Law and Justice - Cicero and Roman Republicanism - 12.3 Cicero and the Constitution
Summary
TLDREl pensamiento político de Cicerón se basa en su visión de la naturaleza de la Constitución republicana, influenciada por la tradición griega y su desarrollo de la teoría de las constituciones mixtas. Cicerón ve en la República romana un equilibrio ideal entre elementos monárquicos, aristocráticos y democráticos, aunque considera que su época ha desequilibrado el sistema hacia la democracia. Defiende la propiedad privada como propósito fundamental del estado y la soberanía del Senado, representando la aristocracia, como la mejor guía para el estado. Además, plantea la dualidad entre la dignidad humana común y las diferencias individuales basadas en el mérito.
Takeaways
- 🏛️ Cicerón fundamenta su pensamiento político en la naturaleza de la Constitución republicana.
- 📚 La concepción de Cicerón sobre el derecho constitucional está influenciada por la tradición griega, incluyendo a Aristóteles.
- 👑 Cicerón identifica tres tipos de constituciones: la monarquía, la aristocracia y la democracia, con formas correctas y deviadas de cada una.
- 🔄 Desarrolla la idea de constituciones mixtas, donde diferentes tipos pueden combinarse dentro de un mismo régimen.
- 📘 En 'Sobre la República', Cicerón narra la historia constitucional de Roma, incluyendo el período monárquico con una constitución semi-mixta.
- ⚖️ Propone una constitución equilibrada, con elementos monárquicos, aristocráticos y democráticos, pero con un peso en la aristocracia.
- 🗝️ Defiende los derechos de la propiedad privada y considera que el propósito del estado es proteger dicha propiedad.
- 🌾 Idealiza a los agricultores como buenos ciudadanos, con independencia y responsabilidad, fundamental en la ideología republicana.
- 🏛️ Cicerón ve la República de su tiempo como desbalanceada hacia la democracia, criticando la exceso de libertad democrática.
- 🤔 Argumenta que las personas tienen una dignidad inherente como seres humanos, pero diferentes niveles de dignidad basados en sus méritos.
- 🌟 Considera que los aristócratas romanos, representando la parte mejor de la sociedad, merecen mayores derechos y privilegios dentro de la constitución.
Q & A
¿En qué se basa la ideología política de Cicerón?
-La ideología política de Cicerón se basa en sus ideas sobre la naturaleza de la constitución republicana y está influenciada por la tradición griega de pensamiento constitucional, que incluye a Aristóteles.
¿Cuáles son los tres tipos de constituciones que identifica Cicerón?
-Cicerón identifica tres tipos de constituciones: la monarquía (gobierno de uno), la aristocracia (gobierno de unos pocos) y la democracia (gobierno de muchos).
¿Qué es una constitución mixta según Cicerón?
-Una constitución mixta, según Cicerón, es una combinación de los diferentes tipos de constituciones, incluso dentro de un mismo régimen, con el objetivo de lograr un equilibrio político.
¿Cómo describe Cicerón la historia constitucional de Roma en su libro 'Sobre la República'?
-Cicerón describe la historia constitucional de Roma desde sus inicios, pasando por el período monárquico, y argumenta que incluso en ese período ya existía una constitución mixta en Roma.
¿Qué contribución hace Cicerón al concepto de constitución equilibrada?
-Cicerón avanza en el concepto de constitución mixta hacia una idea de constitución equilibrada, lo que implica una combinación armoniosa de elementos monárquicos, aristocráticos y democráticos.
¿Cuál es la visión de Cicerón sobre la propiedad y su relación con el origen del estado?
-Cicerón sintetiza dos corrientes de pensamiento político: la idea de que el estado es una convención creada por el hombre para maximizar su utilidad y la idea de que el estado es natural, dado que los seres humanos son criaturas sociales por naturaleza.
¿Por qué considera Cicerón que el propósito del estado está vinculado a la protección de la propiedad?
-Cicerón defiende los derechos de la propiedad privada y cree que uno de los propósitos fundamentales del estado es proteger los derechos de propiedad individuales, ya que ve la sociedad como una extensión de nuestros instintos naturales y un medio para establecer un sistema de reglas que protejan los intereses de propiedad.
¿Cómo ve Cicerón la relación entre la dignidad humana común y las diferencias individuales?
-Cicerón sostiene que los seres humanos tienen una dignidad moral inherente como seres humanos, pero también existen diferencias de dignidad basadas en el mérito individual, lo que justifica que algunas personas tengan derechos y privilegios diferentes dentro de la constitución.
