized in the field of

psychology and he received so many

awards and even today uh his work on

classical uh conditioning is still B

being

studied so what is classical

conditioning class classical

conditioning is a learning process that

occurs through association between an

environmental stimulus and a naturally

occurring stimulus it had a major

influence on behaviorism which is based

on the assumption that learning occurs

class no again learning occurs through

interaction with the environment

actually it also a process in which an

uh neutral stimulus which is not

associated with any specific natural

response on pairing with the natural

stimulus acquires the characteristics of

the natural stimulus so in simplest term

under classical conditioning two stimuli

are linked together to produce a new

learn response in a person or in an

animal you remember uh John Watson SI

John Watson he proposed that the process

of Cl classical conditioning based on

Pablo's observation was able to explain

all aspects of human psychology sa

Watson give me a dozen of healthy

impants well formed and my own specified

world to bring them up and I'll

guarantee to take anyone at a random on

and train them to become any type of

specialist one dozen healthy infant then

I'll make them a doctor lawyer artist

meran Chef uh and even beggar and Thief

no regardless of his talents regardless

of uh their Tendencies their abilities

vocation and the race of his ancestors

because Watson believ that all

individual differences in Behavior were

due to different learning

experiences okay so what are the

component of the classical condition

before we move on to the discussion of

on how classical conditioning works the

first one is the unconditioned

stimulus this is a stimulus that

naturally and automatically triggers a

response it is a stimulus that uh again

automatically and triggers a respond

later on we will discuss further the

differences of this uh four components

the next one is the uncondition response

these are the unlearned response that

occurs naturally in response to the

unconditioned stimulus the third one is

the conditioned

stimulus this is a previously neutral

stimulus that when paired with an

unconditioned stimulus it triggers as a

condition response and the last one

is condition response which is the learn

response to the uh previously neutral

stimulus

okay okay so us to be able to understand

more the components of the classical

conditioning again the uh unconditioned

stimulus is the stimulus that naturally

and automatically triggers as a response

like this one the food of the dog the

unconditioned response this is the

unlearned response that occurs naturally

in response to the uncondition

stimulus salate dog whenever the dog uh

so a food salivate sh okay next the

condition stimul use which is the

previously neutral stimulus that when

paired with uncondition stimulus it

triggers a condition response okay and

the last one is the condition

response the condition response which is

the learn response to the previously

neutral stimulus so let's try to look at

this uh ill so there are three stages of

classical

conditioning uh presentation and at each

stage class the stimuli are response and

responses are given as special specific

terms so let's try to look at this stage

stage one uh before conditioning so in

this stage the unconditioned stimulus

produces an unconditioned response in an

organism in basic term this means that a

stimulus in the environment has produced

a behavior or or a response that is

unlearned for

example whenever the dogs uh sees a dog

sees a

food condition

response and therefore class it is a

natural response that has not yet been

taught and in this respect no new

Behavior has been learn

okay okay for example aside from this uh

illustration you stomach virus it would

create a response of a

noia another example is that uh when

perfume it could create a response of a

happiness or desire so this stage stage

one it also

involves another stimulus that has no

effect on a on a person and is called

the neutral stimulus this one this is

the belt so the uh neutral stimulus uh

could be a person could be an object

could be a place and the like and in

here the neutral stimulus is a ring of a

bell okay and the neutral stimulus in

the classical conditioning does not

produce a response as we can see in the

illustration there is no response coming

from the dog until it is paired with the

unconditioned stimulus

okay so let's proceed to the stage two

or during the conditioning so during

this stage a stimulus which produces no

response is associated with the

unconditioned stimulus at which point it

now becomes known as the condition

stimulus for example in here K you Bel

this was a neutral

stimulus whenever the dog hears the Ring

of the Bell Wala

response

but

okay B and

then dog food uncondition response do

which

is another example for example stomach

virus

uh uncondition response done is

is and it might be associated with

eating the certain food such as

chocolate and chocolate uh is now then

the condition stimulus for example also

sa

perfume which is uncondition stimulus

can it might be associated with the

specific person which is now the

condition stimulus

whenever

certain

perfume

okay so for classical conditioning class

to be effective let's all be remember

let's all remember that the condition

stimulus should occur before the

unconditioned stimulus rather than after

it or during the same time so the

condition stimulus acts as a type of

signal or QE for the uncondition

stimulus and often during this stage

class the uncondition stimulus must be

associated with the condition stimulus

on the number of occasion or Tri for uh

for learning to take place okay and last

class so stage three or after the

conditioning the as we can see no the

condition stimulus has been associated

with the unconditioned stimulus to

create a new condition response okay so

before before conditioning when the dog

hears this spell there was no response

coming from the dog but after

uh but during the conditioning and after

the conditioning since during the

conditioning the Bell was paired uh with

the food for the dog to produce

unconditioned uh response such as to

salivate after the conditioning whenever

the dog hears the Bell May condition

response salivate because uh he's

familiar with the ringing of the bell

and whenever he hears the Bell associate

food n papar okay so again for example a

person who has been associated with nice

perfume is now uh found attractive okay

and also you chocolate which was eaten

before a person was sick with the virus

now produces a SP a response of Na NAA

okay and actually class uh this

illustration here in our presentation

is the most famous example of classical

conditioning of Ivan Pablo uh with his

experiment with dogs Okay who salivated

in response to a bell to cuz P showed

here that when a bell was sounded each

time the dog was fed and the dog learned

to associate the sound with the

presentation of the food okay so during

the uh during the stage one or before

conditioning he first presented the dogs

with the sound of a bell the dog did not

salivate so this was a again neutral

stimulus then he presented uh the sound

of a bell with the food and the dog

salivated so the food was an

unconditioned stimulus and salivation

was an uncondition response now Pablo uh

repeatedly presented the dogs with the

sound of the Bell first and then the

food wherein pin Bell and the food and

after a few repetition the dog salivated

when they heard uh when when the dog

heard the sound of the Bell and the bell

had become the condition stimulus and

salivation have become the uh condition

response okay okay so what is its

implication in a classroom setting okay

so let's try to look at this fure so Ang

stimulus shall be provided by us

teachers

okay and then you response by the

learner and in order for learning to

take place or in in order for a behavior

to change there must be a reinforcement

provided by us by the instructor so when

we say stimulus it is a thing or event

that evokes specific reaction in an

organ or organism and when we say

response it is a reaction as that of an

organism or mechanism to a specific

stimulus so in a classroom setting class

classical conditioning can be used to

reinforce positive behaviors and

attitudes towards learning for example a

teacher can use phrase which is a

positive stimulus to reinforce a

student's participation in class which

is a natural

response

okay because over time the student will

learn to associate participation in

class with positive feedback and will be

more likely to engage in future classes

okay another application of classical

conditioning in the classroom is the use

of reward systems for example a teacher

uh as teachers can offer students a

small reward such as sckers such as

chocolate or a piece of candy for compl

uh for completing their homework on time

and over time students will learn to

associate completing their work with the

reward and we be uh and they will be

more likely to complete their uh

homework in the future

okay another thing is that in order for

as teacher uh teachers to ensure

students uh discipline is to enforce a

practice such as for example three clap

technique one two three no whenever we

clap tries and the class fall silent for

example if the student violates the rule

they can be punished with a time out or

extra homework and of course class no

one likes um extra homework no during

your uh junior high school years so so

the students will become more alert and

quieter now as soon as they hear us

clapping three times no okay so this

classical conditioning class is actually

uh this actually help us to establish

classroom routines and Foster classroom

management

okay another thing class it could also

be a

source of uh for us to get the attention

of our Learners no at as attention

getter such as for example turning off

the lights rhyming student call boxs

hand signals okay a bell music or when

the teacher simply stops talking it

could be used to obtain students

attention for example example uh when we

may say class class class and the class

is expected to call back yes yes yes and

then uh they wait for the teachers's

next Direction and modeling this

Behavior will be crucial to the

beginning conditioning processes and as

we can see no class classical

conditioning of Ivan Pablo is very

useful in many ways for us no teachers

and students because by applying such

techniques in the classroom we will be

able to imp improve classroom

instruction classroom routine classroom

management together with the behavior

management to a uh great level

okay okay so let's try to discuss the

principles of classical uh condition me

the first one is acquisition and this is

the initial stage of learning when the

response is first established and

gradually is strengthen okay for example

uh from the word itself uh initial stage

so before conditioning

instruct s class to quiet down and the

class will get quiet okay and then

prepared guest clap three times one two

three at first no class you students

when they hear uh the three claps they

will not get quiet no but as soon as we

establish the associate ation between

your instruction to quiet down and clap

three times the students will now be

quiet and that is acquisition the

initial stage of learning okay the next

one class is the extinction this occurs

when the condition response decreases or

disappears and In classical conditioning

this happens when a condition stimulus

is no longer paired with an

unconditioned stim

for

example three times clap okay Extinction

NAA Association or condition responses

between instruction to say uh to to

let's say quiet for example and you

clapping of three hands okay that is

extinction okay so sometimes you learn

your sponses na it can be suddenly

reemerge even after a period of

Extinction and that is spontaneous

recovery reappearance of the condition

response after arrest per uh arrest or

period of lesson responses okay

so association between instruction to

the class to be

quiet clapping of three hands no recover

by means of spontaneous recovery B

associate instruction and for example

three claps okay

next and the last one class is you

stimulus

generalization actually PA Pala to last

this is the tendency for the condition

stimulus to evoke similar responses

after the response of condition for

example aside from three claps associate

instruction be

me one clap hands up and then establish

Association whenever teacher hands

upap

okay okay and the last one is stimulus

discrimination this is the ability to

differentiate between a condition

stimulus and other stimuli that have not

been paired with the uncondition

stimulus for example

acquisition whenever the teacher

instruct the class to get

quiet with three CLS one two okay and

then after

that

associate stimulus and

students and under this stimulus

discrimination differentiate nil between

the condition stimulus and other stimuli

that have not been paired with done

unconditioned stimulus for

example

clond at whenever they hear three

CLS for them is to get

quieter

shate on that particular stimulus okay

okay ano M classroom

implications classical conditioning

under

pav classroom routines management

behavior

management field for example before

conditioning whenever we count down uh

from 20 the students will not clean up

okay

instuction

whenever 1 to 20 so during the uh during

the conditioning no as teacher we tell

them we tell the class to clean up

[Music]

and from 1 to 20 and then eventually no

clean up students so after the

conditioning

to instruction automatically

associate stimulus and then they will

clean up okay another thing is that for

example before conditioning no we

instruct our uh students to quiet down

of course our students will quiet down

and then we associate this instruction

to clap three times one two three okay

at

first Learners they will not get quiet

okay so during the conditioning we clap

three times and then we instruct uh our

class to quiet down and of course

n to get quiet so after conditioning

after we clap three

times m without further instruction

okay okay class so that's all for

Pablo's classical conditioning again

until next week we will be discussing

ches of learning under behaviorism so by

next week we will be discussing torn

dyes connectionism skinners operan

conditioning tolman's purposive

behaviorism and banduras social learning

jury and for week seven and

8 discussion will revolve around

cognitive vit okay so I will give you

enough time to review and then after 10

minutes we will have our quiz via Google

form okay thank

you