¿Qué papel desempeñaban los senadores en la visión constitucional de Cicerón?
-Para Cicerón, los senadores representaban la mejor parte de la sociedad, aquellos de mayor valor y dignidad, y por lo tanto merecían tener mayor poder y derechos dentro de la constitución romana.
¿Qué tipo de idealización se encuentra en la visión política de Cicerón sobre la ciudadanía y la agricultura?
-Cicerón idealiza a los agricultores, especialmente a los pequeños agricultores, como los mejores ciudadanos, ya que creía que su independencia y estilo de vida cultivan una responsabilidad y un enfoque de vida que hacen a una persona un buen ciudadano.
Outlines
🏛️ Pensamiento político de Cicerón y la constitución romana
Cicerón fundamenta su pensamiento político en su comprensión de la naturaleza de la constitución republicana. Su enfoque sobre la ley constitucional está influenciado por la tradición griega, que se remonta a través de Aristóteles. Cicerón distingue tres tipos de constituciones: la monarquía, la aristocracia y la democracia, y reconoce formas correctas y desviadas de cada una. Desarolla la idea de constituciones mixtas y explica cómo esta teoría se institucionaliza en la República Romana. En su libro 'Sobre la República', relata la historia constitucional de Roma desde sus inicios, argumentando que incluso en la época monárquica ya existía una constitución mixta. Sin embargo, considera que la constitución monárquica inicial carecía de equilibrio. Cicerón ve la transición a la República y la caída de la monarquía en 509 a.C. como un avance hacia el equilibrio, con la institución de dos cónsules que compartían el poder. Describe la creación de las Doce Tablas como un paso adicional hacia una constitución equilibrada y mixta. Cicerón ve en la República de su tiempo una pérdida de equilibrio hacia la democracia, siendo crítico de la democracia excesiva y de la influencia del pueblo, que considera volátil e imprudente. Idealiza a los pequeños agricultores como los mejores ciudadanos y defiende la propiedad privada como uno de los propósitos fundamentales del estado.
🌾 Idealización del agricultor y derechos de propiedad en la visión de Cicerón
Cicerón idealiza a los pequeños agricultores como los ciudadanos modelo, creyendo que su independencia y responsabilidad los hacen mejores ciudadanos. Esta visión se convertiría en una base fundamental del republicanismo en la historia posterior. Cicerón también aborda la relación entre la propiedad y los orígenes del estado, sintetizando la idea de que el estado es una convención creada para maximizar el bienestar con la de que el estado es natural, dado que los humanos son criaturas sociables. Defiende vigorosamente los derechos de propiedad privada, viéndolos como un propósito fundamental del estado y de la ley. En su visión, la sociedad romana, comercializada y próspera, requiere un sistema de leyes que proteja los derechos de propiedad, tanto de la tierra como de los intereses comerciales. Cicerón también aborda la dualidad entre la dignidad humana común y las diferencias individuales, argumentando que todos los seres humanos merecen respeto pero que varían en dignidad y mérito, lo que justifica diferencias en derechos y privilegios. En su sistema, los aristócratas romanos, representando la parte más valiosa de la sociedad, merecen mayor poder dentro de la constitución equilibrada.
🗽 Cicerón y la supremacía del Senado Romano
La tercera sección del guion enfatiza la creencia de Cicerón en la supremacía del Senado Romano dentro de la constitución republicana equilibrada. Cicerón ve esta supremacía como merecedora, basada en el mérito de los senadores, quienes representan la aristocracia y, por lo tanto, son más dignos y merecen mayores derechos y privilegios. Esta visión de Cicerón refleja una racionalización que se alinea con la tradición filosófica, argumentando que, a pesar de las dudas que puedan surgir sobre la igualdad de los ciudadanos, la constitución romana debe reconocer y premiar el valor y la dignidad de aquellos que son considerados superiores en mérito y contribución a la sociedad.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Constitución republicana
💡Constituciones correctas y deviantes
💡Constituciones mixtas
💡Constitución equilibrada
💡Senado
💡Propiedad privada
💡Naturaleza social
💡Dignidad humana
💡Personae
💡Exceso de democracia
💡Granjero ideal
Highlights
Cicero's political thought is deeply rooted in his understanding of the republican Constitution.
Cicero was influenced by the Greek tradition of constitutional thought, including Aristotle's ideas.
He identified three types of constitutions: rule by one, few, and many, with both correct and deviant forms.
Cicero developed the concept of mixed constitutions, where different types can coexist within a single regime.
In 'On the Republic', Cicero detailed the constitutional history of Rome, including its mixed constitution from the outset.
Cicero viewed the establishment of the Republic and the overthrow of the monarchy as a step towards a balanced constitution.
The 12 Tables of Roman law were seen by Cicero as a significant advancement towards a balanced mixed constitution.
Cicero considered a period in the early Republic as the ideal period for the Roman Republican Constitution.
He believed that the ideal constitution should balance monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic elements.
Cicero thought that the aristocratic element, represented by the Senate, should be dominant in the ideal state.
Cicero's aristocratic element is characterized by wealth and is different from Aristotle's meritocratic view.
Cicero criticized excessive democracy, arguing that too much democratic liberty can destabilize the Republic.
He idealized the small farmer as a model citizen, an idea that would influence later republican ideologies.
Cicero's views on property and its relationship to the state reflect a synthesis of different political thought strands.
He defended private property rights and saw the state's purpose as fundamentally tied to property protection.
Cicero reconciled the idea of the state as a natural outgrowth of human sociability with the protection of property interests.
He introduced the concept of dual personae in humans, one common and one individual, affecting their political standing.
Cicero's political thought rationalizes the Roman Senate's supremacy based on the merit of its members.
Transcripts
>>>>Cicero's political thought is grounded in his ideas about the nature of the republican Constitution.
The way that Cicero thinks about constitutional law is influenced by the Greek
tradition of constitutional thought that runs all the way back through Aristotle, even beyond.
Cicero thinks that there are three kinds of constitutions: rule by the one, rule by the
few, and rule by the many. He thinks that they are correct and deviant forms of each
of those three, as we've seen in many different contexts. Cicero also develops the ancient
strand of thinking about mixed constitutions -- that these different types can be mixed
even within an individual regime. And Cicero outlines, in detail, how he thinks this constitutional
theory is institutionalized in the Roman Republic. Cicero, in his book "On the Republic," recounts
the constitutional history of Rome from its very beginnings, the foundation of the city,
through the monarchial period. And Cicero in fact says that even during the monarchical
period of its history, Rome already had a sort of mixed Constitution. That there were
already elements of rule by the one, obviously in the form of the kingship, rule by the few
in the form of the Senate, which the Romans believe go back to the very first days of
the city itself, and rule by the many that they're the institutions that allow the public
itself to have a voice. But what Cicero thinks the mixed constitution lacked in the very
first days of Rome, in the monarchical period, was balanced. Cicero's main contribution to
the history of constitutional thought is to advance on ideas of the mixed constitution,
towards an idea of a balanced constitution. Cicero sees the establishment of the Republic,
the overthrow of the monarchy in 509, in which the Romans established a system of rule by
two consuls, who were elected for annual terms and shared power, as a great advance towards balance.
But he actually sees that the Republic continues to progress, and so he describes
the institution of the 12 tables of Roman law, the first written form of law, as a great
advance towards a balanced, mixed constitution. And Cicero sees a certain period in the early
Republic as the ideal period of the Roman Republican Constitution. In fact, Cicero thinks
that the Republic of his own day has been thrown out of balance, because Cicero thinks
that the ideal constitution will have a balance between monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic
elements. And Cicero in fact thinks that the state will be best, that the Republic will
be in its ideal form, if the aristocratic element is in power. Now Cicero thinks that
there ought to be monarchical and that there ought to be democratic elements and that these
ought to be balanced with the aristocratic element, but he ultimately sides with the
aristocracy in the belief that this is where the best wisdom, the best guide for the state
will lie. And what's interesting about Cicero's account is that he develops strands of this
kind of thinking that are present in Aristotle, who also thinks that aristocracy, which in
the case of Aristotle's political thought, we said, should be considered truly a meritocracy
rule by the best--the most virtuous, which is what aristocracy really means. Cicero pulls
this out but advances on it and contextualizes it in the background of the Roman political
system of his day. Now what's different about this the Roman aristocratic element is the
Senate, and Cicero believes that these are truly the best. But when we think about Cicero's
aristocratic element, we're truly beginning to talk about a real aristocracy; an aristocracy
partly of birth, but most importantly of wealth, because the Senate in Cicero's day is dominated
by men of great wealth. And so Cicero's Constitution is a mixed and balanced constitution that's
weighted towards the aristocracy, but very much an aristocracy that is dominated by the
wealthy elements of society. And for Cicero, this is the ideal state of the Constitution,
but already during his lifetime the Constitution has been thrown out of balance towards democracy.
And, in fact, Cicero is a critic of excess democracy. He believes that there's such a
thing as too much democratic liberty--that if the people have too much say, that it,
in fact, inherently destabilizes the Republic. And so Cicero is a critic of democratic elements
within the Constitution. He sees them in his own day and age as being excessive, as being
too powerful. He believes that the people are fickle that they're not necessarily wise
and in particular certain kinds of elements. In Cicero's political thought we see a very
strong idealization of the farmer we see in Cicero's political thought a certain kind
of idealization of the small farmer. This will become fundamental to the ideology of
republicanism throughout the rest of its history, and as we'll see it's very strong in later
periods, including the early American Republic when people like Thomas Jefferson were strong
advocates a the kind of republicanism that was centered on the ideal of a citizen farmer.
People like Cicero believe that farmers make good citizens, that they have a kind of independence--that
they don't depend on others for their wages, for their pay. That the kind of lifestyle
that's required by agriculture cultivates in the individual, a kind of responsibility,
a kind of outlook and attitude that makes someone a good citizen. And so Cicero sees
this as a kind of ideal for the ordinary man, but he's certainly skeptical about urban masses
and certain kinds of elements of society that depend for their pay upon wages, and that
aren't independent small farmers. And so there's a kind of image of society that's inherent
in Cicero's constitutional outlook. And Cicero's constitutional thought is important in two
other respects. One is his attitude toward property, and its relationship to the origins
of the state itself. Cicero in a way synthesizes two different strands of political thought
that had existed since the days of Plato and Aristotle. One is the idea that somehow the
state is a convention, a compact that people create to maximize their utility or well-being,
and the other is that the state is natural. Cicero tries to break down this dualism and
to say that the state is in fact natural insofar as people are naturally social creatures.
Just like Aristotle says man is a political animal, Cicero believes that humans are naturally
sociable, that they want to live in societies. And Cicero at the same time believes that
the purpose of the state is fundamentally tied to the protection of property. Cicero
is a great defender of the rights of private property, and in this sense, he's conditioned
by his place in the Roman aristocracy as someone who's wealthy, has enormous landholdings,
and commercial interests. Cicero, when he thinks of property, lives in a very different
kind of society than say Aristotle had, which is still a relatively traditional agricultural
society. The society that Cicero inhabits is a commercialized society. In fact Rome
in the 1st century BC is probably already by that time the wealthiest, the most prosperous,
the most commercialized society that the world had ever seen. And so when Cicero thinks of
property he's thinking more fundamentally of all kinds of property: landed and commercial.
And he's a great defender of private property, and believes that the purpose of the state
is to protect property rights in individuals, that this is the one of the most fundamental
purposes of law is to provide an orderly system of property rights and transactions. And so
Cicero as a political and constitutional thinker cuts through this old dualism between property
and convention on the one hand, and natural sociability on the other, to see human society
as an outgrowth of our natural instincts but also a way of devising a set of rules that
protect private property interests. Cicero's thinking about constitutions in politics is
original and important in a second way. Cicero synthesizes the Stoic idea that people have
a common humanity, and a kind of common dignity--but at the same time he also believes that there
is a wide spectrum of human difference. Now we've seen for instance going back through
Aristotle's political thought, that people have different levels of value, that not everybody
is equal. Not all people are equally meritorious. Some people are better than others. Cicero
develops an way of thinking about this kind of problem. He says that people have two different
personae. That there's one kind of common human persona in which every individual, simply
by virtue of their being a human being, is entitled to a certain amount of dignity, a
certain kind of respect--that all people are moral rational creatures who deserve a certain
kind of political respect simply on those grounds. At the same time, people have their
individual personae, that they have their own developed, individual, embedded social
personae that they are who they are as an individual--and that on this account, individuals
are of different worth that some people are better than others. And it's a very powerful
way of thinking about common humanity and individual difference. Cicero says that people
have an inherent moral dignity as human beings but that they have different levels of dignity,
of dignitas, simply by virtue of who and what they are based on their merits. And in fact
Cicero believes that because people are unequal, they deserve different kinds of rights and
privileges. And Cicero's constitutional system imagines that the Roman aristocrats represent
the better part of society, that they represent those who are more worthy, that they're of
higher value, higher dignity and because of that, they deserve greater power. They deserve
greater rights and privileges within the Roman Republican Constitution. And so Cicero's political
thought in which the Roman Senate should be supreme, should have a kind of authority that
is foremost within the system of a balanced constitution, imagines that this is based
upon merit--that some people are better than others. Now whether that's the case or not
we might highly doubt, but nevertheless, there's at least a a rationalization, a way of explaining
this that resonates deeply in terms of the philosophical tradition.
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